Mosul Journal of Nursing

Background and aim: Street children used to refer to children who experience homelessness and live on streets. They are the most vulnerable group to political and economic changes. We conducted this study to assess the health problems that face street children in Kirkuk city as well as identify demographic characteristics of those children.
Material and method: A cross-sectional survey was conducted from June 1st, 2014 to April 1st, 2015 in Kirkuk-Iraq. Data were collected in various settings including markets, streets, playgrounds, etc., we selected a convenient sample of 150 children and conducted questionnaire to reach the purpose of the study. Data analysis was done via using descriptive statistics, which included frequency and percentages. Results: The findings of the study show that 50% of the children are at age 16 to 20 years of which, 80.7% were male, and 58% of them were refugees. Because of their being street children, poverty constitutes 81.3%. 50.7% of the children was selling wares, 59.3% of them had faced maltreatment, and 54.3% of the children had received treatment for headache. Poverty, low income, was the main reason that led children to work in streets because most of them were refugees.
Conclusions: The children were mainly suffering from headache and back pain.
Recommendation: this paper focuses mainly on basic needs as well as assets to minimize risk factors to the lowest extent possible.

Background and aim: Postpartum period is the period that is associated with intense physical and emotional changes leading to anxiety and mood disturbances. The study aimed to assess the level of postpartum depression and to find out the association between levels of postpartum depression with demographic characteristics of mothers.
Materials and method: A quantitative descriptive study, deals with 150 mothers who attending to the Maternity Teaching Hospital in Erbil City-Iraq. A questionnaire was used to collect the data from the period of 5th May 2015 to 4th August 2015. Data were analyzed by using descriptive and inferential statistical (percentage, frequency, and chi –square).
Results: the study shows that the majority of mothers age between (24-32) years was 46%, shows that the majority of sample (66%) was postpartum depressed also there were high significant relationship between some of demographic characteristics of mothers.
Conclusion: The study concludes that there majority of sample was Postpartum depressed and significant relationship with their some demographic characters of mothers at P ≥ 0.5. Recommendation: The present study recommends that health education programs should be carried out for postnatal mothers apply by nurses.

Background and aim: Hypertension is a systolic blood pressure greater than 140 mmHg and a diastolic pressure greater than 90 mmHg based on the average of two or more accurate blood pressure measurements taken during two or more contacts with a health care provider. The aim of the study to determine the impact of a dietary educational program upon the hypertensive patient knowledge in Kirkuk city. Materials and method: Descriptive study consists of (60) hypertensive clients who attended Eskan Health Center in Kirkuk City during the period of the study from the15th of August 2015 to the 15th of October 2015. The sample is divided into two groups; study group (30) hypertensive clients who received dietary educational program and control group (30) hypertensive clients who received a routine care from the hospital. Three major instruments were used; these instruments included (1) knowledge test which was applied on both groups pretest and eight weeks post-test (2) questions to know what they eat in the last 24 hours in the main meals and in between meals (snacks) which were applied on both groups pretest and eight weeks post-test (3) Body Mass Index measurement was applied on both groups pre-test and eight weeks post-test.
Results: Regarding the Comparison between study and control groups regarding sociodemographic characteristic for hypertensive patients the study shows that the highest percentage of the hypertensive clients was similar in both study group and control group (11 (36.7%) was within the age group (40-49) years. Regarding clinical characteristic for hypertensive clientsthat the highest percentage of the hypertensive clients in the study group (28 (93.3%) and the highest percentage of the hypertensive clients in the control group (23 (76.7%) were positive medical family history. Related duration of HT, the highest percentage of the hypertensive clients in the experimental group (9(30.0%) had less than one year while the highest percentage of control group (19(63.3%) had less than one year.
Conclusion: The results show that there is highly significant difference concerns the decrease of BMI in post- test for hypertensive clients in the study group than the control group marked improvement in dietary status of the study group compared to the control group. The results of the study also show that there is a significant difference between study group and control group in post-test regarding the adequate grain vegetable fruit. Meat, poultry, and fish (MPF) and Nuts, seeds, and legumes (NSL) intake daily.
Recommendation: the study recommends that all hypertensive patient should be involved in the application of nutritional educational programme which was developed in this study.

Background and aim: Helicobacter pylori (Hp) are found in half the population of the world. Its prevalence is highly variable in relation to geography, ethnicity, age, and socioeconomic factors-high in developing countries and lower in the developed world. This study aims to estimate the prevalence of Helicobacter pylori among patients in Duhok, and to identify factors associated with of Helicobacter pylori among patients in Duhok.
Materials and method: A cross-sectional study was carried out throughout the present study among patients who attending to Duhok gastroenterology and hepatology center. The study included (80) samples of nurses for the period from 10th January to 5th December 2015.The study revealed that there were significant statistical results related to income, residency, water source and blood group to be considered as a risk factor of H. pylori infection.
Results: The study revealed that there were no significant statistical results related to age to be considered as a risk factor at (p<0.05). Among the 80 patients who completed data, the highest positive result was found in the age group of 20-30 years (68.18.7%) while the highest negative result was found in the age group of 50-60yr (42.86%).
Conclusion: There were significant difference between H. pylori infection and some variables like (age, sex, married status, level of education and smoking and coffee consumption and years of experience).

Background and aim: North American Nursing Diagnosis Association (NANDA) is one of Organizations of Nursing in the world to developed nursing process, NANDA began in 1973 by Kristine Gebbie and MaryAnn in Clearinghouse for Nursing Diagnoses-established at (St. Louis University) to develop a diagnostic classification system (Taxonomy) and to identify and approve nursing diagnosis, while the first conference proceedings edited by Gebbie and Lavin are published.The objectives of the study are to assess the knowledge of fourth class students of nursing colleges in Kurdistan Region regarding Nursing Process, to describe the demographic data of the study sample, to know the Source of student's information, and to determine which college of nursing be the first in the rank.
Materials and method: A descriptive (cross sectional) study was carried out at the colleges of nursing / universities of Kurdistan Region. The study started at 10/3/2015 up to the end of December 2015. To achieve the objectives of the study, a non- probability (purposive) sample of all forth class students of colleges of nursing. Data were collected through the use of constructed questionnaire, which included of three parts. The content validity of instrument was established through penal of (7) experts.
Reliability of instrument was determined through the Internal consistently reliability, (r=0.81).
Data was collected by (Self-Report) method, using the questionnaire formal and data was analyzed by the application of descriptive and inferential statistical method.
Results: The result of the study indicated that the highest percent of the students was female graduated from secondary school, and they have an intermediate level of knowledge, while the findings of the study indicated that most of student's information's sources were from their teachers. On the other hand the study findings were showed that there was highly significant relationship between student's knowledge and their demographic information.
Recommendations: the study recommended that the teachers of nursing at the colleges and schools in Kurdistan rejoin have to focus on the Conference proceedings edited of (NANDA), farther more nursing process must teach by nursing specialty teachers not physicians.

Background and aim: Patients with chronic kidney failure are vulnerable of cognitive impairment. That's why they become more users of pharmacological products and develop comorbidities such as hypertension and diabetes. Therefore, nutritional therapy constantly considered a major feature of Chronic Kidney Failure management. So, the nutritional therapy aimed to attainment the control both metabolic and fluid as well as prevention and correction of signs, symptoms and complications of progressed Chronic Renal Failure. The present study aimed to investigate the effectiveness of the education nutritional health program in improving the quality of life of patients with chronic renal failure.
Materials and method: The present Quazi-experimental study was conducted in hemodialysis center and renal transplantation department in Azadi teaching hospital, from February 15, 2015 through March 1, 2016. The sample of the study was consisted of (30) Non-probability (purposive) patients with chronic renal failure. Data were collected through using questionnaire related to health education nutritional program before and after its application upon patients with chronic renal failure. Analysis of data performed through the application of descriptive data (Frequency and percentage) and inferential data of (T. test) employed statistical application.
Results: The findings of the study had revealed that the experimental group had benefited of the program as supported by their nutritional health-related knowledge improvement. Furthermore, the result indicated that the highly significant differences between pre and post educational intervention regarding patients level of physical and psychological quality of life.
Conclusion: The health education nutritional program was confirmed its effectiveness throughout the study, the findings can be interpreted so that the group had benefited from the health education nutritional program and evidenced improvement in their knowledge related to nutritional behavior and quality of life.
Recommendation: The study recommended that the Ministry of Health in Kurdistan Region of Iraq should sponsor the health education nutritional program to be applied by nephrology nurses in hemodialysis centers considering its potential addressing patients' specific needs and problems.

Background and aim: cigarette smoking is the main cause for preventable diseases and early death, so the economic status of parents and peers may affect smoking habit for adolescent. Smoking habit may cause more than 5 million deaths each year. Smoking habit may increase the risk of heart disease, respiratory disease, and more than 10 different forms of cancer .The study aimed to identify association between smoking habit and economic status of parents, peers with smoking habit of teenagers.
Materials and method: It is a descriptive study, it began in 1-1- 2016 to 1-4-2016. Sample size was 99 teenagers from secondary school of Bnaslawa in Erbil , the standard questionnaire was used for data collection by self report and included socio demographic data for teenagers and question related to smoking habit and economic status. The permission was taken from general directorate of education and approval from nursing college and the questionnaire was viewed to panel of experts in nursing field, and SPSS program version 20 was used for data analysis.
Results: The study indicated that most of teenagers single 88.9%, 5th class 52.5, non-smokers 51.5%, most of parents from midum economic 54.5, most of peers from low economic 52.5%, there was significant association between type of family of parents , peers with smoking habit of teenagers 0.0.34 and with address of peers with smoking habit of teenagers while there was no significant association between class, father occupation and family status with smoking habit of teenagers 0105, 0.912.
Conclusion: There was high significant association between parent smokers and smoking habit among teenagers, significant association between type of family and their smoking habit, while there was not significant association between class , and father occupation with smoking habit of teenagers.The study concluded that there was significant association between address, type of family , duration smoking, and smoking habit of peers with smoking habit of teenagers while there was no significant association between class , father education , father occupation.
Recommendations: depending of the outcomes of the study the researchers recommended to do health education about health risk of smoking habit for parents, peers and teenagers through mass media, seminars ,newspapers.

Background and aim: Hookah smoking is one of the major causes of cancer and cardiovascular diseases leading to millions of premature deaths each year all over the world. Scientists have identified about 4,000 different substances in tobacco all of which have certain degree of toxic effects, at least 43 of them known carcinogens. The aim of this study is to assess the extent of adverse effect of shisha on hematological parameters in male population of Rania City in Iraq.
Materials and Method: experimental study a purposive (non probability) sample of fifty-five male subjects participated in this study. The method of the study is the following; shisha smoker (n= 30) and non-smoker (n= 25). Fresh peripheral blood samples from healthy adult non-smokers and smokers (males) are collected and analyzed for Red Blood Cells (RBC) count, hemoglobin (Hb) content, packed cell volume PCV , MCV, MCH ,MCHC and RDW, total and differential leucocytes (WBC) counts and total platelets count and its parameters by using fully automatic hematological analyzer.
Results: The smokers of shisha have non-significantly higher level of Hb, HCT, RBCs, WBC count, LYM and platelets counts and its parameters while NUET is insignificantly down in smoker. However, MXD and MCHC are significantly lower in cigarette smokers than that of non-smokers. The present study clarifies that age have no significant effect on hematological parameters except LYM NUET, MID and MCV in smokers. The study shows that the duration of smoking has no significant effect on hematological parameters except LYM and NUET. The current result reveals number of smoking weekly has no significant effect on hematological parameters except NUET.
Conclusion: The study concludes that smoking alters hematological parameter that is injurious to health.