Journal of Engineering and Sustainable Development (JEASD)

This paper deals with the study of the mechanism of heat transfer between the combustion of hot gases and water inside steam generator. The operating conditions in these applications are designed to maintain heat flux lower than critical heat flux (CHF) of tubes to prevent potential failure by overheating or burnout. Critical heat flux is a condition in which small increase in heat flux leads to abrupt wall overheating caused by the transition from nucleate to film boiling. Mathematical models are arranged, covered the parameters affected the mechanism of heat transfer such as fouling on both sides of tube surfaces. The results show good agreement with published work.

Genetic Algorithms are presented for calculating the distances between the elements of asymmetrical non-uniformly spaced linear array antenna for side lobe reduction, and describes the basic genetic algorithms. The amplitude of the excitation is assumed to be constant. The array design is optimum, and the simplicity of this method will allow arrays to be designed quickly.

The effect of certain petroleum products on the shear strength characteristics of clayey soils is studied. Kerosene, Gas oil, as well as water, are mixed with different types of soils (kaolinite, 80% kaolinite-20% bentonite, and natural clayey soil). Consolidated undrained triaxial tests with pore pressure measurement have been conducted to investigate the effect of these products on the shear strength of the soils studied. The results show a distinct effect of petroleum products on the shear strength characteristics of clayey soils. The shear strength of clayey soils increased with a decrease in the dielectric constant of the pore medium.

Water hammer phenomenon in pipelines represents the complex problems that need a special treatment during network design. The required design for such systems takes into consideration the high pressures generated in pipelines and that may lead to collapse the network. In this study, a mathematical model has been prepared for Al-Najaf-Al-Kufa united water supply project. The numerical methods such as Newton-Raphson method and Gauss elimination method have been used to solve the non-linear simultaneous equations that governed with the boundary conditions and by using the characteristics method. The partial differential equations had been transformed to ordinary differential equations, by using a computer program. In this mathematical model, the values of the generated pressures was calculated with or with out control devices or to find the suitable number of control devices required for each pipeline to keep the pressure values within a tolerable limits.

In this research, the discrete differential dynamic programming approach is used to find the optimal monthly operation of Makhool Dam by adopting an objective function to minimize the release and storage penalty. The historical inflow data of (480) months (from Oct. 1960 to Sep. 1999) formed the input data to the optimization model. To preserve the logical state of reserve storage, i.e., save minimum operation storage just before the expected start of the effective flood and maximum operation storage at the end of the flood season, a new constraint has been introduced. The new constraint also ensured the smoothness of the resulting optimum rule curves (lower, average, and upper). A simulation model is built accordingly. Besides, the developed optimization model is applied to two hypothetical operation scenarios that represent the extreme cases, namely, two consecutive relatively-wet years and two consecutive relatively-dry years, beside the consideration of the non-existence and existence of Bekhma Dam. The optimum operation policy has shown deficit in satisfying the demands downstream Makhool Dam. The deficiency was noticed during (30) months when Bekhma Dam is not existing and (21) months when Bekhma Dam is operational.

Combustion equipment of turbulent flows has usually been developed empirically, with only qualitative guidance from theory. The reason is that, although has relevant processes have long been understood qualitatively, no accurate and economical procedure has been developed for the quantitative prediction of the properties of flame. Because empirical development is expensive and slow, the need for a prediction procedure which would replace physical by computational experiments is very urgent. The studies which are about to describe are mainly intended to test the ability of the present procedure to provide predictions of temperature calculation of turbulent flows with combustion. It is interesting to note that the maximum-temperature isotherm forms a closed loop within the combustion chamber for the fuel velocity (VF=Vo and VF=05 Vo). When VF increased (VF=3Vo) fuel would escape from the chamber without burning.

The non-metallic inclusions can be found in steel as a result of existence of oxygen and sulpher in form of oxides and sulphides which they have relative low solubility. The shape, number, size and distribution of these inclusions have a significant influence on the type and comportment of steel in various engineering applications.The object of this study is to examine the shape and type of the non-metallic inclusions by using chemical reagents and to determine the indices k0 and k1 which give the percentage amount of these inclusions in the structure of wrought low alloy steel(32Ni Cr MoV12.3), then to investigate the relation between these indices and mechanical properties.

Water installations in buildings are of great importance in the essence of direct relationship between potable water and public health, as well as, with daily life activities of residents. Even though, design and execution of water installations in houses and multistory buildings remain systematic.In this research, a new approach of analysis and design could be useful for water installation in buildings and residential houses have been developed. This approach is based on the idea of feeding the elevated tanks and all fixtures, inside the building, simultaneously by only one up-feed /down-feed pipe instead of two or three pipes which are ordinarily used .The proposed approach is not only economical but also enabling the consumers to be supplied with hygienically safe water.Hydraulic analysis have been carried out for both, houses and buildings installations. To check the applicability of the system, a prototype has been installed, operated and tested for a single floor house, through, which a good agreement has been shown between analytical and observed results.