Tikrit Journal for Political Science

This research discusses contemporary populism and its theory of democracy, which provides in its aspects solutions to overcome the fallacies that afflicted the democratic project and to rebuild it and review its foundations, especially in its representative aspect, as it is considered one of the ambiguous procedures that must be overcome or strengthened because it has caused an inability to represent the people and express their will, due to the lack of fulfillment of the promises made by the elected people and ignoring their voters after they attained power. The populist theory suggests that the solution lies in adopting a democracy called polarized direct democracy, in which individuals initiate legislation and ruling through referendum as the only means that enables the people to obtain immediate ruling without waiting for the term of the elected people to end to punish them. This democracy also seeks, in its social dimension, to undermine the personalization of power and change the concept of the people after establishing a form of governance that excludes intermediary bodies between the people and power, and this is what explains the extremely negative vision of the populist theory of parliaments, parties, the press, and constitutional courts.

The collapse of the communist system led by the former Soviet Union constituted a major turning point and milestone in the course of international relations, the most important of which was the emergence of the United States of America as a single and dominant pole in international affairs, as well as major repercussions on the Russian interior and at various levels, as this resulted in The transformation in the global scene, the emergence of many Russian thinkers and politicians who began to think about restoring the glories of the Russian state because it possesses the power that qualifies it to be a parallel pole to the United States of America, in addition to possessing a political ideology that it can, if it seizes the opportunity, employ in a way that serves its interests and goals. To reach universality, knowing that this ideology is characterized by being inclusive of all countries of the world, and despite the emergence of several strategic and political figures who were interested in Russian affairs, through this research we will focus on one character, who has begun to emerge remarkably in the Russian political scene, and the reason is due to This is due to the many intellectual proposals that gained popularity inside and outside Russian society, such that he was described as “Putin’s mind,” “the Dugin phenomenon,” “neo-fascist,” and “extreme right-wing.” This research came to shed light on Dugin’s most prominent ideas through... His treatment of the new Eurasianism, and is it possible, through these ideas, for Russia to reach global status in light of the political, economic, and military capabilities it possesses, and among those views and new geopolitical ideas of Alexander Dugin. Eurasianism, in which Russia occupies the heart, is integrated with the fourth political theory and constitutes the official ideology that Russia must adopt as a global political project that makes Russia a strong country capable of achieving its global goals, and ends the uniqueness of the United States of America as a unipolar dominating the international system

American hegemony in the Middle East region represented a highly influential activity on the level of international relations between the Arabs and the United States and its allies, especially the state (the Zionist entity), which constitutes the formula for ideological and doctrinal similarity between America and “Israel”, which withdrew the repercussions of American hegemony on the situation of the Arabs in the specificity of targeting. The Arab region and the predominance of “Israeli” power at the expense of the Arabs through a series of aggressive policies that destabilized the position of the Arab countries and strengthened the power of the Zionist entity. Here in the strategic indicator, American hegemony appeared as an element directing the type of relationship between the Arabs and the Zionist entity.

The work and strive for change and build are: conscious human activity directed towards transforming a negative reality into a positive one, and of course, this results from: the development of science, and the experience of individuals to benefit from it through employment to achieve change, and accordingly, the forms of awareness are the ones that generate to the existence of political, legal, ethical, aesthetic and philosophical theories and opinions that are embodied in the form of institutions or behavior at all levels in society, and that awareness leads to: awareness of disparity, making use of the means of digital communication, and here awareness of disparity is reflected on the close relationship between all aspects of the economic, social, political, and religious community, ... and others, by its very nature, lead to: cohesion and integration between the components of the people that suffer from corruption, as a result of the control of the petty people on power, thus giving a national unity that has a political awareness that is represented by the participation of the masses in decision-making in a democratic manner as it possesses social awareness and political knowledge, and at the other level (The ruling authority) the political leadership must possess a belief and conviction in the importance of public participation in making and implementation of public policies, and the opportunity to support That participation by ensuring political freedom, and allowing the masses to express their hopes, aspirations and opinion on the issues and problems of their societies.

The United Nations paid attention to Iraq, and dealt with all its political, security, economic, social and cultural developments, and what confirms this interest is the presence of two main missions, UNAMI and UNITAD, as well as many subsidiary agencies, and each has its own programs, and developed plans for them that it worked to implement, and the United Nations has developed a group of The objectives it sought to implement in Iraq, and this undoubtedly reflects the great importance that Iraq has had for the United Nations.

The strategic mind is the basis for the organization, stability, continuity and advancement of any society in the world, and the basis for a network of diverse relationships. But in light of its complete exposure to the flowing, deconstructive and destructive attempts represented by external threats (the information revolution, technological development, and the Internet) and influential ideologies aimed at taking away its ability to contemplate and think, then a conviction prevailed of the necessity for this mind to return to its firm decision, by searching for approaches to integration within Programs, initiatives or activities, and coming up with a purposeful and constructive strategy to rid the mind of deviant thoughts, cordoning off those effects, and pushing the nation towards stability, capacity building, and the acquisition of intergenerational skills, ultimately aiming to create and build the strategic mind, and enable it to reproduce awareness in terms of the ability to analyze and see. Reality and its understanding, synthesis, long-term visions, and building high perceptions to anticipate the future and strive to possess the tools to create it.

The issue of climate change is one of the biggest challenges facing the world in the current century, as this changing environmental circumstance leads to fundamental impacts on ecosystems, which in turn is clearly reflected in the life of living organisms on planet Earth. With the increased consumption of natural resources and increasing human needs, many feel Given the seriousness of the environmental transformation facing us, the lack of a clear direction for transitioning to a sustainable and just system, and given the transformations sweeping the planet, climate justice has become an important topic that deserves our serious attention. In this context, the concept of climate justice highlights the need for a fair distribution of responsibility and sacrifices in facing the challenges of climate change, as the need arises to provide the necessary financing, technologies and resources to the countries of the South to help them adapt to the effects of climate change and reduce its negative impacts. These circumstances make studying climate justice between countries of the North and South necessary, to understand the existing gaps and develop effective ways to achieve balance and justice in countries’ dealings with the challenges of climate change.

The accelerated developments in the world, cast their shadow on Iraq's interactions with its regional neighborhood. In addition, the internal theme of political regimes and societal conditions is also reflected in the neutralization, change, or emergence of new regional variables effected on Iraq's national security. Thus, it was found that these interactions alongside with national priorities lead to the necessity of adapting to new regional rules, whether in the form of threats or opportunities. This is what was assumed in this research, and verified through the use of multiple approaches, including the Analytical approache. It has been proven that Iraq needs a comprehensive national security strategy that supports and complements community plans, government programs, and economic development. This national strategy will facilitate and complement the Iraqi vision for the long term. In conclusion, one of the most important factors that work to neutralize the elements of the external threat to Iraqi national security is inherited in building internally agreed-upon Iraqi citizenship that enhances the spirit of belonging.

The relationship between authorities in Iraq has witnessed significant overlap and intertwining of roles, causing confusion and weakening the political process. This led to various political and economic crises. The consociational democracy and its mechanisms were adopted to prevent the exclusion of others, yet they faced challenges that reflected on Iraqi society and its political system, hindering its effectiveness. Consequently, the presidential system was proposed as a solution to the crisis and to achieve political stability but encountered obstacles hindering its implementation. Although the presidential system represents a successful governance model in countries with mature democratic experiences characterized by high levels of maturity and political awareness, its success depends on the availability of its prerequisites and environment. Success cannot be guaranteed for any political system if its requirements and environment are lacking. The parliamentary system, capable of representing the diverse and conflicting interests of society, is deemed more appropriate for such societies, facilitating the reconciliation of interests and resolving conflicts in a proper manner.The Iraqi political system remains conducive to work and stability, and the solution lies not in changing it but in addressing its internal issues. This includes amending constitutional provisions that disrupt the balance of power, avoiding unconstitutional methods in governance and opposition roles, and creating a new electoral system that ensures broad representation of the people. Building trust between political and social forces will strengthen societal bonds, leading to the achievement of citizenship and national unity. These are essential components for success, supporting political and social stability, and revitalizing the existing system to serve the desired objectives.

This study discusses the contexts motivating the transformations that the Middle East region witnessed and the emergence of new regional equations. Its outcome was an exploration of the Saudi strategy in defining its geopolitical interests, which makes it have a corrective function by reviving its regional role and status and reducing the area of misunderstanding and tension with other parties in the region, thus avoiding... The confrontational approach in its interactions with the countries of the region, in addition to its attempts to find geopolitical links for strategic projects and partnerships and focusing on the role of development in its regional policy, as well as reshaping the pattern of alliances in the region in order to double its geopolitical influence and influence. The study also discusses the challenges that may hinder the directions of the new strategy and its repercussions on its policies in the Middle East region

Since its inception, liberalism has been founded on freedom, individualism, and rationality in expanding its concept as an intellectual organization that attempts to advance the individual and his rights and help consolidate his position at the expense of society and not limit his freedom. The state must guarantee what it alone cannot guarantee for itself, which is security and protection. However, despite these foundations It gave freedom and rights to the individual, but it deprived the majority of them and did not guarantee equality between them, in addition to transforming these principles from a national policy into an international propaganda policy and a cover for interfering in the affairs of countries and imposing their culture and values on them, which led to a lack of dialogue between peoples due to differences in cultures, and forced people to Living in selfishness, alienation and other crises that require radical reforms were led by Edgar Morin and Alain de Benoist, who provided a critical vision for it.

The relationship between human security and environmental security is tripartite, involving human beings, society, and the state. These parties should have common rights, duties, obligations, and responsibilities that include the importance of working to ensure environmental security, which is a dimension of human security, in which human rights, the environment, and nature should be respected, with the aim of ensuring the integration of human rights. Man and the environment, and not the absence of one of them in order to achieve sustainable development, and to confront the critical environmental situation that the world is witnessing today, which requires, firstly: enhancing the awareness of the international community on the issue of “climate change” that affects both human and environmental security, and secondly: emphasizing the importance of achieving sustainable development, Third: A serious stance by humanity, society, states, institutions, organizations and the international community against the dangers of human and environmental security, in light of scientific and technological development and the dominance of globalization.

The main aim of this study is to conduct an overal assessment on motivies of the Iraniain nuclear programm, this study will highlight on the study and analyses of the most important motivations that led both the Western countries and Iran to reach an agreement As the results of this research showed that the Iranian nuclear program is considered as a golden opportunity for both the United States of America as well as Iran, therefore in order to avoid of the conflict between them.

In belief in the revolution of February 17, 2011, which was led by the Libyan people in various parts of the country, in fulfillment of the souls of the martyrs of this blessed revolution, who sacrificed their lives for freedom, to live in dignity on the homeland, and to restore all the rights that Gaddafi took away from his fallen crime. Boxing theories/traditional political patterns based on the country’s history and based on the legitimacy of this revolution, and responding to the desire and aspirations of the Libyan people to achieve democracy and establish the principles of political pluralism for their benefit, and aspiring to a society that enjoys stability,

Since the Ottoman Empire, Turkish nationalist currents have tried to unite the Turkish race into an empire and later a new state, but these attempts failed to achieve their goals. Achieving the Turkish-Turanian dream of uniting those countries under its leadership so that the Turks would be a force on the international and regional levels.