Tikrit Journal for Political Science

The Arab region witnessed popular protest movements starting in late 2010 and early 2011, beginning in Tunisia and spreading to Egypt, Libya, Syria, Yemen, Iraq, Bahrain, and other countries. These movements became commonly known as the "Arab Spring" in political literature, media, and other domains. They had a significant and influential impact on the stability of the regimes that were challenged. Heads of states were ousted, and radical reforms were initiated in party structures, public freedoms, and power transitions.

However, these movements also contributed to the occurrence of internal turmoil in many countries, leading to the erosion of state institutions from within. This has become a prominent characteristic of the Arab Spring, as seen in Syria, Libya, Yemen, and Iraq.

Power, in one of its concepts, refers to the ability to influence and dominate, and it is based on a set of foundations and principles that seek to establish an organization of the relationship between a party represented by the ruling class and another party represented by the governed class. In totalitarian or dictatorial systems, this power becomes an essential necessity, transforming from the foundations for organizing the relationship to a general goal of ensuring control over state resources and the continuity of rule. Everything that arises from the social nature afterward is a result of the nature of this power.

Dictatorship systems differ in degree but not in type. They also differ in means and goals, but they all exercise domination and tyranny in various forms. This ranges from arbitrary use of power to the suppression or restriction of freedoms, the consolidation of wealth and power, or the confiscation of the people's acquired rights, all the way to controlling the fate of the people and shaping their future without their will. Dictatorship systems vary in how they balance these aspects, with some practicing certain forms of domination and others implementing all of them in reality.

The Palestinian cause are one of the most prominent Arab issues being considered the issue of Arab central، very attitudes international and regional issue interest prominently what these attitudes of the consequences of internal and external reality، the Arab and international levels، and has taken the Turkish position on the Palestinian issue forms and visions mixed since the founding of the Zionist entity and the proclamation of the his country was Turkey's positions and visions of the developments of the Arab _ Zionist varied by the effects of internal and external but marked bias to Israel embodies the recognition of Turkey this entity and conventions diverse held between the parties throughout the period that preceded the arrival of the AKP came to power، and after 2002 Turkey began after the arrival of the party Justice and a new development in its foreign policy and attitudes towards the issues of the region and tended to make efforts to play the role of political mediator in the Palestinian issue، as the Government of the Justice and Development itself in a difficult test with regard to its policy and its official position between the Palestinian issue and Developments.

This comparative study explores the foundational principles of democracy in Western political thought and examines the Islamic political thought's perspective on these principles. In the Western political thought, key pillars of democracy include individualism, the rule of law, popular sovereignty, political participation, and human rights. However, Islamic political thought diverges from Western perspectives, emphasizing the concept of the Ummah (the Muslim community), Shura (consultation), justice, consultation, and maintaining a balance between religious and civil discourse. These differing views reflect distinct approaches to governance and the role of individuals and communities within the political system.

Arab political systems are facing a multitude of crises that challenge the continuity and stability of their political systems. These systems have experienced various multidimensional crises, including economic, social, and political crises. One of the most important and prominent political crises that hinder the progress of the political system is the crisis of legitimacy, which is the main crisis in Arab political systems.

Many researchers and scholars in this field attribute the crisis of legitimacy to the weak relationship between society and the existing political system. This relationship, along with the civil society, is characterized by the abuse of power and its system, as well as its penetration in practicing oppression and violence to maintain its grip on power. Moreover, the sources from which power derives its legitimacy in Arab political systems are traditional sources that do not reflect the reality of a democratic state based on rational and legal foundations. This, ultimately, led to the shaking or collapse of legitimacy in those systems.

International relations are among the most critical fields influenced by ongoing developments and changes in the world. With technological advancements, political shifts, and economic transformations, new avenues are being opened for interactions and engagements between nations. Consequently, official diplomacy plays a crucial role in regulating relations between governments. However, it often requires support from public diplomacy, which aims to engage with foreign populations and complements official diplomacy in achieving a country's foreign policy goals.

The central idea of Henry Kissinger's last book, The World Order, is that the world is in dire need of a new world order, otherwise geopolitical chaos threatens the world, and perhaps it is chaos that will prevail and settle in the world.
According to Kissinger's opinion, the global system did not really exist at all, but what was closest to the system was (the Treaty of Westphalia), which included about twenty countries from Western Europe about four centuries ago.