Adab AL Rafidayn

Our current research deals with the subject of studying textbooks of the French language as a foreign language in Iraqi secondary educational institutions through the three textbooks approved by the Ministry of Education from 1970 to 2020, which are the following:
"La France En Direct", "Le Nouveau Sans Frontières" et "Génération A1"
Based on that, our research will shed light on the study and analysis of the aforementioned curricula, and will define their educational objectives and treat within the same context their advantages and disadvantages, and will address the structural structure of these curricula in terms of vocabulary, grammar and important aspects of culture and French civilization, and will complete a comprehensive panorama covering the details related to language teaching French in Iraqi middle schools and high schools during a specified period through official documents accompanying this research and issued by the Ministry of Education / General Directorate of Curricula and the General Directorate of Cultural Relations.

This paper highlights and discusses the type of language used in Shakespeare’s play of “Romeo and Juliet” (Shakespeare, 2011), which is usually referred to as Shakespearean language. In addition, it discusses and exemplifies the types of figures of speech employed in “Romeo and Juliet”. The aim behind bringing out and analysing such aspects is to raise translators’ awareness of the difficulties they may encounter when indulged in translating literary works as such, and to provide a possible method to overcome such difficulties. Our investigation shows that translating literary works in general, and “Romeo and Juliet” in specific demands a certain suggested method in order to render close or similar versions of the original texts, due to the complex archaic and/or Shakespearean language used, and due to the meanings of some of the figures of speech which require careful analysis and study of the text and what lies beyond the text. The method that we suggest for translators who are involved in the translation of Shakespearean language and/or Shakespeare’s figures of speech is the use of both semantic and communicative (pragmatic) translations, as some instances would be translated appropriately by following a semantic approach only, and others would be translated appropriately by following a communicative one only. However, in order to conduct such a method successfully, a translator must be an expert in the field, skillful, and have a deep and thorough understanding of Shakespeare’s time, works, and style.

Adverbial is a clause element that reflects various syntactic functions and semantic roles. It has different morphological forms and positions, therefore dealing with this topic demands a lot of cautiousness and accuracy. There are many different structures working as adverbials in English, involving, single words, phrases and even finite/non-finite clauses. The excessive nature of adverbials can be considered problematic for EFL learners. This research is associated, as its title proposes, with the problems of the effect of adjuncts’ and subjuncts’ positions on their meanings encountered by Iraqi EFL learners in literary texts. This paper hypotheses that Iraqi EFL students are unable to realize the relation between the semantic functions of adverbials and their position. It is assumed that they find hardness in determining the adverbials within various literary devices. The study hopes to show the effect of adverbials’ positions on their semantic roles in certain literary genres. It aims to clarify adverbials within different literary devices. The study adopts for the most professional students who to do the test. The researcher selects fifteen MA candidates at the academic year (2019-2020). The hypotheses are proved by a diagnostic test whose results approve the hypotheses. The whole percentage of correct responses is 46% while the rate of incorrect answers is 54%. It is concluded that Iraqi EFL learners are unaware of the fact that the position of adverbials affects the semantic functions of adjunct and subjunct. It is also concluded that these learners misunderstand adverbial usage within various literary techniques.

Computer-mediated communication (CMC henceforth) is a fertile ground for research into impoliteness and face-threatening acts (FTAs). Additionally, CMC is inclined to be more confrontational than other modes of communication, such as face-to-face interaction (FtF) (Hardaker 2012: 71). Twitter is emerging as a rich research venue in studying a variety of disciplines, such as impoliteness towards politicians. In this study, Donald J. Trump, the 45th President of the United States (POTUS) is the target of impoliteness by politicians and journalists on Twitter during his first impeachment trial. The current study is unique in that impoliteness against Trump by politicians and journalists on Twitter has not been investigated. Another significant rationale for opting for this topic is that “impoliteness formulae” research has been ignored in the Iraqi scholarly domain of impoliteness; most researchers are still employing Culpeper’s (1996; 2005) approach which handles strategies, rather than formulae.
Using a corpus of 18469 words that constitute 409 tweets of participants, the study mainly investigates conventionalised impoliteness formulae directed against Trump on Twitter during impeachment. It analyses tweets qualitatively, using Culpeper’s (2011a) model of analysis. The study aims at answering research questions relating to discovering the preferred conventionalised impoliteness structures and formulae used against a person of such power as the POTUS. Results are preliminarily in line with Culpeper’s model, and conclusions were reached successfully regarding questions asked and statements hypothesized

Listening comprehension is one of the most important skills in a FLE class. This present study is based on the need to use the song as an effective non-traditional teaching aid in an oral comprehension session in order to motivate the learner and at the same time develop the oral competence at home. So, the use of the song in a class of the FLE has eminent advantages among which the richness of the vocabulary, facilitates it to the access to the meaning, also, it creates at the same time an atmosphere so alive and interesting as any other text in class.

Safi Al-Din Al-Hilli is one of the knights\' poets. He participated in the battle of Zawra (Iraq) in revenge for his uncle, then he went to Mardin and praised its kings. He was proficient in all poetry topics. He lost several of his companions and what he had of authority and power, then he felt his distance from the home of his youth remembering the pride of his family when they were masters of Hilla, especially after he became aged and lost losing some of his rights, all of this made his social alienation Spatial, temporal and psychological in his independent poems and syllables with emotional expressions that indicates his ability in poetry with his style, so he explained us the reality of the age and its circumstances.

Contrast is a poetic art which has been known by Arabic poetics, in its complete form, in the Ummayid period. It is dealt with by many researchers from different perspectives most of which is related to the historical, political or topical aspects. However, these contrast devices involve a formal aesthetic aspects lie in the heart of textualization which is a clear poetic act depends on the poem geometry and follows a specific poetic methodology which can be term “extualization”
The research investigates opposition in Jareer and AL-farazdaq poems represented by completely constructed poems in which AL-Farazdaq poem is read in contrast to Jareer’s at different levels of development beginning with initiation and ending with conclusion then with contrasted verses which embody a contextualization in different poetic types like conflict ,dialogue and space used to prove this phenomena in the poetry of the two poets.

Dialogue is one of the important elements in the formation of the narrative text, which the narrator seeks to reduce the monotony that can arise from the continuity of the continuous narrative. He also takes it as a means by which he illuminates the inner world of his characters, or he may take it as a means of communication between his characters....With the overlap between literary genres and the erosion of the boundaries between them, the presence of dialogue in the poetic text came to negate its absolute subjectivity and to give it its objectivity, so poets resorted to Include dialogue in their poems, taking advantage of the ability of dialogue to express what goes on inside them, or they may take it as a means to communicate with the other and prove the existence of the other within their poetic works Therefore, this study aims to address women’s poetry in the Abbasid era and shed light on an element that contributed to the formation of their poetic text, which is dialogue, as dialogue is one of the narrative techniques that attended and effectively in women’s poetry in the Abbasid era, and this study also contributes to revealing Kinds that attended in their hair.

Inference is abroad science which may include different forms such as inferring on illusion, inferring on position, inferring on counterpart, inferring male on female, inferring female on male, inferring on proximity, and inferring on inclusion.
Inferring among ancient was very common as a significant grammatical issue as it is a form of interpretation gramatetion referred to when needed to refer exceptions from the role to it. Referring on meaning is based on the notions that rejecting multiplicity to simplicity and unification seeking for consistency. It adopts then a mental approach which makes it an interpretation instrument; making the unacceptable on grammatical bases acceptable. This is a necessary forcing idea required by the mind.
This study examined the notion of inferring on meaning while clarifying its concept, forms and its effect in analyzing grammatical structures and their interpretation.

Sounds are basic to language. A phonological study by any language which includes the speech sounds and their features such as phonation, articulation and combination in the syllables in addition to their perception are basic in any phonological study.
The current study aims at exploring the phonological suggestions in one of the well-known poems by Shawqi in which the complimented the prophet Mohammed (peace be upon him) : the prophetic Aspirate (Hamza) . Shawqi (died 1932) is considered the prince of poets in modern times . He wrote this very well-known poem in (1334H/1917A.D)
The procedure followed in this study depends mainly on inventory and frequency of the sounds that occurred in this poem as they are pronounced rather than their written forms . The written forms are not considered in this study . The study follows a descriptive analytical approach . The descriptive approach is applied in the introductory chapter and all other chapters of the study . Descriptive here means describing th consonant and vowel sounds by giving their features : distinctive and non-distinctive in addition to describing syllable structures.
With regard to the analytical approach, it involves a phonological analysis of the different images of the above poem and their suggestions or insinuation. The analysis also involved linking or connecting the sounds to their reference meaning and the other meaning stated by the researcher in the footnotes of the study as percentages and statistics

) Quranic quotation of time) This title was the first topic of the second chapter of my master's thesis, where the title of the second chapter was (Qur’anic employment of circumstance) and I chose this topic for publication because time is the main determinant of the life of the universe, and the verses of the Qur’anic employment for this research were five Verses of various times such as (morning, afternoon, night, sun, moon and so on). It is the study followed in the analysis of the Qur’anic quotation in poetic verses, and this study was as follows:
1-Poetic verse is mentioned including the Qur’anic function and followed it with a simplified definition of the poem in which it came
2-mention the Qur’an verse from which the poetic verse was used, indicating the place of employment
3-lexical meanings of the terms used in the Qur’an are given
4-The Qur’anic quotation is analysed semantically according to four levels of significance:
A- Semantic analysis of the lexical level: The lexical level is the level at which the meaning of the Qur’anic employment is explained with the help of semantics and linguistics books.
B- Semantic analysis of the compositional level: the synthetic comparison was adopted between the Qur’anic verse and its use in the poetic verse in terms of congruence and contradiction.
C- Semantic analysis of the morphological level: where it is studied the Qur’an singular the words employed in the verse.
D- Semantic analysis of the phonemic level: When analyzing sounds, whether they are singular or compound, it shows what functions the sound or sounds have performed in the service of meaning.

Critique of Shams Al-Din Al-Nawaji (d.859 AH)" through the inspection of the contents of his book "Introduction to Writing Poetry and Prose" to explain the stylistic directives, artistic remarks, critical directions, and sectarian branches in it.
The study commences from the introductory identifiers: (the Critic, the Book, and the Method), extending to the inductive etymologizing treatment, within five sections, including, (the terminology, the basics, the positions, the trade-offs, and the judgments), also including the sub-approaches of the chosen examples to explain the objectives of the critic in the making of composition and prose.
The axes of analysis meet on the methodological scientific principles by adopting description in the preludes, the deduction for critical analyzes, and the induction within the overall results, while employing the historical approach to elicit evidence to illuminate the origins and branches.
The research concluded with the limiting of the aforementioned basic monetary framework through the theorizing, representation, and analysis according to the conscious representation, of the previous critical heritage. This can be done by analyzing the pivotal critical concepts. Such as, (poetry, refinement, strengthening rhymes, mastering disposition, mastering opening verses, assonance, eloquence, and articulation). Also, by clarifying the principles in, (poetry, prose, and creativity), in addition to clarifying the self-critical attitudes towards, (articulation and meaning, plagiarism, building poetry and prose, the old and the new, and the column of poetry), and making critical comparisons according to (openness, closure, and determination), while focusing on the latter pattern, and declaring critical rulings, (reasoned, unreasoned, and generalized), while focusing on the reasoned rule..

Persuasion is a means of communication, so there is no means of communication without persuasion, nor persuasion without communication, as it is based on the principle of the intermingling between the addresser and the addressee, and the one that brings them together is the achievement of the purpose of persuasion. Because it is one of the means of influencing attitudes, beliefs and intentions, and it is also a process aimed at changing a person's attitude or behavior towards a specific event, hence the link between persuasion and literature; as an essential pillar for creating an intellectual and emotional ring that brings the addressee together.

Our scholars left us a great scientific treasure in all fields of science and knowledge, and we should be proud of them and their heritage, including what they compiled and composed in our blessed Arabic language, part of which was confined to the shelves of private and public libraries for many years, until God - the Most High - sent Efficient people who brought out what they could from that loneliness to the readers - may God reward them on our behalf - so I decided that my study was concerned with one of these manuscript works; In order to produce it as a serviced investigator, it is easy to read in the hands of the readers, and after searching and excavating among the indexes, I chose the manuscript: ((Misbah Al-Khafia fi Sharh Nizam Al Kaffiyeh)) by Sheikh Ibn Adam Al-Balaki, who died in the year (1237 AH)), and after reading it I fell in love with it; The novelty of its subject, and its abundant scientific material.

This research aims to reveal the problem of the mother of This paper aims at revealing the problem of (لام) of Ingratitude; This is because it carries more than one meaning, such as reasoning, negation, and affirmation. Stemming from here , several questions present themselves: is the (لام) for negating or confirming? Why was it called the (لام) of ingratitude? Why did not we call it the (لام) of negation? If it were for negation, the sentence would have been confirmed. That is because the negation of the negation is simply affirmation, and consequently the meaning of the sentence is distorted.
In addition to disagreeing over its function by the grammarians , the Basrians said that it is not subjunctive in itself, but the function is for (إن) it is supposed to be present, and the Kufics said that it is subjunctive by itself. The paper dealt with an application aspect on the use of (لام) of Ingratitude in the Holy Qur’an and its implications The paper included many sections, including: the ingratitude on the part of the linguistic meaning and the idiomatic meaning, the problem of naming (لام) of Ingratitude, or the (لام) of the negation), the issue of negation, affirmation and reasoning with the (لام) of ingratitude, the difference between the (لام) which is similar to (كي) and the (لام) of ingratitude, the dispute over the work of (لام) ingratitude and the problem of showing the infinitive (إن ), the relation between the (لام) of the ingratitude and (كان), the removal of the (لام)of the ingratitude, and whether to explicitly show the infinitive (ان) or not. All of these sections, the paper tried through them to answer a number of questions that come to mind about the (لام) of ingratitude and the problems related to it.

The ancient Iraqis were guided to the knowledge of all kinds of diseases, as well as the ancient Egyptians, especially diseases that affect the head, and the ancient Iraqis believed that the cause of diseases was the wrath of the gods, so they relied in the treatment of diseases on various medicines and on the use of spells through the use of various spells . In order to save the patient from the torment of pain and achieve healing, they have created different treatments, including plant, animal, and even mineral, compared to the medicines that were used in ancient Egypt and the effectiveness of these medicines in achieving full recovery for patients.
Among these diseases are the pain and aches that affect the head, as they varied Head diseases, including skin diseases, epilepsy, headaches and others, and among the types of plants used in the treatment of castor plant.

This research deals with the textual cohesion of the story of Adam - peace be upon him – in Surat Al-Baqarah, the textual cohesion is one of the seven textual criterion that were developed by the American linguist (De Beaugrand), which are (cohesion, Coherence, Intentionality, Acceptability, Informativity, Situationaly, and intertextuality), and we chose the (cohesion) criterion as a topic for this research, and we applied it on Adam story - peace be upon him - in Surat Al-Baqarah; because the commentators talked about this story in their interpretations, and they explained their opinions, and they have clarified in their interpretations and the greatness about the creation of Adam - peace be upon him, and how Allah taught him the names and that the angels are not aware of them, and the textual cohesion is related to reference inside and outside the text, one of the references is (pronouns, relative names, demonstrative names). And all of these references, if they are found in a text, the textual cohesion will be stronger and its consistency is tighter, and will provide the text with a stronger meaning, and the best text that can be applied to textual cohesion is the Qur’anic text and other criterions; the text of the Noble Qur’an is a strong and eloquent text, and is the scripture the revelations whereof are perfected and then expounded (it cometh) from One, Wise, Informed.
This research includes an introduction and has three topics: the first is referential cohesion, and it is divided into three sections: (pronouns, relative names, demonstrative names), the second topic is the linking cohesion, and the third topic the linking repetition, then we showed at the end the most important results of the research, then the research has been provided with an appendix with the list of sources and references.

Moroccan preachers and merchants had a great role in spreading Islam in the paganism Ghana because of their dealings with them and the spirit of tolerance that they distinguished, and in return, the emperor of Ghanah exempted Muslims from taxes as well as some of the customs and traditions that do not stop and the spirit of Islam as well as Muslims had mosques, imams and students of knowledge, and the emergence of The Almoravids of Ghana have a role in spreading the Maliki school of thought, and after the demise of the Ghana state, The state of Mali emerged, whose rulers were distinguished by the love of Islam and the propagation of Maliki doctrine, as well as their appointment of Muslim scholars to administrative, judicial and religious positions. One of the greatest kings of the state of Mali was (Mansa) whose rule period was marked by justice, prosperity, expansion, and control over some gold mines, which is an important economic source, and in During this period, the presence of the Maliki jurists increased due to the increased attachment of Mansa to Islam and the performance of religious duties, and he supported the jurists because they educated people about matters of their religion, Among the rulers who supported Maliki jurisprudence was Mansa Musa, who was just, righteous, adhering to the Maliki school and proud of affiliation with him, and he supported Maliki jurisprudence by buying literature and Maliki books from Cairo, including the books of al-Muwatta by Imam Malik and the blog of Imam SahnounFakih al-Afriqiya and a few short books which are very important books, Among the scholars who were accompanied by Mansa Musa with him, the scholar, the jurist, Abd al-Rahman al-Tamimi al-Hijazi, who inhabited Timbuktu, and found it full of jurists and Sudanese who excelled in it in Maliki jurisprudence.

The economic sector is one of the important topics in the history of Algeria for the period between 1999-2008, as the research dealt with the programs of the first economic recovery, which began in the year 2000-2004, which contributed to supporting the industry in Algeria, which had allocated an amount of 525 billion Algerian dinars. The research also dealt with the economic growth support program. Complementing this program, which began in 2005, the research dealt with industry, its characteristics and its role in the Algerian economic development process, with mentioning the most important general characteristics of Algerian industry. The research discussed the most important strengths in the industrial sector as well as its weaknesses.
After President Abdelaziz Bouteflika assumed the presidency of the republic in 1999, this reflected positively on the industrial sector through the first economic recovery program in 2000, which allocated large sums of money for the development of the industrial sector as well as its attachment to the second complementary economic recovery program in 2005, and the industry witnessed development in various fields and the development of industry was Through foreign investment, which began to develop the industry significantly, as well as to go to the private sector for the development of local industries as well as to emphasize the important industries for export, add to that to encourage small and medium industries that were widespread in Algeria.

Despite the nomadism of the Mongols and their lack of attendance, they were considered one of the peoples that dealt with the widest range of peoples who were considered the most civilized, including the Chinese and the Turks in Transoxiana, Turkestans, Iranians, the peoples of the Caucasus, Arabs and Europeans as well as the Koreans and the peoples of Indochina, and they showed that their ability is superior in fighting and occupying their countries, and the policy of ruling the peoples of these countries from which their empire was formed, it is not reasonable for them to achieve these accomplishments without having strict systems and laws and a government and an army based on coherent systems, these systems and laws that Genghis Khan called the Yasa law and the administrative system of his government The army and the principle of dividing the inheritance of its empire among its family members is the subject of this study.

The modernized Andalusian cities contributed greatly to the economy of Andalusia, in various agricultural and commercial fields, until Andalusia was considered one of the rich countries with many riches. This was helped by the availability of raw materials and fertile soil in addition to the workforce. Some cities were known for their agricultural activities that dominated other economic activities, according to the availability of factors that help in agriculture including rivers and fertile soils, and others are known for their industrial activity according to the availability of raw materials, the other type of cities is known for the commercial activity that is controlled by the site for land, river and marine transport ways.

The research deals with the biography of a king from the kings of the Levant “Bilad Al-Sham” during the Ayyubid “Al-Aywbya” era, specifically between the two years (575-617 AH) (1179-1220 AD). It is the Mansur king Muhammad ibn Taqi Al-Din Omar king of Hama, who during this era has written stances and championships that require to ponder over them, especially after crowning the king of Hama after the death of his father in the year (587 AH/ 1191 AD), and he had charts and tours in dealing with the campaigns of the Crusaders during his reign, as the Crusader armies went to his country more than once, during which he was able to confront those attacks and inflict heavy losses on the Crusaders until they realized the power of Hama and the difficulty of exposure to it, and the first of these attacks was in the year (599 AH/ 1203 AD), when a large force of the most powerful crusader teams known (Hospitalism) went to the city of Barin, the southern gate of the city of Hama, and they tried to get through it to the city of Hama, but the Mansur king managed to confront this attack and caused heavy losses in lives and equipment in addition to capturing those from the families of the attacking force, then the attack was repeated in the same year in a desperate attempt to take the revenge of the previous defeat, but this time the defeat was greater and more severe than the previous one. This is the biggest thing that forced the Crusaders to resort to diplomatic methods, demonstrating their desire for the reconciliation that took place. After the expiry of the reconciliation period in the year (601 AH/ 1205 AD), the Crusaders took advantage of the lack of readiness of the Hama army, and suddenly attacked the city of Hama, which led to losses among the people of Hama and the capturing of prisoners, but the intention of King Al-Mansour saved the situation once again by his steadfastness and his confrontation of the attacking force according to the description of historians, and after this defeat, the King Mansour managed to reduce the burden of the defeat by retrieving the captives from the two Crusaders through diplomatic means.

The Islamic movement in “Israel” is considered a very important issue for the Israeli and the Palestinian. As for the Palestinians, it is a factor of strength inside Israel whereas it is a factor of worry and unrest for the Israelis. This paper talks about the emergence of the Islamic movement in “Israel” since 1971. It talks about the causes behind its emergence, development, and spread through the governorate elections as well as its roles in warning people and reminding them of their Islamic and Arabic origins. Moreover, its role in defending Al-Aqsa in 1995 when the movement was been divided into parts: the northern part and southern one as well as the reasons behind that division.

The ancient Iraqis were guided to the knowledge of all kinds of diseases, as well as the ancient Egyptians, especially diseases that affect the head, and the ancient Iraqis believed that the cause of diseases was the wrath of the gods, so they relied in the treatment of diseases on various medicines and on the use of spells through the use of various spells . In order to save the patient from the torment of pain and achieve healing, they have created different treatments, including plant, animal, and even mineral, compared to the medicines that were used in ancient Egypt and the effectiveness of these medicines in achieving full recovery for patients.
Among these diseases are the pain and aches that affect the head, as they varied Head diseases, including skin diseases, epilepsy, headaches and others, and among the types of plants used in the treatment of castor plant.

The existence of law in life is essential to establish the rights among antagonists and to hold offenders accountable. So, it is unimaginable that there are ancient and long-established civilizations without law or legislation that establish the rights and duties. The same is true to the civilization of ancient Egypt which cared about substantiating the rights and solving disputes through self-established judiciary system based on the concept of right and justice which ancient Egyptians had embodied it in the form of deity (Ma'at).
The king (pharaoh) was considered as an embodied deity on earth and a just judge, according to their belief, that’s why he was deemed as a main source of enacting laws and legislation that judges had been following in ancient Egypt. Even though, the king (pharaoh) personally hadn't practised as a judge, but he entrusted this task to the minister (judge) to act on behalf of him, who, in turn, selects judges to be distributed over the regions. Despite his power in judiciary, the minister (judge) had to go back to the king (pharaoh) to decide on some provisions

This study aims to know the reality of crisis management in the Al-Aqsa Media Network and to identify how Al-Aqsa Media Network manages its crises in its three stages (pre-crisis phase, stage during crisis, and post-crisis stage). The researcher used the descriptive analytical approach and used the Complete Census to collect data from the perspectives of the holders of management positions in Al-Aqsa Media Network including the following positions of Board Member, Director General, Director of the Department, Head of section, Head of division, and Supervisor, whose total number is (81). To achieve the objectives of the study, a questionnaire was designed as a tool for study. (76) responses were retrieved, whereas the recovery rate was (93%). The SPSS program was used to process the data and to test hypotheses.
The results of the study showed a group of results. The most important results were; the Crisis Management in Al-Aqsa Media Network has obtained a medium degree. The performance of Al Aqsa Media Network during the crisis phase is better than its performance during the post-crisis phase. Therefore, the researchers recommend that adopting the scientific method in crisis management through conducting research and studies and using experts and holding training courses in this field.

Education and pedagogy are of great importance in post-Renaissance philosophy especially the educational philosophy of (kant) and (Durkheim) because of their great influence in raising the scientific and cultural level of western societies, as education is a basic pillar in their thought .the philosoical thought of both of them, as it doesn’t depart from morals religion, as it accompanies man from birth to death despite the great difference in the philosophy and education of each of them. However, there is some compatibility between the visions , as each of them dealt with in his own way the most important educational problems of goals and objectives in the era that he lives in it in order to achieve happiness for the individual and society on the moral and religious level.

The preference between the sayings of the commentators is one of the important sciences in the sciences of the Noble Qur’an and its sciences that the scholars and commentators took care of to reach the correct saying, which is the most correct saying among sayings. It is divided into two topics:
The first topic: the approach of Imam Ibn Arafa in his interpretation: This study was divided into three demands. The first requirement was: the general approach of Imam Ibn Arafa, who was general in his interpretation, the second request: his approach to the aphorisms and interpretation by opinion, and the third request: the sources of Imam Ibn Arafa in his interpretation.
The second topic: Examples of the preferences of Imam Ibn Arafa (d. 803 AH) in his interpretation of Surat al-Baqarah on three preferences (14,15) and [30], [35] collection and study models: This topic was divided into three demands: The first requirement is the difference of scholars in the endowment And the beginning between the two verses [Al-Baqarah 15,14], the second requirement is the difference of scholars and commentators on how the infallibility of the angels: [Al-Baqarah: 30] The third requirement is the commentators differed in naming Eve the wife of Adam, peace be upon him, regarding the interpretation of the noble verse [Al-Baqarah: 35[Then, there is the conclusion which included his most important findings.

The study reviews smart libraries in terms of: the concept and definition, the requirements for creation and composition, the philosophy of use, smart technologies in libraries, and the trends of modern technologies in smart libraries, which are represented in the management of electronic resources, the Internet of things and its tools, data mining, artificial intelligence, ambient intelligence, Blockchain technology, augmented reality, QR code, and smart technologies for books in libraries.
The study found that libraries keep pace with advances in information and communication technologies, and change their way of information processing in terms of storage, organization, dissemination or publication, and constantly reach new models. Also, smart libraries are not only a new way to provide interactive and innovative services but also a dynamic mechanism to increase the user base.
The study recommends that the concerned authorities, on smart libraries and their many aspects, should conduct more studies and looking for experiences to benefit from previous experiences and avoid falling into the technical problems and other obstacles. Also, traditional libraries should think about building services, educating users, and training librarians if they want to transform into smart libraries through strategic design and implementation of advanced technologies.

The present study aimed to identify the extent to which primary school pupils practice electronic games ,the fact that children are the uncleus of society and the cornerstone on which the future is built , it also aimed to identify the relationship between electronic games and academic achievement of primary school students , and the differences in this relationship according to the gender variable (males – females) , the research sample consisted of (100) males and (100) female students , who were randomly selected from four schools that were intentionally chosen by two schools for boys and two schools for girls , the researcher used the scale prepared by (Sabte , 2013) to measure the extent to which children play electronic games , the researcher extracted the psychometric properties of the scale to become ready for application in the Iraqi environment , the researcher relied on the averages of mid-year exams to measure students academic achievement.
The results showed :
1- That members of the sample played electronic games significantly .
2- The existence of areciprocal influence between the studnt practice ofelectronic games and the degree of academic achievement .
3- There are statistically significant differences according to that (male – female ) gender variable in favor of males .

This research aims to show the effect of both dust accumulation and shadows (as factors that affect the performance of the Photovoltaic (PV) systems) on the experimented 36 cells of polycrystalline solar panel, which investigate the effect in terms of voltage (V), current (I) and power (P). The results showed that the relation between dust and the power of the solar panel is a strong inverse relation, as the power of the panel decreases at a rate of (-0.4575) per gram of dust. The study also showed that the relation between (dust) and each of the current and voltage is a strong inverse relation, where (I) and (V) decrease at a rate of (-0.0268) and (-0.026) per gram of dust respectively. The study found that, in the case of shading only one cell of the solar panel, the solar panel recorded a decrease in (P) by a rate ranging between (51.97% - 55.46%), while when shading an entire column or an entire row of solar panel, the power of the panel found to be decrease by (99.30%) and (97.55%) respectively.