Tikrit Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences

Diabetes Mellitus (DM) is considered as a member of oxidative stress syndrome. It is associated with an imbalance between types of free radicals and scavenging system. Sixty patients with DM were studied for the changes in their Glutathione s- Transferase (GSTs) and Glutathjone (GSH) in the blood. Who attended out patient, and Primary health care In Tikrit Teaching Hospital in Tikrit City. This Study concluded that GST activities are significantly higher in serum of patients with type I and II diabetes mellitus disease than that of controls, P<0.05. But there rvas a significant decrease in levels of GSH activity in both types of diabetic patients. Key rvords: Glutathione s- Transferase (GSTs), Glutathione (GSH), & Diabetes Mellitus (DM).

Primary maternal infection with infectious agents of abortions in women is frequently associated with transplacental transmission to the fetus. This study was conducted to test the utility ELISA assay to detect recent infection with Toxoplasma (TOXO), Rubella virus (RV), Cytomegalovirus (CMV), the incidence of viral hepatitis B (HBS) & C (HCV) in addition the determination of cross reactivity among serological tests. Three hundred forty three women with high risk of pregnancy (who had previous recurrent abortion & congenital abnormalities) & 60 normal pregnancies (control) were tested for the presence of the tests that described in above. The all rate of infectious agents was 22.15 % that divided into 8.88%, 8.02% & 4.84 % for RV, CMV, & Toxo antibodies respectively. Igm Ab of RV(31.5%) was higher than CMV( 17.6%) & Toxo( 3.39% ) P<0.05.While IgG Ab shows the reveres as 17% for Toxo, followed by 6.75% & 7.89 % for RV& CMV respectively P<0.05. Relationship between distribution of Toxo Ab concerning age was not significant P>0.05. incidence of HCV shows equality rates 2.63% within sero-positive Toxo,RV&CMYV, while HBS shows high occurrence in sero-positive for RV ( 5.26%) than in sero- positive for Toxo & CMV(1.31% )P<0.05. Relationship between frequency of abortions & stillbirthsé& infectious agents was significant P<0.05. In addition .relationship between women occupations & frequency of scro-positive reveals significance P<0.05 especially in sera of homemakers (housewives) than other women occupations. Control groups were negative for viral hepatitis &Toxo, except few cases>0.05.

Cutaneous leishmainasis still is a common skin infection worldwide and because it's type and of clinical course depends on patient's immune system which in turn affected by zinc. To assess the relation of serum zinc, CD4", and CD8" with the disease. A total of 107 patients with CL were studied during period between October/2004-April/2005 in the dermatology department of Al- Haweja general hospital. Patients were divided in to two groups according to immune system development and Zn requirement. Sixty healthy individuals were used as control group, and divided into two groups, first groups 20 individuals' ages ranging from 1-15 years and second groups above 15 years their ages ranging from 16 to 60 years and sub-divided into 20 males and 20 females. After history and examination confimation of diagnosis made by skin smears. Serum zinc level and CD4* and CD8" were done for all patients and control. The mean of serum Zn concentration in patients above 15 years of age was significantly low 7.61 = 0.03 pmol / | for male, and 6.69+ 0.31 for female in comparison to 14.08 = 0.04 pmol/l for male, and 12.02 + 0.02 for female in similar control group. The mean percent of CD4" in patients above 15 years of age was significantly low 36.5 + 0.98% for male, and 36.29 = 0.06 % for female in comparison to 59.95 = 0.16%% for male, and 58.90.14 % for female in similar control group. The mean percent of CDS” in patients above 15 years of age was significantly low 22.37+0.05% for male, and 22.47£0.04% for female in comparison to 30.95%0.12% for male, and 31.15%0.15% for female in similar control group. The CD4"/CDS§" ratio mean in patients above 15 years of age was significantly low 1.63+0.004 for male, and 1.6£0.004 for female in comparison to 1.94+0.01 for male, and 1.890.01for female in similar control group. All patients with CL have zinc deficiency, and have decreased in CD4', CDS", and decreased CD4"/CD8" T lymphocytes.

Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a heterogeneous disorder of unknown aetiology affecting 5-10% of women of reproductive age. It is a disorder that affects the reproductive, endocrine and metabolic systems, and it is the most common cause of anovulatory infertility. The purpose of this study is to nvestigate the endocrine disturbance in PCO. Two hundred infertile women attended Infertility Unit in Kirkuk were subjected to this study. Their ages range between 17 and 47 years (30.5 + 6.89) with average duration of infertility at the time of the study was (7.23 year + 4.60). Twenty volunteer healthy fertile women of same age range as subjected infertile patients, with no clinical evidence of endocrine abnormalities were subjected to the study as a control group. The immunoradiometric assay of the follicle simulating hormone (FSH), luteinizing hormone (LH), LH: FSH ratio, prolactin and progesterone hormones were carried out on samples obtained fro each individual. Regarding the endocrinal evaluation in PCOS cases, our results revealed that mean values of serum LH, FSH and prolactin levels were significantly (P<0.05) elevated in most women who showed PCO and they reached 35.79 U/L + 5.366 ,15.89 IU/L + 4.228 and 21.84 ng/L + 9.534. LH:FSH ratio also showed a significant (p<0.03) increase in this group when compared with that of control group and reached 2.49 = 1.12 in infertile women with PCO. Mean value of serum progesterone level was significantly decreased in those women and declined to 0.14 ng/L £0.214 Regarding the age of women, most cases of PCOS were at age groups 20-29 and 30-39 years which comprised 44.87 % of the 156 cases.

During period of Ten months, 200 cases of clinically suspected neonatal septicemia in Kirkuk city were included in this study. The aim of the study was to identify the causative agents of neonatal septicemia and their susceptibility to antibiotics. Blood culture was positive in 79 (39.5%) neonates, 50(63.3%) of them were males and 29(36.7%)were females. Out of 79 positive cases, 53(67.1%) had early-onset septicemia and 26(32.9%) had late-onset septicemia. Gram-negative bacteria were encountered ‘in more than 90 % of these neonates. While gram-positive bacteria represented by Staphylococcus aureus were isolated from 5(6.3%) of neonates only. According to antibiotic susceptibility test it was found that the most effective drug was cefotaxime followed by ciprofloxacin and gentamicin. While most of the isolates were resistant to commonly used antibiotics like Amoxicillin, Ampicillin, Tetracyclin, and erythromycin.

Tow principal mechanisms have so far been found to be responsible for acquired macrolide ,lincosamide and streptogramin B (MLSB) antibiotics resistance in Streptococcus pneumoniae : target site modification and active drug efflux .the target site modification is due to methylase prevents the binding of the antibiotic to its ribosomal target and can be expressed either in a constitutive (cMLS phenotype) or inducible (iMLS phenotype ) manner .the macrolide efflux system,M phenotype ,is mediated by a membrane protein responsible for the efflux resistance. Although the incidence of resistance to macrolides was low in the past today the incidence reported by several countries shows a sensible increase. Thus it is necessary to search and test novel antimicrobial agents characterized by a spectrum of activity against the most common respiratory pathogens. This study compared the invitro activity (MIC and MBC) of telithromycin with activity of azithromycin against Streptococcus pneumoniae recently isolated from San Giovanni Battista Hospital (Turin, Italy). Erythromycin — resistance phenotypes were determined through a triple — disk test to correlate a potential different bacterial pattern to antimicrobial s sceptibility. The incidence of erythromycin-resistance was 26.66% .In the group of Ery-R Streptococcus pneumoniae 58.33% strains belonged to ¢MLS phenotype, 33.33% to M phenotype and 8.33% to iMLS phenotype. Telithromycin presented MIC values lower than those detected with azithromycin against all isolated strains . Telithromycin appeared to be highly active against Streptococcus pneumoniae, in particular when resistance is mediated by the efflux system confirming its clinical efficacy among respiratory streptococcal infections.

During period of Ten months, 200 cases of clinically suspected neonatal septicemia in Kirkuk city were included in this study. The aim of the study was to identify the causative agents of neonatal septicemia and their susceptibility to antibiotics. Blood culture was positive in 79 (39.5%) neonates, 50(63.3%) of them were males and 29(36.7%)were females. Out of 79 positive cases, 53(67.1%) had early-onset septicemia and 26(32.9%) had late-onset septicemia. Gram-negative bacteria were encountered ‘in more than 90 % of these neonates. While gram-positive bacteria represented by Staphylococcus aureus were isolated from 5(6.3%) of neonates only. According to antibiotic susceptibility test it was found that the most effective drug was cefotaxime followed by ciprofloxacin and gentamicin. While most of the isolates were resistant to commonly used antibiotics like Amoxicillin, Ampicillin, Tetracyclin, and erythromycin.

Cross sectional study of 200 blood donors and other risk groups were conducted in Mosul city. The prevalence of anti-HCV antibodies was (5.5%). Anti-HCV positivity was found to be more common in male at the age group of < l0 years. History of blood transfusion was observed as a common risk factor related to anti-HCV positivity. History of past and present signs that are related to anti-HCV positive were, (72.7%) of cases were suffered front upper abdominal discomfort , (54.5%) of cases lvere suffered from jaundice, (54.5%) of cases u'ere suffered from loss of appetite, (27.2%) of cases were suffered from arthralgia, (18.1%) of cases w'ere suffered from skin rash.

A series of 4-Hydroxybenzosulfadiazine (1, ia, lb, 3) and sulfapyridine (2,2a,2b,4) derivatives, were prepared by condensation of appropriate sulfadiazine, sulfapy'ridine with 4- hydroxybenzoic acid in the presence of molecular sieves followed by 2-amino methylation on hydroxy group.

This study was conducted on 19 breast cancer and 23 leukemia patients with ages ranged between 25-70 years old registered in Tikrit teaching hospital, Tikrit city, rvith the fifty four normal subject's volunteers and age ranged between 30-60 years old. Statistical analysis, show there lvere highly significant differences (p<0.05) between the mean levels of calcium, iron and alkaline phosphatase in breast cancerand leukemia compared rvith the normal strbjects. We found that the mean levels of serum calcium were higher in ler.rkemia than in breast cancer and normal subjects, also we found higher mean values of serllm iron in breast cancer compared with the leukemia and healthy subjects. The activity of the ALP 'uvas found elevated in both patients and increzrsed levels of ALP depends on the concentration of serurn iron. . We done this study to show effect of the age on calcium, iron and ALP levels in breast cancer and leukemia.

The aim of this work was to prepare the stable vitamin C rvater/oilirvater (w/o/w) multiple emulsions, to investigate the usage of poloxamine 908, to observe the influence of surfactant percentage on the properties of multiple emulsions. Multiple emulsions were prepared by liquid paraffin, cetyl dimethicone copolyol and poloxamine 908 by a two - step emulsification procedure. Vitamin C r,vas used as an antioxidant and r,vater - soluble model. The viscosity, conductivity and globule size of multiple emulsions rvere follor,ved over time. The formulations containing 1o/o cetyl dimethicone copolyol and I or Zoh poloxamine 908 lvere the most stable systems. The globule size of multiple emulsions ranged from 20 to 37 pm and did not change during time. The yield of multiple en-rulsions rvas betrveen 99.6Yo and 98.7o/o. The conductivity increased and the viscosity of systems decreased during time. Increase in poloxamine 908 influenced the viscosity of the system, rvith the viscosity decreasing as the hydrophitic surfactant concentrations were increased. Vitamin C rclease lronr the multiple emulsions u'as slow'; the release rvas aft'ccted by both surlactant concentratior.rs. Poloxanrirre 908 could be used as a hydrophilic surfactant for formulation of rv/o/rv multiple emulsions. The concentration of poloxanrine 908 was a very important parameter in preparing stable multiple enrulsions. It 'uvas concluded that vitamin C might be transported out by molecular diffusion and through a reverse micellar mechanism controlled by the viscosity of the system

Gel filtration chromatography technique was used (Sepharose CL - 68) of CA 125 from malignant breast tumor homogenate and the isolation of (CA 125 I 1251 - anti CA 125 antibody), complex was prepared from crude CA 125 , isolated CA 125 and standard human CA 125. The results revealed the presence of two forms of CA 125 (Agl & AgII) and found to be 517 Kda and 38 Kda respectively; The isolation of CA 125 shov,:ed a purification fold of 17.5 Agl and 15 for AgII.