Iraqi Journal of Agricultural Sciences

This study was aimed to determine the optimum conditions of urease extracted from different plant sources and evaluate its biochemical properties. Eighteen types of plants commonly used namely Tomato, Chickpea, Sesame, Mustard, Lebbeck, Watermelon, Soybean, Cotton, Male Iraqi berries, Female Iraqi berries, Indian berries, Pumpkin, Muskmelon, Legumes, Cowpea, Radish, Pisum and Phaseolus were taken and tested for the presence and activity of urease. Cotton (Gossypium barbadense) was selected as the plant source with highest specific enzymatic activity among them (2.51 U/mg protein) when extracted the enzyme after ground seeds using 0.15 M of tris base buffer pH 8.5 at a ratio 1:10 (w:v) for 15 min. Also the results showed that urease was stable in pH 8, and has the highest activity at 37 oC at 60 min of reaction time. .

This study was aimed to identify the types of aerobic bacteria in individuals with gangrene. Among 106 swabs from the site of gangrene in diabetic individuals, the percentage of females was 37 (34.99%), and a male was 69 (65.1%). The highest percentage at age group 46-55 year was in male (33.33%) and 24.32% in females, while the lowest percentage at 15-25 year in female was (5.41%) while in male was zero. The mean age was 54 years among males and females. Out of 106 swabs, 76 different types of bacteria were isolated. The Gram-positive bacteria were dominant 42 (55.3%), the most common pathogen was Staphylococcus aureus (57.1%), and the lowest was Micrococcus (4.9%). The Gram-negative bacteria was 34 (44.7%), with the highest percentage was Pseudomonas (52.9%) and the lowest percentage was Proteus (3%). Kirby-Bauer Disk Diffusion test for antibiotic sensitivity represented those Gram-negative bacteria had a high rate of resistance to vancomycin, clindamycin, and ceftazidime (94.12%) in the same proportion, while the lowest resistance was to Imipenem and Colistin (52.94%), (14.71%) respectively. Gram positive bacteria showed a high resistance to Ceftazidime (100%) and low resistance to Gentamicin and Imipenem (47.62%) then Colistin (30.95%).

This study was aimed to determine the relationship between Integron class I and multidrug resistance in Uropathogenic E. coli. A total of 302 urine samples were used in this study. 139 Uropathogenic E coli were collected from hospitalized patients. Then, using biochemical testing and the Vitek II compact system, all of the isolates were diagnosed and confirmed. All E. coli isolates were tested using a disc diffusion procedure to detect their susceptibility to 23 types of antibiotics from different classes, and the result showed that these bacteria were highly resistant to most used antibiotics especially, Cefotaxime, Ampicillin, Piperacillin, Trimethoprim- sulfamethoxazole ,Cefepime and Ceftazidime, while the most effective antibiotics were Colistin and Tigecyclin. Also the results show different resistance patterns in which 111 (79.86%) isolate showed multidrug resistance MDR, Extensively drug resistance XDR 18 isolate (12.94%), while Pandrug resistance PDR 3 (2.15%). PCR was used to detect the presence of integron class I in MDR isolates ,which was found in 87 of isolates with a 483 bp amplification product. The resolved PCR products were sequenced in both directions (forward and reverse), and the NCBI BLASTn engine revealed 100% sequence similarity between the sequenced samples and the planned reference1target sequences. These findings revealed that E. coli strains were highly resistant to common antibiotics; however, given the high prevalence of integron class I among these isolates, we can deduce that antibiotic resistance genes were most likely carried on mobile genetic elements (integron) in these isolates.

This study aimed to investigate of the spatial analyses of the correlation coefficient between Particulate matter PM2.5 and meteorological parameters in Iraq Using remote-sensing data and meteorological Parameters datasets for the period 2003–2020. PM2.5 is one of the primary air pollutants across the world. Quantifying interactions between meteorological conditions and PM2.5 concentrations is essential to understanding the variability of PM2.5. The spatial variations of the relationships between the annual average PM2.5, the annual average rainfall, temperature wind speed, and pressure were evaluated using the Pearson correlation coefficient model. The results indicated that there were positive correlations between PM2.5 concentrations and both temperature and wind, while there was a negative correlation with pressure. As for rainfall, there were positive correlations in some areas and negative in others. The results also showed that the most associated factor with PM2.5 is wind. it becomes clear to us that the correlations between fine particles and meteorological factors differ according to the regions, the terrain, the local climate, human and natural differences, and weather changes.

This study was aimed to examine the antibacterial activity of the T. aphylla leaves ethanolic extract in vitro against the locally strain heterogeneous vancomycin intermediated Staphylococcus aureus (hVISA) at different concentrations starting from 0.03 to 200 mg/ml. T.aphylla leaves were extracted by ethanol 96% in the Soxhlet extraction unit. Using both gas chromatography and mass spectrometry (GC/MS), the results indicated that the composition of T. aphylla extract was oil and include a variety of chemicals, including 9,12-Octadecadienoic acid, methyl ester (20.06%), followed by Phytol, acetate (18.93%) and Hexadecanoic acid, methyl ester (12.14%), were in leaves. The concentration of 1.5 (mg/ml.) was determined as a minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) for hVISA antibacterial activity. Gene expression was detected using the Quantitative Real-Time PCR technique; before and after treatment with T. aphylla leaves extracts; the gene expression was low after treatment with T. aphylla leaves extracts. In conclusion, T. aphylla leaves extract is a promising alternative medication that can treat the infection caused by hVISA.

In this endeavor, three types of non-thermal dielectric barrier discharge plasma (NTDBDP) systems are designed and built locally in custom configurations and investigate the properties of the produced plasma. The difference between these systems is the shape and configuration of the discharge electrode, which plays an essential role in defining the nature of the generated plasma. The first type is two circular plane copper discs, the second is two concentric circular rings of copper, and the third is two concentric cylindrical tubes. Quartz was used as a plate or tube as dielectric material. The optical emission spectroscopy (OES) method was used to analyze the produced plasma spectrum and calculate the various plasma properties (the temperature of electrons, the density of electrons, the frequency of electrons, the Debye length, and the Debye number) in different conditions of applied voltage for all designs. The generated non-thermal plasma was used to inactivate E.coli bacteria at different AC applied voltages (18, 20 and 22 kV) and plasma exposure durations (10, 15, and 20 min). The effect of non-thermal plasma was slight on the bacteria at low applied voltage and exposure time. In contrast, the impact positively of the high voltage and treatment time values on the bacteria. The plasma effect appeared effective at these voltages due to the homogeneously and high intensity of produced plasma and high temperature of plasma electrons. Thus, the effect is more effective on bacteria. The re-cultivation of the treated bacteria demonstrated this, as the spread was very little. All operating scenarios had an electron temperature of around 4.27-5.2 eV, while the electron density was (1.035-3.6)×〖10〗^18 〖cm〗^(-3). The results demonstrated the distinct effect of electrode configurations on the properties of the produced plasma due to a change in the electric field's distribution in the discharge region, which allowed it to be used in E. coli bacteria inactivation.

This study was conducted in the field of the Poultry Research Station of the animal resources Department / office of Agricultural Research / Ministry of Agriculture from the period 4th April to16th May2021.This study was aimed to investigate the effect of using avocado and chia oil and their mixture in broiler diets on the final productive performance and meat cholesterol concentration and measuring meat oxidation indicators after storing it for 60 days. 300 one-day-old (Ross308) chicks were fed on diets that used avocado oil and chia with percentages of 0, 0.2, 0.4, 0.6%, respectively, and their mixture consisting of 0.0, 0.1, 0.2, 0.3 each of avocado and chia oil (50% avocado + 50% chia oil). The experiment included 10 treatments with 3 replicates for each treatment (10 birds/replicates). The results showed a high significant improvement (P < 0.01) in the productive performance of (average body weight, weight gain, feed intake and feed conversion ratio) for the interactions of avocado and chia oil mixture treatments with a usage rate of 0.6% compared with the interactions of the control treatment and the rest of the interactions of the used oils. The results showed a high significant decrease (P < 0.01) in the concentration of cholesterol, Malondialdehyde(MDA) and the peroxide value (PV) of fat for the treatments of interaction the oil mixture and the usage rates of 0.2, 0.4 and 0.6% in broiler's meat that stored for 60 days.

The veterinary antibacterial Marbofloxacin (Marbo) is used in food-producing animals, including dairy cows, so the residues of this drug will be excreted through milk. This study was aimed to investigate a risk of developmental and neurobehavioral toxicity effects in newborn consumers exposed to the residues of this drug. To achieve this goal, suckling pups of rats were selected as a model. Four groups of female lactating rats (5 dams for each group – 8 pups per dams) were divided into (A,B,C,D) treated with Marbo (0 (control) , 3, 6 ,9 mg/kg, i.m.) given once daily for 10 consecutive days (first nursing period) respectively.The exposure of suckling pups to the drug through milk in group (D) led to neurobehavioral toxicity effects represented in the occurrence of a significantly prolongation in both the time required to terminate the surface righting reflex on postnatal day (PND) 5 and the time of induction and duration of anesthesia by (ketamine and xylazine) on the (PND) 21 . the newborns in group (C) recorded a significantly prolongation of both in the period of appearance of pinna detachment and in induction and duration of anesthesia accompanied by a significantly decrease in numbers of squares crossed in open field activity test on the (PND) 21 .It could be conclude from our current study that there are risks of causing developmental and neurobehavioral toxic effects in newborn consumers exposed to Marbo residue in animal products such as milk.

This study aimed to identify the impact of aflatoxin B1 (AFB1)-contaminated diet on growth performance and histopathological changes of the kidney and muscle tissues in Cyprinus carpio . A total of 300 fish with an average of weight 45±5 g, were randomly distributed into 15 plastic tanks, and were divided into five experimental groups; (group 1) served as control , fish fed normal diet without solvent and AFB1, (group 2) positive control fish were fed with only solvent, and (groups 3-5) fish were fed diets containing 0.5, 1 and 2 mg AFB1/kg of feed, respectively. Results showed the negative effect for AFB1 on weight gain, average daily gain of fish. Histopathological changes of kidney and muscles in AFB1-treated fish showed devastation of the renal tract, glomerular atrophy with necrosis, expansion of Bowman’s space, necrosis in urinary tubules, peeling and degradation in the epithelium of tubules, vascular congestion, and interstitial hemorrhage associated with mononuclear cells (MNCs) infiltration with tubules, increased of urinary lumen space, and increase of melano-macrophage centers (MMC). The results also showed a significant damage to the structure of muscles as a result of the disintegration of muscle fibers, which increased with the increase in the AB1 concentrations.

The present study aimed to evaluate the role of kaolin on hematological and biochemical profiles of common carp, Cyprinus carpio infected with Aeromonas hydrophila, A total of 180 of common carp were collected 40 g ; 60 fish were used to determine the median lethal dose LD50 of A. hydrophila, )LD50 was 1.57 × 106 CFU/ml) for 15 days. 120 fish were randomly distributed into six treatment groups (10 fish/treatment in duplicate) as follows: C- served as control negative group (without infection and treatment); C+ act as control positive group (infected with A. hydrophila but not treatment with Kaolin); T1, T2, T3 and T4 were intraperitoneally (IP) injected with A, hydrophila (at dose of 0.1 ml) and then treated with Kaolin at concentrations of 2, 4, 6 and 8 g/L respectively. In hematological indices, the experimental groups of carp (C+, T1, T2, T3 and T4) showed a significant (P<0.01) decrease in the number of erythrocytes, Hb content and PCV% compared to C- group. While, WBC numbers showed a significant (P<0.01) increase in all experimental carp groups relative to the C- group. As far as biochemical profile are concerned, the experimental groups of carp (C+, T2, T3 and T4) reported a significant (P<0.05) increase in total protein compared to C- group. In Globulin, Groups (T2, T3 and T4) showed a significant (P<0.01) increase compared to C- group. In conclusion, the treatment of common carp with Kaolin particularly at concentration of 8 g/L (T4) reduced the effect of A. hydrophila.

The aim of this research is to add various quantities of organic selenium with or without α-tocopherol to support growth and reduce oxidative stress. A total of 168 fingerlings of common carp Cyprinus carpio with an average weight of 31±2 g/fish were distributed in 24 glass aquariums. Fish were fed on eight different experimental diets, including a control, and a diet that contains 0.6, 0.7 and 0.8 mg/kg of organic selenium (2nd, 3rd and 4th diets) respectively. The fifth, sixth and seventh diets contained the same amounts of organic selenium with 300 mg/kg of α-tocopherol, but only α-tocopherol was added to the eighth diets. The results of a statistical analysis found that the use of organic selenium with α-tocopherol enhanced the values of blood parameters included Hb and PCV which reached 10.85 gm/100 ml, 33.03% respectively; biochemical included TP, GLU and GPx which reached 4.13 g/100 ml, 2.08 mg/100 ml and 1.90 pg/ml respectively, while the control diets have 9.35, 27.80, 3.67, 84.50 and 1.34 respectively i.e., the eighth treatment (0.8 organic selenium with Vitamin E) representing the best treatments.

This study was aimed to investigate histopathological changes in the lungs of sheep and goat. A total of 4061 lung samples (3667 sheep and 394 in lungs goats), All samples were collected during October 2020 till October 2021. According to macroscopical and histopathological features, different types of pneumonia with percentages rate in both of sheep and goat are recorded, which are including acute suppurative pneumonia, acute suppurative bronchopneumonia, Acute fibrinous pneumonia, acute fibrinous bronchopneumonia, interstitial pneumonia, Broncho-interstatial pneumonia, chronic granulomatous pneumonia, Haemoorgic pneumonia, acute and chronic bronchopneumonia, acute bronchitis and bronchiolitis, chronic bronchitis and bronchiolitis, Broncho-interstitial Pneumonia, verminous pneumonia and Embolic pneumonia. The results showed different macroscopical and histological features according to types of pneumonia and variation between both animals, pneumonia is an important disease in the lungs of small ruminant, and suppurative Pneumonia was the most predominant type while verminous pneumonia was detected only in few cases

This research was aimed to investigate a model of confirmatory structural validity for indicators of adopting axial sprinkler irrigation technology for wheat producers in Ain Al-Tamr district as the Karbala governorate during the agricultural season (2020-2021) through a number of hypotheses to measure and estimate the latent variables based on the five-point Likert scale to show the behaviors and psychological preferences for a set of phrases the samples targeting of farmers to the most important factor affecting the adoption of pivot sprinkler irrigation technology. The sample consisted of (100) farmers and based on the method confirmatory factor analysis and using the AMOS program. The most important influencing factors were obtained after exceeding the quality of conformity model, as the study proved that technology is of great importance in solving production problems, and social media has a significant impact on the availability of concepts and information about technology and great importance in the dissemination of that technology, and the decrease in water levels in the rivers (Tigris and Euphrates). Climatic changes led to directing the behavior and preferences of producers towards adopting pivot sprinkler irrigation to compensate for the shortage in irrigation water sources. Academic achievement and government support have a significant impact on the producer’s behavior in using modern irrigation methods.

The study was aimed to identify the concepts of water footprint and virtual water and how these two concepts could be used to achieve water savings at the local level to meet the water supply deficit in Iraq,which is expected to increase in the coming years through studying the water footprint and virtual water and their impact on the foreign trade for wheat and rice crops during the period 2000-2020 and estimating the most important indicators of virtual water and the water footprint of the study crops due to the importance of these criteria in determining the amount of increase or decrease in the area of the studied crops.According to the foreign trade policy.This study was concluded that the average total water footprint of the wheat and rice crops during the study period is 20.27,13.89 billion m3 respectively,and the average percentage of dependence on external water resources for both crops are 20.49%,67.98% respectivly, and the average percentage of self-sufficiency in water resources are 79.51%,32.01%respectivly,and the average unit productivity of irrigation water for both crops is 0.19,0.10 kg/m3 respectivly during 2000-2020.The average for the water needs of wheat and rice crops during the study period were 6.04,10.19 m3/kg respectivly,the average amounts of water used in local production for both crops are 14.23,4.01 billion m3 respectivly,the average amounts of virtual water imported for both crops are 6.19,10.03 billion m3 respectivly,and the average value of the imported virtual water for both crops is 382,529 thousand dollars during the period 2000-2020.

This study was aimed to evaluate the effect of blending two types of alcohol with pure diesel fuel. A 4-cylinder 4- stroke water cooled direct injection (DI) diesel engine was used. An electric dynamometer was connected to the engine to make load by electric heaters; the load on the engine was fixed at full load. The engine was run with two speed levels : 1300 rpm and 1600 rpm. Three types of fuel were used, including blended n- butanol (B) and Acetone(A) mixed with diesel by two levels named by AB15D85 and AB30D70, respectively, and compared with pure diesel fuel (D), which was the baseline. Gas emission was measured by using gas analyzer type AirRex - HG540. Results obtained from the experiment were statistically analyzed and showed that brake thermal Efficiency registered a slight increase of 5.7% when using(AB30D70) compared with base diesel fuel, while the samples (AB30D70, AB15D85) pointed to a slight increase in BSFC by (5.1%and4.4%) respectively when compared with base diesel fuel. The fuel(AB30D70) detected a sharp reduction in both carbon dioxide (CO2) unburned hydrocarbon(HC) and Nitrogen oxides (NOx) by (49.1%,100%, 38%) respectively compared with base diesel fuel

This study was aimed to evaluate the effect of diesel fuel temperature on engine performance and emissions. A 4-cylinder 4-stroke water cooled direct injection (DI) diesel engine was tested at three fuel temperatures (50, 60 and 70( °C. The fuel temperatures were controlled by A thermoelectric cooling system (TEC) fixed on the fuel supply line before the injection pump. The engine was run with two speed levels, included 1200 and 1500 rpm, with constant load (full load). An electric dynamometer was connected to the engine to make load by electric heaters. Gas emission was measured using gas analyzer type AirRex - HG540 and Texa gas box. Results obtained from the experiment were statistical analyzed using the factorial experiment system. The experiment design is (CRD), the averages of the results were tested using the least significant difference (LSD) at the probability level (0.05) using the (Genstat) program and showed that the fuel temperatures (50 °C) detected a sharp reduction in each of the brake specific fuel consumption (BSFC) by )6.95,4.34%) , Exhaust Gas Temperature(EGT) by (4.98,2.38%), Nitric Oxide (NOx) by )29.09,27.08%), and Particulate matter (PM) by (46.25,31.25%) and registered a slight increase brake thermal efficiency (BTE) of )7.12,4.40%) respectively, compared to the fuel temperature of (60,70( °C.

Eight inbred lines of maize (Zea mays L.) and their 16 F2 hybrids were used in this investigation during the spring season 2023, utilizing the line × tester mating design. This study was conducted at two environmentally different locations at Sulaimani: Dukan and Qlyasan. The hybridization consisted of four inbred lines (NADH905, NADH102, NA106, and SaraNA) which were used as lines with four inbred lines (NA225, NAHD503, ZN12, and NAPI 5012) which were used as testers. The cross SaraNA×NAPI5012 and NADH 905×NA225 recorded the highest values for kernel yield at Dukan and Qlyasan locations respectively. The maximum heterosis values concerning kernel yield were obtained by the crosses SaraNA×NAPI5012 and NA106×NAPI5012 at Dukan and Qlyasan respectively. The maximum positive GCA effects for kernel yield were recorded by parents SaraNA and ZN12 at Dukan and parents NA106 and NA225 at Qlyasan locations. SCA effect for the crosses concerning kernel yield showed that the crosses SaraNA×NAPI5012 and NADH 905×ZN12 obtained the maximum positive SCA values at Dukan and Qlyasan locations respectively.

This study was aimed to record new genus and species (Morettia philaeana). Through field survey trips to collect the wild plants from specific places at Western Desert District of Iraq, during the year 2022 and near the Rutba Dam on Wadi Houran at Jaffalah region (28km. south west of Rutba), the species Morettia philaeana (Delile) DC. was collected as a plants of the Cruciferae family, after confirming the identification as a new species in the country depending on the Flora of the neighboring countries of Iraq, the study included the morphological description of all floral and vegetative organs, as well as the anatomy of stem and the study of some characteristics of the stomatal complex in cauline leaves . These results were confirmed by microscopic and image with a map of distribution of species individuals. In order to document the genera and species recorded process for the first time in Iraq, some of the plant samples were deposited in the Iraqi National Herbarium with numbers 60411, 60412, 60413‏, and Anbar University Herbarium with numbers 5791, 5792 and 5793. A general review of Iraqi Universities Herbaria was previously conducted, as confirmed to us new species in Iraq.

This study was aimed to reduce the clogging ratio using two waters qualities Sumael (LSI) and Bazalan (LSII). The physical treatment was carried out using complete filtration unit composed of three of filters (Hydrocyclone, Sand, and Disc filters) and application of hypo chloride (Ca (OCl)2 ) 2 ppm as chemical treatment. Generally, physical treatment was more effective than chemical treatment to reduce clogging ratio for Sumael water (LSI). In contrast, for Bazalan water (LSII), the chlorine application was more practical to reduce clogging ratio. The results showed after the period of 320 hr, filtration reduces the clogging ratio for Sumael water (LSI) was 67.77% at clogging ratio 12.51%corresponding to 28.53% at clogging ratio 27.74%for chlorination when the clogging ratio for no treat was 38.82%. As opposed to Bazalan water (LSII), the improvement ratio for chlorination was 14.36% at clogging ratio was 7.56%. In case for filtration was improved to 10.42% when clogging ratio was 8.00% in comparing with no treat clogging ratio was 8.93%.

This study was aimed to investigate for the particular adsorption of morphine, precipitation polymerization technology was used to create molecularly imprinted polymers. Using benzoyl peroxide as the initiator, ethylene glycol dimethacrylate as the crosslinker, and allyl chloride and styrene as the functional monomers. This MIP demonstrated a maximum morphine adsorption capacity of 38.24 mg/g at a bulk morphine concentration of (20,40,60,80,100) ppm in acetonitrile solution, one of the greatest talents recorded in the literature to date. Thermodynamic analysis, instrumental characterisation, adsorption studies, and suggested mechanisms all verified the molecularly imprinted polymers adsorption capacity, selectivity, reusability, and mechanical and chemical stabilities. FTIR, UV-vis, and scanning electron microscopy were used to monitor the analytes. The range of the relative standard deviations (RSD%) for three measurements made during two patient repeat tests at 20–100 ppm of morphine is (1.587–4.545) %. The range of (102-105) is the relative recoveries obtained for morphine in human urine samples that were spiked.

A field experiment was conducted to evaluate effect of some soil amendments (biochar and bentointe) in some chemical properties, growth and yield of broad bean in desert soil. The study included four levels of biochar (0, 10, 20 and 30 Mg ha-1 and Four levels of bentonite (0, 10,20 and 30 Mg ha-1) . Randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replicates were used. The results showed that the application of biochar and bentonite significantly affected all the soil chemical properties under study and plant parameters. The level 15 Mg ha-1 of biochar gave the lowest valuesreached 7.30 and 3.57 dS m-1 for soil pH and EC and gave highest values reached 51.93 g kg-1 soil and 19.13 C mol+kg-1 soil for O.M and CEC and the highest valuesin plant height , leaf area, dry weight of vegetative part and fresh pods yield were 56.3 cm, 3028.6 cm2 plant-1, 81.53 g plant-1 and 17.540 Mg ha-1, respectively. The results showed also that the level 30 Mg ha-1 of bentonite gave the highest values were 7.45, 4.48 dS m-1, 34.48 g kg-1 and 18.69C mol+kg-1 soil for pH, EC, O.M and CEC respectively while the highest values of plant parametersreached 56.9 cm, 3085.9 cm2 plant-1, 79.25 g plant-1 and 18.99030 Mg ha-1 for plant height , leaf area, dry weight of vegetative part and fresh pods yield, respectively. As for the interaction, the treatment (15 Mg ha-1biochar, 0 Mg ha-1 bentonite) achieved the lowest value for pH and EC reaching 7.08 and 3.13 dS m-1respectively while the treatment (15 Mg ha-1biochar, 30 Mg ha-1 bentonite) achieved the highest value for O.M, CEC and plant parameters under study.

A field study was conducted during the spring season of 2020 in saline sodic soils with clay loam texture, to study 16 combinations of phosphogypsum and humic acids. A randomized complete block design according to the order of treatment added to the factorial experiment was used with three replications. The experiment included the use of humic acids (HA1, HA2, HA3, and HA4) and phosphogypsum (G1, G2, G3, and G4) in four levels (0.5, 1.0, 1.5, 2.0 g L-1) for both of them mixed in washing water to make 16 combinations, in addition to washing with a commercial clean salt (CS) treatment and Euphrates water only (W) to become 18 treatments. All experimental units were washed with enriched water with combinations and with a commercial clean salt and water. The results showed that washing with HA4G4 combination showed the highest significant increase in Calcium and Magnesium concentration, which reached 194.20 and 60.40 mmol L-1 compared to the rest of the combinations. Also there was a significant decrease in the Sodium adsorption ratio, which reached 0.83. Combination HA4G4 gave a highest significant increase in plant height, dry matter weight, grain yield, the weight of 300 grains, and an increase of 84.605%, 67.00%, 190.79%, and 67.92% compared to washing with water alone (W), respectively. The same combination also showed a highest significant increase in the Nitrogen, Phosphorous, and Potassium content of grains, with an increase of 26.23%, 133.83%, and 150.68% compared to washing with water (W), respectively.

This study was conducted during two winter seasons 2020-2019 and 2021-2020 at the College of Agricultural Engineering Sciences-University of Baghdad (Al-Jadriya). To improve the efficiency and productivity of the flower growth, yield, and essential oil characteristic of cumin (Cuminum cyminum L.). The experiment included two-factors, the first with four levels of bio-fertilizers (without vaccination, Pseudomonas fluorescens, Azospirillum brasilense, and mixture between vaccination), while the second with a combination of five levels that included two treatments (15 and 30 ml L-1) for each of coconut endosperm fluid and tryptophan with one metering treatment for both (sprayed with distilled water). Randomized complete block design (RCBD) was used in a spilt-plot design with three replications. The results showed that all studied traits were affected by the study factors for both seasons, as the plants treated with the spray combination (30 ml L-1 each) with mixture between vaccination gave superiority in most of the within, and the interaction effect between the study factors was significant compared to the plants uninoculated and unsprayed for both seasons.

This study was conducted to estimate the contamination with some heavy metals (lead, iron, copper, tin, and cadmium) in samples of canned processed meat available in the local markets. A sample were collected from three regions at Baghdad (Al-jamaa district S1, Al-Amel district S2 ,Al-Bayaa S3) with five samples, which included canned beef sausage, canned beef luncheon meat, and canned beef minced meat, which represented (45) samples as a total number. the atomic absorption spectrometer was used to estimate the contamination . The study results showed the presence of chemical contamination with heavy elements in concentrations higher than the permissible concentrations In most of the samples under study It has exceeded the permissible limits in the Iraqi standard, and thus it is not suitable for human consumption because it does not conform to the Iraqi standard, by exceeding the limits of concentrations of heavy elements from the limits allowed by the World Health Organization (WHO) and the World Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) in the United Nations. The highest concentration Each of lead, iron and cadmium in beef sausage samples in treatment S3 (1.451, 2.342, 1.681) p.p.m compared to S2, which amounted to (0.684, 2.1131.380) p.p.m, respectively, and the lowest concentration of S1, which amounted to (0.068, 1.188, 1.07) p.p.m, respectively. The results also showed that the ratio of the copper and tin elements in most samples is within the permissible limits of the Iraqi standard.

This study was aimed to investigate molecular diagnosis of the mitochondrial diverse group (haplogroup and haplotype) of the head lice, Pediculus humanus capitis in Iraq, using CYTB gene sequence analysis. For this purpose, louse sampling was performed over a period ranging from 1st April 2021 to the 31th May 2021 among primary school children in the center of Erbil city, Kurdistan region , Iraq. Genomic DNA from isolated sample were achieved followed by amplify a partial sequence of CYTB and sequencing it. All sequences were recorded in International Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) under the accession number, OL684637. OL684638 OL684639 OL684640 and OL684641. BLAST results showed that the query sequence was 97.72% similar to Pediculus humanus capitis, Clade A, Haplotype A5. (identity percentage is 97.44%) which is consider as a first molecular investigation for the determination of the type of genetic diverse group in Iraq. Phylogenetic tree was constructed and the results appear that there is a phylogenetic close relationship with African mitochondrial genetic diverse group.

This research aims to assess the impact of adding Elkhorn Sea Moss Flour as a fiber source on the organoleptic characteristics and nutritional value of pasta. The treatments used are C0 = 0% addition of Elkhorn Sea Moss Flour; C1 = 30% ; C2 = 50%; C3 = 70%. The study utilized a completely randomized design (CRD) with one factor, comprising four concentration treatments replicated three times. The results showed that the addition of Elkhorn Sea Moss Flour to pasta resulted in significant increases in protein content, fiber, and antioxidant activity. Pasta with 70% Elkhorn Sea Moss Flour addition showed the highest fiber content and moderately high antioxidant activity, making it a potential functional food product. However, as Elkhorn Sea Moss Flour increased, there was a decrease in organoleptic parameters such as aroma, texture, and taste. Elkhorn Sea Moss Flour has great potential as an additive in functional food products, enriching fiber and antioxidant content, but its use should be carefully considered to ensure good consumer acceptance.

This study was aimed to investigate effect of spraying chelated Calcium and chelated Iron on the vegetative and floral growth characteristics of the Gazania plant , College of Agricultural Engineering Sciences, University of Baghdad in the autumn season 2019-2020 and spring season 2020-2021 . The study was carried out as a factorial experiment in R.C.B.D. Design with three replications. Two factors were included in this study: foliar sprays of chelated Calcium at concentrations of 1, 2, 4 g L-1 (Ca1-Ca2-Ca3), respectively, in addition to control treatment, and chelated Iron in concentrations of 1and 2 g L-1 (Fe1-Fe2) respectively, in addition to control Fe0. The results showed a significant superiority in all vegetative and floral traits for both autumn and spring seasons. The treatment of spraying with chelated Calcium Ca4 was superior for most of vegetative and floral traits, as well as treatment of spraying with chelated Iron Fe2. The treatment combination Ca4Fe2 was also superior for plant height (cm), number of leaves (leaf.plant-1), chlorophyll content of leaves (mg.100 g-1 fresh weight), leaf area (cm2), fresh weight (g), dry weight (g), flowering period (days), flowering date (days), number of flowers (flower.plant-1), flower diameter (cm), (fresh weight of flowers, dry weight of flowers (g)).

Two field factorial experiments were carried out at (Grda-rasha and Grdmala) fields in Erbil Governorate - Kurdistan Region-Iraq during the growing season of 2019-2020. This study was aimed to evaluate the effects of Nano and mineral fertilizers on quality and some medical properties of two flaxseed oil (Linum usitatissimum L.) cultivars with a randomized complete block design using 3 replicates. The first factor included seven fertilization treatments (control, Kcl, Urea, Agriculture Sulfur, Triple Super Phosphate, Super Nano-fertilizer, and Nano-NPK), the second factor was Libra and Brazowe flax cultivars. The fertilizer treatments significantly affected natural product properties. The highest value of mucilage (30.70 and 39.26 %) were produced from application of urea and Nano NPK, moreover the highest value of antioxidant activity (75.30 and 86.53 %) was produced from the application of super Nano and triple super phosphate for both locations respectively. The cultivars affected significantly on most of the studied characteristic, the highest mucilage, phenol content and antioxidant activity were produced from the Brazowe cultivar at Grdmala. Application of Nano NPK caused a significant increase in linolenic acid concentration at both locations, which were reached to (39.10 and 37.35 %) respectively. The highest value of oil (33.42 %) had produced from interaction treatments of (Brazowe x Nano NPK) while mucilage, and linolenic were obtained from interaction treatments of (Libra x Nano NPK) with the values of (40.48 and 39.40 %), respectively.

This study was aimed to investigate for the particular adsorption of morphine, precipitation polymerization technology was used to create molecularly imprinted polymers. Using benzoyl peroxide as the initiator, ethylene glycol dimethacrylate as the crosslinker, and allyl chloride and styrene as the functional monomers. This MIP demonstrated a maximum morphine adsorption capacity of 38.24 mg/g at a bulk morphine concentration of (20,40,60,80,100) ppm in acetonitrile solution, one of the greatest talents recorded in the literature to date. Thermodynamic analysis, instrumental characterisation, adsorption studies, and suggested mechanisms all verified the molecularly imprinted polymers adsorption capacity, selectivity, reusability, and mechanical and chemical stabilities. FTIR, UV-vis, and scanning electron microscopy were used to monitor the analytes. The range of the relative standard deviations (RSD%) for three measurements made during two patient repeat tests at 20–100 ppm of morphine is (1.587–4.545) %. The range of (102-105) is the relative recoveries obtained for morphine in human urine samples that were spiked.

The purpose of this research is assessing the significance of biological and physical seeds invigoration of different aged carrot seeds orders and study their field performance. An implementation of field experiment at station (A) College of Agricultural Engineering Sciences - University of Baghdad during fall season 2021-2022. The experimental design arranged using split plot within RCBD. As carrot seeds order considered main plots (primary P, secondary S, tertiary T) and seeds invigoration treatments sub plots (untreated seeds C0, biological B, Physical G, B+G) with three replicates (3X4X3). The interaction treatment PBG (biological+physical treated primary seeds order) reveals significance in majority of research traits such as field emergence percent, carrot total carotenoids, scavenging percent, total yield (97.67%,12.66mg.100g, 88%, 126.1 ton.ha-1) respectively in compare to untreated tertiary seeds order (TC0).

Determining sample size to estimate the mean value of a target (infinite) population is of prime importance to have correct results and conclusions. In general, sample sizes differ as the studied objects differ. Another factor affect sample size is number of replicates or groups. Small objects, such as seeds, grains, and bacterial cell sizes require in general larger sample sizes as compared to large objects, such as human patients, large animals, and large trees. In this short article, a mixture of 12 crosses, maize kernels (k) were mixed to have 12,000 kernels. Sample sizes of 50,100, 150, 200, 250, and 300k were taken to find out which sample size fits the mean of target population (12,000 k). Sample size of at least 100 k and up gave the best good fit as compared by Chi-square, P=0.10 and 0.05 at one of degree of freedom. This result was on a heterogenous population of different maize crosses kernel sizes. On the other hand, a population of kernels of a maize cross (32x19), as homogenous population was studied by taking sample sizes of 25, 50, 100, 200, 300, 500, and 1000 k. Depending on Chi-square test, sample sizes of 50 and 100 k gave good estimate to the mean value of kernel weight. A previous research by Elsahookie et al (6) studied the best combination of sample sizes and number of replicates to estimate mean value of plant seed yield of maize and sunflower. They found that the best recommended combination was using sample size of 10 plants with 4 replicates. Hertzog (10) reported that sample size should be over 40, while Julious (12) recommended sample size of 12 per group. More studies on other objects of sample sizes are really required.