Kufa Journal of Arts

The process of social change in the contemporary world is so deep and fast that it has seriously challenged the most original area of human life, namely identity. The emphasis of some of the dominant views in the modern world, such as globalization, is on the uniformity and elimination of cultural distinctions and identifications, and leads the world to an extreme homogeneity, the most important effect of which is passive man. In the face of the Islamic system of thought, which itself has an independent anthropology and cosmology, this has led to the issue of identity crisis. Identity crisis is undoubtedly the most important social damage in the world today, the symptoms of which can be clearly seen in all social, cultural, economic, political relations at the international level. Although the intensity of these changes is not the same in today's world, there are no regions far removed from their effects and consequences. With the aim of analyzing and redefining the concept of identity and culture, while highlighting the important elements of identity and culture, this study examines the types of identity and human relationship with culture and identity and examines the dimensions of religious identity in religious sources by analyzing texts. It depicts religious identity and finally enumerates the internal and external factors affecting religious identity, and in this way, in presenting a clear picture of religious identity for young Muslims, it draws a way out of the crisis of religious identity in the contemporary world.

Abstract: The research discusses the relationship between the church and the state in Western Europe during the first millennium AD of its history, tracing the beginnings of that relationship, the stages it went through, and the changes that occurred to it according to the circumstances surrounding it during that period of time, which ended at the end of the tenth century AD with the deterioration of that relationship and the loss of much of the Western Church’s influence and prestige.

The art of opposition is the imitation of one poet by another poet in a poem that follows the meter and rhyme of the opposition poem. The term "opposition" is one of the most common words in the literature of the Mamluk era, especially in the art of eulogy of the Prophet. Al-Busiri's Burda had a large share in the circulation of this poetic art; as many poets opposed it and were influenced by it from different aspects. It is either from the subject matter, or from the poetic meter, or from the rhetorical and stylistic arts. One of the most beautiful of these oppositions is a long poem by Ali Ahmed Bakather called "The System of the Burda or the Memory of Muhammad (7)". This research, through the descriptive-analytical approach, addressed the stylistic study of these two poems in addition to their conceptual study. The results obtained from them may indicate that Bakather followed the example of Al-Busiri's Burda in the field of stylistic study. We see him completely imitating Al-Busiri's poem in the external and internal music. As for the structural and rhetorical level, Al-Busiri took the lead in creating rhetorical images in imagining what is spiritual in the form of what is tangible and creating eloquent words. As for the field of conceptual study of the two poems, we smell the scent of the predominance of the political hue in Bakthir’s praise as a whole. This is the characteristic of the difference between it and Al-Busiri’s praise.

Islam's position on women is clear in the Quranic verses, as Islam referred to the equality between males and females, but the traditional gender view that prevailed on women as emotional and only suitable for procreation, is what leads to the creation of a gender bias in favor of males in human rights and religious knowledge, so this research will address some of these positions, some contradictions between the sexes, and biases against women, which made Arabs and others who entered Islam interpret religion first in a way that offends Islam, and the study recommends re-reading jurisprudence and legislative texts in light of modern human rights concepts, because the Islamic religion is the last religion and is supposed to provide a modern vision that suits every era. The research also recommends the necessity of reading women's legislation and contributing to the maturation of a reality of conscious effort for the differences between the sexes towards religion

It can be said that the opposite
dualities is when we mention two
meanings or more and then we
mention their opposites provided this
contrast is in order. The opposite
dualities is one of the most prominent
methods of systems of meanings. This
rhetorical style gives pleasure and a
special taste to the text, and it can be
found abundantly in poetry. Many
poets have used this art, including the
Andalusian poet Ibn Ferkoun, so we
can see that clearly in most of his
poetry.
It can be noted that the poetry of the
Andalusian poet Ibn Ferkoun has
many aspects of opposites dualities, it
is due to that the Andalusian literature
is famous for its desire for creative
decoration. The Andalusian reality
was a mixture of war and peace, bliss
and misery and stability and
turbulence so this has a clear effect on
his poetry. Furthermore, the poet used
this art to express his thoughts and
emotions through opposites dualities
and rhetoric correspondence.
He also used all kinds of opposite
dualities, whether (Al- Tabbaq and Al-
Muqubala) with its types of positive
and negative. In this research we focus
on correspondence because it has a
wonderful artistic role and this is what
we will cover in the analysis.

Every social change, like the revolution, is influenced by certain principles, The Iranian Revolution in 1978 as a very great social phenomenon of the century that was able to leave a great and astonishing impact on Iran and the world, It is no exception to this rule, so it can be said that the Islamic Revolution has various principles that include attention and need to be discussed. Given that the sense of duty of the Iranian people in the Islamic Revolution can Have secularist principles or benefit from religious principles, Therefore, Purpose of the research is to state that the common perception of the revolutionary people towards the concept of duty was influenced by jurisprudential principles. In this article, after clarifying the general concepts, the jurisprudential principles of the role of task-oriented people in the realization of the Islamic Revolution are examined. The researcher, after a detailed study, concludes that reasons such as religious laws are forbidden to help the guilty, jurisprudential laws of expediency, jurisprudential laws of sanctity of non-Muslim domination over Muslims, religious rules, the necessity of blasphemy against the rule of infidels, jurisprudential laws The right to self-determination, the jurisprudential law of not harming others, and the reasons for inviting good deeds and not inviting bad deeds can be among the jurisprudential principles of the role-oriented role of the people in the realization of the revolution.

Abstract:Islamic law is the conclusion of divine laws, as it is not specific to a time or a nation of people. Rather, it is for all human beings, for God Almighty says : ﴾And we have not sent you but enough for men with good tidings and omens, but we all live for all ﴿, Spa/ 28 . It is comprehensive for all times and valid for application with changing times, and the legal ruling that it is fixed does not change with the passage of time, does not deny that Islamic legislation has observed the effect of the element of time in many provisions, because it is natural that the provisions are realistic and not ideal, and that they are immortal, not temporary , Therefore, the role of time in making legislation cannot be ignored, as time is an influencing factor on the angel of rulings as being subordinate to the interests and spoils inherent in real matters. The question is whether Islamic jurisprudence remains static in a world that is filled with changes in lifestyles and means, but rather changes in visions and ideas as well . In order to know the vitality of this jurisprudence and its ability to keep pace with the subject in question, the research and study were organized on an introduction and preparation, so the first topic was: in the characteristics of legislation, and the second topic pledged to clarify the reasons for changing topics, with application forms, a conclusion, results of the research, and the approved sources for documenting the research .

The idea of rapprochement between Islamic sects, the basicrule for creating a state of sectarian coexistence between the different Islamic and that at all times and places many islamice school are, thinkers and researchers especially at the level of modern and contemporary nistory have addressed the importantce of this idea . Thus, this research dealt with the great role played by the mest prominent thinkers of the Islamic renaissance in the mid- nineteenth centary like mr. jawad Al- Din Al- Afahami and sheikh Abdul Rahman Al- Kawkibi what are the foundation contributions . They made in this regrd, which had a clear and significant impact in establishing the house of rapprochem between the Islamic sects, which was aroused by eminent scholars from rarious Islamic sects and from rarious Islamic countries . The most prominent eontributiens of these school are and thinkers in the process of advancing this idea (approximation) were discussed this is in their quest to eutline the features of Islamic project to bring the islamis sects closer together to represent and complehensive approach and error of jurisprudence intellectual and cognitive know in which many Islamic sects and school of jurisprudence are uncluded . In this context , the research dealt with the main and pivotal role that was addressed and promoted by this eminence sayyid Ali Al- Husseini Al- Sistani (may his shadow be long) in the process of reving this great Islamic renaissance project (the project to bring Islamic sects together . And that was through the fat was statement messages and asnwers that his eminence presented in this regard which constituted a strong and real new start in the issue of reviing the project of rapproehement between Islamic sects. Which had and continues to have a great impact on the process of achiering sectarian coexistence amony the followers of the different Islamic sects at the level Iraq in particular, especiailly after the great dangers threats and challenges that this Muslim country witnessed represented by the mergence of claims of intolerance atonement, extremism and the abolition of the other aad that after 2003.

Peacekeeping forces represent one of the most important means used by the United Nations to separate the conflicting parties, whether those disputes are international or non-international, and they have developed greatly since the date of their establishment to the present day, and their role has not been limited to the implementation of those traditional tasks of separating between Conflicting forces, but began for a long time to implement other humanitarian, social and other tasks, and it is important to discuss the mechanisms that develop peace-keeping forces and the laws that are subject to them, and in particular international humanitarian law that regulates the means of warfare and how to protect civilians in light of wars, and whether the preservation forces Peace can be considered a party to an international conflict to which the rules of international humanitarian law apply, or not

This research is an academic study to trace the historical development of the phenomenon of luxury at Islamic authority since the Islams Scripture until the fall of the Abbasid Caliphate (656 AH- 1258AD) , considering it the main objective of the study and to show the stages of its emergence and historical dimensions and why the luxury peple violiated the sunnah of their prophet and fascinated by of leisure and its manifestaions , so their behavior was of great importance it has a negative impact on the politics and economy of the Islamic state. The research presented a historical picture of the feachers of luxury starting from early Islam passing through the Umayyad state and ending with Abbasid era in an attempt and its causes and to clarify the position of Islamic law towards .it as well as identifying its obligations and knowing the sources of supplying the luxury of power and distinguishing it from extravagauce and wast researcg the behaviors of the affluent of the caliphs and presented historical evidence on aspects of it that reached the extreme of exaggeration in luxury and its manifestations such as the luxury of processions,food and drink, singing parties, rap gathering ,and the acquisition of servants and maidservants, which amounted to legendawy numbers. The research is a set of counlusions that it reaced

Television is one of the important media, which actively contributes to crystallizing the culture of society and forming its intellectual vision. This media outlet takes its international basis from international declarations and charters, and on the domestic scale, it is based on national constitutions and legislation that regulates the work of the media and sets limits for the exercise of its freedoms. There are many programs shown on television screens. Among these programs that have appeared recently are TV pranks programs. The idea of these programs is to host a famous person within the community and put him in a fabricated position by holding him and making him hear a phrase that affects his human dignity or provoke terror and fear in him to show strange reactions from him in order to increase the followers of this TV channel These pranks are, in fact, inconsistent with ethical standards of behavior and the limits of media freedom in television work, and conflict with international texts, constitutions and national legislation regulating media work, in addition to the fact that these actions are crimes punishable by criminal laws, including the Iraqi Penal Code of 1969. These crimes are the crime of using explosives Or explosives and the crime of detention of persons and offenses of defamation and ins

This research sheds light on basic aspects of the idea of the state as it appeared in the dialogue of laws that Plato wrote at the end of his life and died before completing it, a dialogue that captured the interest of researchers in Platonic utopia, in terms of the clear difference formed by the concept of the state in it from the exaggerated ideal that Plato fabricated it in many of his previous dialogues, especially the Republic. The state that Plato talks about in \"Laws\" (despite its idealistic tendency) is closer to reality and implementation than the state that appeared in the \"Republic\". As the most prominent Greek philosopher became more mature and presented solutions from the reality of the Greek nation and some neighboring nations to the problems that he saw obstructing the establishment of a virtuous and just state in which prudence prevails, these criteria have always remained the starting point for his political and moral thought, whether in the republic, laws, or all his other

The book *Sharh al-Mulla Jami*, originally titled *Al-Fawa'id al-Diya'iyya ‘ala Matn al-Kafiya fi al-Nahw*, is a work by Abd al-Rahman Jami, a Persian poet of the 9th century AH. This book serves as a commentary on the *Kafiya* by Ibn al-Hajib. Jami wrote it for his son, Diya al-Din Yusuf, who was studying the fundamentals of the Arabic language at the time. Thus, he named it *Al-Fawa'id al-Diya'iyya* ("The Diya'ian Benefits").

Given his mastery of Arabic, Jami opted for a humorous approach to clarify the dense expressions of the *Kafiya*. He was not overly rigid in his explanations of grammatical issues and demonstrated reliability by referencing the works and authors he cited. In his commentary, he not only conveyed the opinions of grammar scholars but also included his own inquiries. His critiques were polite, and he never outright rejected Ibn al-Hajib's views. However, when he did not agree with Ibn al-Hajib's opinions, he proposed alternative grammatical perspectives that challenged the latter’s views.

Upon examining his perspectives in this book, Jami can be regarded as an admirer of the Basran grammatical school. This article reviews and analyzes some features of this book.

**Keywords**: Mulla Jami Commentary, Grammar, Ibn al-Hajib’s Kafiya.

The current study examines the phenomenon of code-switching among Arabic-speaking Iraqi students at the University of Memphis. Informal conversations of three purposefully selected participants with varying levels of proficiency in English and Arabic were recorded. Observations were taken to analyze the reasons for and timing of code-switching between the two languages, from English to Arabic and vice versa.

In light of the models proposed by Auer (2002) and Appel & Muysken (2006), the study seeks to explore the impact of proficiency in either language on the diversity of functions and directions of code-switching. In addition to the functions identified in the aforementioned models, it was found that bilinguals often switch to the language in which they are more proficient to change the topic, exclude other speakers, or express solidarity. Meanwhile, bilinguals may switch to the language in which they have less proficiency to convey humorous gestures, among other purposes.

Disguise is a common rational practice among people, and many examples of it can be found in the history of Islam. Disguise is considered a shield to protect the lives of Muslims, and it is always recommended by the Ahl al-Bayt. In the current research, the views of sectarian scholars on disguise were studied through a descriptive-analytical-comparative approach, and the semantic differences between it and hypocrisy were clarified. To share the views of sects, the legitimacy of fear of disguise was used as a linguistic agreement at the time of Muslims' weakness. The distinction of disguise in such cases led to its decline in the personal level when feeling danger. Therefore, in addition to the reason for "appearance", Shiite scholars mentioned "necessity and achieving the greatest interest" as the reason for disguise, which led to the accusation of Shiites of hypocrisy. In this paper, by studying the concept of disguise and hypocrisy and clarifying their connotations in the Holy Quran, it can be concluded that their effects, results, goals and motives are separate, and disguise cannot be considered equal to hypocrisy nor can Shiites be accused of hypocrisy.

The Holy Quran contains a balanced and rhyming prose and is full of the most effective proverbs and the most powerful similes. The best language that can explain rational knowledge and spiritual concepts to all people is representation. Representation, in terms of expressing secrets and revealing facts, presents imagination in the form of truth, and presents imagination with certainty. Representation has an effect on hearts to the extent that describing something alone does not have this effect, so one of the expressions of the Holy Quran is representation. The doctrinal and moral messages contained in the Quranic representations can lead a person to happiness. Most of the Quranic representations are from the mental to the tangible type, because this type of simile, through the similarity between the mental meaning and the tangible thing, embodies and depicts truths that are far from the mind of man. In this way, it is easy for man to understand many religious and rational concepts and leaves the greatest impact on his soul. In this article, after defining representation and simile and expressing their functions, there is an attempt to study the case of some neglected representations and examine their simile features to understand part of the expressive miracle of the Holy Quran.

This paper aims to study the pragmatic-grammatical relationship associated with the use of vocatives in two English novels, Jane Austen's Pride and Prejudice (1813) and Ernest Hemingway's The Sun Also Rises (1926). Leach's (1999) model was adopted to analyze vocatives in the selected novels. Three hundred vocatives were quantitatively analyzed according to the analysis model adopted in this study. These 300 vocatives (150 vocatives from each novel) were randomly selected from throughout the novels as a representative sample. The results demonstrated the validity of all the study's hypotheses and confirmed the applicability of Leach's (1999) model. In both novels, the most frequently used vocative function was the address function, while the least common function was the emotional function. The functions that are most likely to be combined together simultaneously (through dual-function verbs) are the vocative and addresser-identifying functions on the one hand, and addresser-identifying and addresser-identifying functions on the other hand. In addition, the grammatical position of the vocative in the sentence in which it occurs is important because it is clearly related to its pragmatic functions.

The purpose of the research is to demonstrate the role of electronic management represented by "computer hardware, communication network, software, human resources" in enhancing strategic readiness represented by the dimensions "organizational readiness for change, readiness for leadership and management, readiness of human capital" among a sample of members of the University of Kufa. A sample of "300" members distributed across the university's formations was selected. The "SPSS" program was used to test the relationship and impact between the two variables. The research reached a set of conclusions, the most important of which is that e-management, in its various dimensions, plays a fundamental role in enhancing strategic readiness, as it is considered an important resource that enables it to adapt to environmental variables. In light of this, a set of recommendations were formulated, the most important of which was the continuous improvement of the reality of the infrastructure in the university under study, especially those necessary in the field of technology and communication networks, which are considered among the most important requirements for applying e-management and in a way that enhances its strategic readiness, as this dimension (communication network) was the only one among the dimensions of e-management mentioned above, as it did not show a significant effect in supporting strategic readiness in the university under study.

Maqamat al-Hariri and Badi’ al-Zaman al-Hamadhani are among the most prominent examples of artistic prose in the Abbasid era that explain the story of the behavior and actions of two fictional characters in the name of Harith bin Hammam and Issa bin Hisham as the narrators of these stories, and Abu Zaid Srouji and Abu al-Fath Iskandri as its heroes. Al-Maqama Al- basriyah is one of the Maqamat that has a common title in both places, and it describes the events that take place in the city of Basra for the characters of the story.

The phenomenon of linguistic substitution is contextual and contributes to creating a coherent textual context, so that the letters of Imam Ali (A) have completed the phenomenon of substitution with linguistic and semantic links to inject new linguistic aspects to contribute to the Islamic linguistic discourse and enrich it with new linguistic aspects. Based on this, the article addressed the Imam’s linguistic vision towards the types of substitution in the aforementioned letters as a model, and addressed the extent of the difference between his substitution and the famous substitution, in addition to clarifying the forms of substitution and their semantic features in the Imam’s letters, aiming to present a linguistic semantic study in the Imam’s question as a model, considering linguistic substitution and addressing the role of his speech in the possibility of rooting the phenomenon of linguistic substitution in addition to standing on linguistic substitution with the Imam and knowing it, and clarifying its form in terms of the difference with the common and famous substitution and enriching linguistic substitution with new things and adding new concepts and aspects based on the Imam’s linguistic discourse, adopting the descriptive-analytical approach in general, relying on semantics in particular, deriving the approach from lexical, morphological, syntactic and rhetorical books in order to address the issue. The article concluded that the Imam's vision is not limited to nominal, verbal and verbal substitution, but rather goes beyond them to the literal and lexical. Stylistic aspects may enter with the contribution of other linguistic features in the process of text consistency, such as metaphor, allegory, synonymy, allusion and derivation. This is what makes the Imam's substitution in terms of difference different from the famous substitution, which goes beyond the lexical and grammatical level to the rhetorical level, with the rhetorical level interfering with the two levels and the emergence of rhetorical images and linguistic styles from the phenomenon of linguistic substitution. The forms of substitution fall under the lexical, grammatical, rhetorical and stylistic levels, and the rhetorical and stylistic levels follow the lexical and grammatical levels, just as the lexical and grammatical levels generate a rhetorical and stylistic level as linguistic and semantic features.

Islamic law has provided for murder, like other claims that are the place of execution of the limits, discretionary punishment, retaliation and blood money, means to prove that the vast majority of the great Imami scholars have mentioned these methods in their jurisprudence. The books of these methods are: confession, evidence, and qassamah. In this article, the second reason for proving murder is discussed, which is evidence. Evidence in language means the argument and clear reason, and in terminology it means the testimony of two just people. The results of this study show that first: murder is proven by two just witnesses, and the testimony of a woman alone or with the testimony of a man has no effect. Second: the witnesses must be frank in their testimony and not give in their testimony the possibility of transgression. Third: the testimony of the witnesses must be united. Fourth: in the event of a conflict between the testimony of the witnesses, the ruling of retaliation is cancelled.

Thinking about the questions included in the research provided a brief answer to the perceptions of the displaced person himself about the nature of his existence in an environment that we can call “incubating” or qualifying for incubation, due to the commonalities from which he starts in heading towards such an environment, and the factors of strengthening identity and rapprochement on its basis have prevailed over the language factor as a barrier preventing social integration. This means that sectarian or national identity has overcome many of the considerations that prevent social integration, before the entry of ISIS and the occurrence of the displacement problem, and this is what actually happened when the Sunnis from Anbar and other Sunni areas entered Karbala or Baghdad, and then embraced them and extended a helping hand to them according to these motives, meaning that there were transgressions that occurred, and the language, traditions, customs, and sectarian intersections were behind the appearance of many Iraqis who embraced the displaced on the basis of the principle of national partnership, and thinking about the collective identity, without anything else that was mentioned above, and this represents the peak of the integration of the components in which politics provided a divisive and alienating sectarian charge, but the common awareness helped to achieve a kind of social harmony. But this social harmony requires a national media that represents the true image of the collective identity that Iraqis embodied in the experience of displacement with each other. Since the Iraqi arena lacks, to some extent, an independent and national media outlet, this means that the media has a negative role, to a large extent, in deepening the sectarian rift, and emphasizing divisive dualities and different identities, while showing the injustice of all components and minorities. We have come to the conclusion that the Iraqi media, built on these foundations, cannot achieve a balance between its interest and the interest of the Iraqi citizen, nor the interest of the country! Since it cannot do that, it continues to chew over these concepts and their contradictions, thereby causing confusion in the awareness and public national opinion.

Changing the requirements of time and place leads to changing many jurisprudential issues, as not paying attention to them leads to some fatwas that do not have an expected function in the new circumstances and which were correctly issued by jurists in the past. The Mufti must pay attention to the application between the fatwa and the criterion of his legislation, and this is not hidden from the view of Sunni and Shiite jurists. On the other hand, it should be noted that such a thing should not lead to perceptions of personal taste in jurisprudential orders, and distinguishing the limits of change is an important matter in this area. Among the Sunnis, some Hanafi jurists have paid special attention to this issue, while among the Shiite jurists, they have been interested in the issue of observing the criterion of the ruling and its effect on fatwas for a long time. A comparison between these two perspectives and attention to the effect of each on the other has been studied in this research.

The basis of obligation in Islamic jurisprudence is one of the general frameworks with comprehensive intellectual origins for establishing the main rules and principles in Islamic rulings. The principle of human obligation is one of the most important of these rules and principles, through defining duties, rights and general behavior that flows into legislative molds and its role in public life. The need for the basis is one of the most important tangible and moral matters, as it is the cognitive foundation in jurisprudence to reach the ultimate results in building and forming the Muslim individual, as the relationship between the obligated and the obligation in jurisprudence is a necessary and inseparable relationship, as one cannot be imagined without the other.

Due to the great progress in medical knowledge and the possibility of transplanting the amputated hand of a thief, the question arises: Is it permissible for the offender to replant his amputated hand after serving his sentence?

In response to this question, jurists and legal scholars have put forward two general theories: "legitimacy" and "illegitimacy of amputation due to the implementation of the punishment for theft".

The hypothesis of the current study was based on the prohibition of transplantation due to the weakness of the documents of those who say transplantation. To prove this hypothesis, while discussing the Quranic and narrative arguments, the three purposes of punishments under the titles of "intimidation", "correction" and "disabling the offender" received special attention.

According to the results of this study, after amputating the thief, in addition to the short-term torture and suffering of the thief, to achieve the three goals of punishment, it is necessary to prevent its re-association with the thief, in addition to correcting him and preventing him from committing the crime again, it must also deter potential criminals

Prophet Muhammad (7) is the greatest teacher of humanity and the Seal of the Messengers, and he is mentioned in the Holy Quran as the best model for Muslims and human beings, and it is clear that knowing him is the beginning of knowing all divine goodness and perfection, and Imam Ali (peace be upon him) described the Holy Prophet in the best way in his eloquent sermons, i.e. in Nahjul Balagha.

This study aims to explain the educational behavior of the Holy Prophet (7), based on the words of Imam Ali (peace be upon him), using descriptive and analytical methods as well as research tools and document mining in libraries to collect and analyze data.

The results showed that Imam Ali (peace be upon him) focused more on three main aspects of the life of the Holy Prophet (7), which are: perseverance in calling for monotheism, fighting polytheism, ignorance and superstitions, and explaining his pure and holy nature and its impact on Muslims as a role model in asceticism and piety

Taqiyya is one of the common rational methods among humans, and many examples of it can be found in the history of Islam. The Ahlul Bayt (peace be upon them) have always recommended taqiyya as a shield to save the souls of Muslims. In the current study, it was studied using the descriptive-analytical approach and comparative approach, by examining the opinions of scholars on taqiyya. Its semantic difference with hypocrisy was explained. In order to know the opinion of the sects on the legitimacy of taqiyya, in the form of an oral agreement, it is in the time of weakness of Muslims.

Limiting taqiyya to these cases reduces the status of taqiyya to the point of taking an individual position when feeling threatened. Therefore, Shiite scholars, in addition to the reason of "compulsion", also mentioned that "necessity and achieving the most important interest" is the reason for taqiyya. This has led to accusing Shiites of hypocrisy. In this study, by examining the concept of taqiyya and hypocrisy and explaining their Quranic examples, we conclude that the effects, results, goals and motives of the two are separate from each other and taqiyya cannot be equated with hypocrisy and ostentation. Therefore, Shiites cannot be accused of hypocrisy.

The exegetical hadiths are full of stories, which with the help of the main plot of the Quranic stories, highlight the points and teachings of this great educational source, and use structural and semantic patterns, while expressing Quranic contents, to further explain the divine messages. Narrative science is one of the modern literary sciences that reveals the hidden layers of the story and the narrator's purpose in telling the story by analyzing it. The present research aims to analyze the structure of the narration of the story of Prophet Joseph (peace be upon him) in the interpretations of two groups, including Al-Burhan and Al-Durr Al-Manthur, in the elements of the story. The research adopted the descriptive-analytical approach. The results of the research showed that in the exegetical hadiths, the elements of the story including the horizon of vision, time, character, context and presentation of speech were used to convey religious concepts. One of the most important main roles of the exegetical narrations of Surah Yusuf (peace be upon him) in the sources of the two groups is to explain the details and fill the gaps of the main story in the Holy Quran and establish a connection between the story and the outside.

The Islamic preacher Zakir Naik, in his book “Compatibility or Incompatibility of Modern Sciences and the Holy Quran” mentioned examples of established modern sciences and linked them with the Holy Quran, specifically with the verses that contain scientific references. From this standpoint, the subject of the article in our hands will be a critical study of the topic of embryology mentioned by the author in his book. Therefore, this article has a clear goal, which is to show the extent of the validity of the Quranic, Hadith, linguistic and grammatical evidence that Zakir Naik relied on to prove the compatibility and connection between the Holy Quran and modern scientific discoveries in embryology. It is worth noting that some of the evidence mentioned by the author in this area is correct and accurate.

The present article examines The Adventures of Augie March by Saul Bellow and Mohamed Choukri’s For Bread Alone from the perspective of New Historicism, particularly as conceptualized by Stephen Greenblatt. From Greenblatt’s perspective, New Historicism is an approach to literature that links the latter to culture and historical backgrounds. This theory involves a comprehensive analysis of literary works; allowing a broad lens through which readers can explore different meanings. This study explores The Adventures of Augie March by Saul Bellow and Mohamed Choukri’s For Bread Alone to find the autobiographical elements included in these novels; as well as the historical backgrounds that inspired the writing of these novels. When read within this scope, the novels are presented as dynamic vessels that carry much of the writers’ misfortunes and pain, which they attempt to convey. In addition, the study applies Greenblatt’s concept of “social energy” to the novels in order to analyze the actions of the characters in the two novels. The article reveals how these characters attempt to destroy their reality by responding defiantly to the pressure of this energy. The results of the study show that Greenblatt’s concept of “social energy” explains the mood of the novels that address readers’ constant need for freedom from any imposition. In both novels, the protagonists present readers with models of independent living for the readers to adopt themselves. In doing so, Bellow and Shoukry deliver implicit messages of freedom to their readers. Furthermore, the present study discusses Greenblatt’s concepts of “subversion and containment” in relation to Bellow and Shoukry’s novels. Applying these concepts by Greenblatt to the novels, the study shows that these novels can be read as expressions of the writers’ non-conformity with the norms of their societies.

The Kite Runner (2003) by Khaled Hosseini focuses on the development of the author’s character after spending some time in America. The novel revolves around a troubled character of a jealous teenager who goes through experiences that change the character of the protagonist, Amir, while living in Afghanistan. The novel illustrates the development of the main character’s spiritual side. The novel narrates events such as the search for self-saving and returning to humanity. The study aims to analyze and evaluate the novel Baba Sartre (2001) by Ali Bader, which follows the life story of an Iraqi existentialist philosopher who represents the pseudo-thinkers during the sixties during his study in France to obtain a doctorate. Sartre, a native of Sadriyah, tries hard to imitate the speech, manner of dealing, and obtain a face similar to the French Jean-Paul Sartre. Therefore, the research paper aims to analyze the development and formation of the protagonist’s character in both novels. Throughout the study of The Kite Runner, it can be said that the protagonist gained psychological and emotional maturity through the values ​​of loyalty, responsibility, and the meaning of the past in his life. Amir's trip to America helped him get rid of the mistakes he made during his childhood with his closest and dearest friends. In Ali Bader's novel Baba Sartre, the readers encounter the character of Sartre from Sadriya City, who falls victim to the world of debauchery and lust and moves from one woman to another. Sartre lives a life indifferent to others. He wastes all his money on trivial matters. At the same time, he presents himself as the Sartre of the Arabs, the Sartre of the Middle East. Sartre usually lies and all his friends are aware of his fake life story.

The current study aims to shed light on William Shakespeare's play "Othello", which is considered one of his most important tragedies. The study is divided into two chapters, the first of which is an introduction divided into three branches concerned with analyzing the poem as an image that reflects the psychological problems of the hero and a tragedy for a person who fails to understand the importance of love in his life and is unable to distinguish the real enemy. The second chapter, in turn, focuses on the position of the play among Shakespeare's other works by analyzing the role of the antagonist in trapping the hero.

The verb of request is one of the most important speech acts in the language and its accurate use by English learners indicates that they have acquired the necessary amount of knowledge. However, a large number of them do not reflect this in terms of using the verb of request. If this study came to determine what are the different patterns of request used by university students, while highlighting the difficulties in presenting and understanding this speech act by them, and evaluating their use of it, and whether there is any effect of the mother tongue - Arabic - on that. The study assumes for all of this that Iraqi students, as foreign learners of the English language, do not possess the necessary amount of knowledge to understand and present the verb of request in the English language. Secondly, their performance level is better in understanding the verb of request than in presenting it. The study also assumes that these students, no matter how different the situation is, repeat the use of the same patterns to express the request, because they are familiar with a specific number of its patterns. To prove the validity of these hypotheses or not, the study adopted the following procedures: (1) Presenting the theoretical framework of the theory of speech act and the principles of linguistic etiquette and other axes related to the verb of request. (2) Administering a two-part test to measure the level of the students of the University of Kufa/College of Arts/Department of English Language in understanding and presenting the verb of request. (3) Conducting a number of statistical operations that prove or refute the validity of the above hypotheses. In conclusion, a number of scientific conclusions and recommendations were reached.

The main source of religious learning in Islam after the Holy Quran is the hadiths of the Prophet (7) and the Imams (peace be upon them). He recited to the Muslims in the last days of his life an important hadith, which is the hadith of (the two weighty things). This hadith explains to Muslims the importance of the prophetic hadith in Islam. Perhaps one of the important issues that has emerged since the advent of Islam is the issue of conveying the meaning of the hadiths and not their text, since quoting the meaning is an expression of the content even if words other than the text of the hadith are used. This is what we will address in this study, which will use the descriptive analytical comparative approach to investigate the reasons for the emergence of the meaning of quotation in the prophetic hadiths, to reach an important conclusion, which is that some of these reasons are: “not writing the hadiths at the time of their issuance”, “prohibition of writing the hadiths”, “destruction of written hadiths”, “neglect of recorded hadiths”, “not understanding the hadiths at the time of their issuance”, “weak memory of the hadith narrators in narrating some of the prophetic hadiths, the narrators “the extent of the hadiths”, “deliberate quotation of the meaning”, “permission to quote the meaning in some “Hadiths”, “Explanation of the hadith by some narrators”, “Lack of a requirement to record some hadiths”, “Political rule at the time of issuance of the hadiths”, “Neglect of some members of the sect”, “Length of some hadiths”, “Presence of unreliable narrators in narrating the hadith”.