Adab AL Rafidayn

The painting of ruins occupies a large area in Imru’ al-Qais’s poetry . Most of the texts have been pictures of the annihilation. The manifestations of life are almost non-existent in his poetry. Like other poets, he quickly stops talk about the ruins and he starts talking about other subjects. It may be that he has an orientation towards the past and recalls the moments which are full of vitality and fertility or to move towards future action. But all of these movements contradict in its content with the scenes of ruins. The commemorative action of the past adventures took a positive part that contributed in saving the poet from his sudden sense of remembrance or watching the places of the ruins .

This study aims to reveal the importance of graphic formation as a rhetorical phenomenon on which the poet leans on in building his text as he acquires the ability to form in multiple forms .The graphic formations from which the listener moves from a mere direct linguistic expression to accompanying meanings that move the listener from the ordinary functional language to the technical language that brings him closer .To the poets idea feeling and feeling so it is the closest to the representation of the spaces of the text its contexts and its systems because of the flexibility of poetry at the level of expression .As a vital deep field for consideration analysis and detection of the aesthetic characteristic that literary discourse with its written text has achieved.

This research is about the grammatical poetical Attester in eight printed explanations of the book of alloma' in Arabic for ibn jani, and they are:The explanation of al-thamanini (omar bn thabit abi alqasim al-nahawi al-tharir(t442h) named (al-fawaed wa al-qawaed)), and the explanation of "ibn burhan al-okbari (abo al-qasim abd al-wahid bn ali bn omar bn ishaaq bn burhan (t456h) named (sharh alloma'), and the explanation of al-wasiti al-tharir (abo nasir al-qasim bn muhammed bn mobashir al-nahawi (t in the second half of the fifteenth century BC) named (the explanation of alloma' in grammar), and the explanation of al-shareef abi al-barakat omar bn Ibrahim bn muhammed bn muhammed al-alawy al-zaydy al-koofy (t549h) named (the book of bayan in the explanation of alloma' by ibn jani), and the explanation of "abi hasan" al-baqooly "ali bn al-hussien" al-tharir al-nahawi "al-asbahani (t543h)" known as (al-ghorra in the explanation of alloma'), and the explanation of abi al'baqaa' al-akbari (abd Allah bn al-hussien bn abd Allah al-nahawi al-tharir al-baghdadi "t616h" named (the followed in the explanation of alloma'), and the explanation of ib al-khabbaz (shams al-deen "ahmed bn al-hussien bn ahmed " knows as ibn "al-khabbaz" al-irbaly. ("al-mosuly al-nahawi al-tharir" (t639h) named it (the guidance of alloma').

The current study aims at investigation the semantic of the lexeme home description which are mentioned in the Glorious Qur’an verses from a sociolinguistics perspective to show the relation standing between language and society. The study adopts two approaches vis., descriptive and analytical in an attempt to induce the variety of
Home description ,as mentioned in the Glorious verses ,to be analysed in a manner of highlighting the Arabic society including nature, culture, and values .All is done in a language which is regarded as the top language in eloquence and rhetoric; the Arabic language in the Glorious Qur’an .The study is organized in three sections :Section (1) includes both linguistic and terminological definitions of the term adjective in addition to a linguistic definition of the lexeme home. Section(2) is devoted to introducing sociolinguistics as a field .Finally, Section (3) embraces the analysis of the verses under investigation .The study ends with a conclusion of the most prominent results .

This research aims to study the phenomenon of recalling personalities by one of the most important Abbasid poets (Abu Nawas); Where this phenomenon occupied a space in his poetry, and raises in the minds of those who read his book in his deliberation and careful consideration of several questions, making the research his concern to detail and answer them.
The research adopted an integrative approach, so that it looks at literary texts in an integrative way, using the inductive approach that is based on extrapolating the material, and extracting everything related to the personalities that preceded the poet’s time, whether that time was close to his time or far from it, with the use of other methods to reveal On literary texts and their appropriate scientific analysis, such as the descriptive, which is based on describing and highlighting the material, then the analytical, which decodes its code and clarifies its purposes, and then the artistic method, which is concerned with studying the role of language and poetic imagination; By integrating these approaches, the research achieves its objectives.
The research concluded that Abu Nawas took his summons as a proof and witness to what he aims at, and to demonstrate his cultural ability that he enjoys. Spinning has a large presence in the employment of ancient historical figures, and that; Because they are close to the same Abu Nawas after the Khmeriyat, as some supplications were made to his satire in the form of a caricature, loaded with connotations of irony; To influence the spelled, and the summoning was represented by Abu Nawas in a number of mechanisms, including: calling the character by his name directly, or through the mechanism of nicknames, or the mechanism of metonymy, or one of its actions, or a necessary of its requirements, or one of its words.
The research believes that modern studies should continue to study the phenomenon of summoning among poets in general, and poets of the Abbasid era in particular. To complete the vision about this era and its creativity and creators.

This Study investigates the language of the Andalusia Poet AL-Mutamid Ibn Abbad of Seville (437-484h) . Who is regarded the most outstanding Poet in the era of al tawaif . The research Collected the vocabulary. mentioned in the diwan and arranged them alphabetically them ,the vocabulary were Classified into groups depending on their use literally or figuratively .the study shows that the poet AL Mutamid had an love of Synonymous and derivative words .Which reflects the poets Knack for words choice.

Derivation is one of the characteristics that characterized the Arabic language, not only by the structures of those derivatives, but also by their great connotations added to the basic meaning of the material. The derivatives are a sea of meanings and rich successive connotations, and it was a verbal form of the fixed formulas in the language, but many of the words that have their weight are rarely used, so this search was to follow the words on that formula in the language dictionaries, because such derivative formulas are considered An important introduction to the science of idiom. I have looked at dozens of words on this weight, and I found some of them that have a new significance in their material, and I tried to limit these words to their meanings and explain their meanings through linguistic evidence and sayings within the limits of what they have reached, and the research reached several results, the most important of which was that this formula, in its general significance, carries the meaning of exaggeration and miniaturization, in terms of
amaterial and a moral one. I hope that this paper provides a good dictionary of the expressions of this rich morphological form.

The paper entitled (The Construction of Style in the Poetry of Nafeh Aqrawi) deals with a poem translated from Kurdish into Arabic under the title (I and the Night). It sheds lights on style structure which becomes very obvious in the poem that is under study. This is done through looking at the stylistic features in this text. It reveals the integrated relationship which connects the whole structure of the text with the stylistic features which form it trying to reveal the surface structure of the text.
Style in any language, including poetic style, should be based on a structure stands on connecting the signified with signifier and producing a group of integrated relations among the structures after being covered by aesthetic designs produced by rhetoric. Therefore, we see that the title should be: (Style structure in Nafia' Aqrawi's Poetry: Reading in (I and the Night) Poem. This is the importance of the study in addition to keeping the stylistic approach busy. It is important also because it is based on hypothesis that poetic text is built intentionally and consciously.

This research aims at proving that the translated poetry from Kurdish into Arabic is based on a style of artistic colours in expression which are as creative and as aesthetic as those written in Arabic.

This contrastive study seeks to identify similarities and differences between the methods of styles of imperative in the Arabic and Turkish languages, by relying on the descriptive and contrasting approaches, with the aim of overcoming the difficulties encountered by Turkish students of Arabic language learners while they learn the rules of the command. Due to the difference in their mother tongue from the Arabic language, and ended up providing suggested solutions that contribute to overcoming these difficulties.
Among the most prominent findings of the research is the presence of similarities and differences between the Arabic and Turkish languages in the imperative manner. Among the similarities is the participation of the two languages in some imperative formulas such as the standard and interrogative form, and the impermissibility of the command of the speaker and speakers in the two languages in the standard form.
As for the differences between the two languages, one of them is that the Arabic language is unique from the Turkish language in the phenomenon of parsing, and that the imperative forms in Arabic contain differentiation and identification of the addressee on the basis of number: singular, dual, and plural, or on the basis of gender: the masculine and feminine, unlike the Turkish language, which lacks the same formulas .

Abstract
This research is to make a comparison between the Arabic language and another language which is in this case the English language, in the subject of (adjectives) as a linguistic phenomenon that exists in every language. The purpose of this study is to explain the adjective in both Arabic and English via studying the characteristics of the two languages morphologically and structurally. I reached several result, I will mention some of them: the modified in Arabic must come as a noun not a pronoun, while in English it can be a noun or a pronoun. In Arabic, the adjective (modifier) comes after the modified noun, while in English it does not have a permanent position but usually comes before the modified noun., in English a connecting tool is needed. The adjective follows the modified noun in terms of masculinity, femininity, definite and indefinite in the Arabic language, a characteristic that does not exist in English. The is no dual in English language, nor there is what is known as passive modifying. The sentence modifier or semi-sentence modifier do not exist in English language. In Arabic the ‘Ism al-tafdhil’ (comparative noun) is used for comparative modifying, while in English the comparative and superlative systems are used. Thus, it is clear that the Arabic language is a complete and precise system that accurately express the meaning and indications and it is featured with brevity and inclusiveness.

This research concerned the semantics of the root (Th. K. L) and the derivatives in the Holy Quran and showed their connotations in the Koranic context. These became varied between the real material weight and the moral one. The real weight is the one that has a tangible weight which can be weighted and measured, Like material bodies, such as (the two classes jinn's and men) and (it's burdens ) which means all underground like(( treasures and dead's )
whereas incorporeal weight is in the impalpable things that have no gravity like(( sins and transgressions)) also the things that burden the human like debts.

In our research titled ((Polytheists of Quraish and their Allies till the Opening of Mekkah by Muslims (8 A.H.), A Historical- Quantitative study)) we addressed a category of people which antagonized Islam and muslims, i.e. the polytheists from various sub- clans or tribes, the significance of their hostile stands against Islamic call whether they were servants or free men, masters or slaves, pure pedigree or allies, yet the place that bound them all together was Mekkah and its surroundings. We conducted a historical- quantitative study to recognize the number of polytheists in Mekkah till its opening by Muslims and its entering Islam, as well as those who died disbelieving whether in Mekkah, killed in battles against Mulims, as a result of a disease, or by a beast such as a lion (like what happened to Utaibah bin abi Lahab). We started with the polytheists of Bani Hashim and who followed them of Quraish’s sub- clans till Bani Fahr bin al- Nadhr bin Kinanah. The same thing goes for their allies who died or were killed as polytheists. In this study we gave an account of names of companions who were listed in some references as polytheists and disbelievers, but decisive evidence and conclusions of their accompanying the prophet (PBUH) refuted this notion depending on other references. We also mentioned some men who were not stated in references to enter Islam, in addition to what historic scriptures mentioned of the killing of common people from Quraish without mentioning their sub- clans, their names or numbers, hence, what we reached of numbers and counting of the polytheists of Quraish is approximate. We explained the reasons and motivations of the polytheists of Quraish to remain disbelieving and their insisting on idolatry and polytheism without being touched by the light of Islam. We also demonstrated the final results in this research provided with drawings and statistical tables to illustrate the ratio and the number of the polytheist from the people of Mekkah in general and from its sub- clans and allies in particular, having in mind that these numbers are approximate and not final to reckon; what we found needed historical and statistical accuracy for those who died or were killed on infidelity to reach what we came to of historic events and incidents that match our estimations to indicate that most of Quraish’s people entered Islam compared to a small proportion who remained disbelievers until their death, to become remnants of the extinct ignorance and idolatry in Mekkah, and for Mekkah to return the way it was at the time of our prophets Ibrahim and Ismail (peace be upon them); the city of Hajj and monotheism and the Kiblah of Muslims till this day.

In our research titled ((Polytheists of Quraish and their Allies till the Opening of Mekkah by Muslims (8 A.H.), A Historical- Quantitative study)) we addressed a category of people which antagonized Islam and muslims, i.e. the polytheists from various sub- clans or tribes, the significance of their hostile stands against Islamic call whether they were servants or free men, masters or slaves, pure pedigree or allies, yet the place that bound them all together was Mekkah and its surroundings. We conducted a historical- quantitative study to recognize the number of polytheists in Mekkah till its opening by Muslims and its entering Islam, as well as those who died disbelieving whether in Mekkah, killed in battles against Mulims, as a result of a disease, or by a beast such as a lion (like what happened to Utaibah bin abi Lahab). We started with the polytheists of Bani Hashim and who followed them of Quraish’s sub- clans till Bani Fahr bin al- Nadhr bin Kinanah. The same thing goes for their allies who died or were killed as polytheists. In this study we gave an account of names of companions who were listed in some references as polytheists and disbelievers, but decisive evidence and conclusions of their accompanying the prophet (PBUH) refuted this notion depending on other references. We also mentioned some men who were not stated in references to enter Islam, in addition to what historic scriptures mentioned of the killing of common people from Quraish without mentioning their sub- clans, their names or numbers, hence, what we reached of numbers and counting of the polytheists of Quraish is approximate. We explained the reasons and motivations of the polytheists of Quraish to remain disbelieving and their insisting on idolatry and polytheism without being touched by the light of Islam. We also demonstrated the final results in this research provided with drawings and statistical tables to illustrate the ratio and the number of the polytheist from the people of Mekkah in general and from its sub- clans and allies in particular, having in mind that these numbers are approximate and not final to reckon; what we found needed historical and statistical accuracy for those who died or were killed on infidelity to reach what we came to of historic events and incidents that match our estimations to indicate that most of Quraish’s people entered Islam compared to a small proportion who remained disbelievers until their death, to become remnants of the extinct ignorance and idolatry in Mekkah, and for Mekkah to return the way it was at the time of our prophets Ibrahim and Ismail (peace be upon them); the city of Hajj and monotheism and the Kiblah of Muslims till this day.

Sultan Abdul Aziz faced great challenges after he assumed the Moroccan throne due to his being young, and he became under the tutelage of Ahmed bin Musa Bahmad, who led the country by following the policy of Sultan Hassan I, so he undertook administrative, financial and military reforms represented by choosing ministers and assistants to him in addition to trying to reform the Moroccan currency and introducing New weapons for his country by buying them from abroad, After his death in 1900 AD, Sultan Abdul Aziz assumed actual power in the country. Therefore, he went to reform the state administration by changing ministers and reforms related to the prosecution office as well. Military reform through the establishment of factories and the purchase of weapons from European countries to counter the revolutions that stood against it.

In the last quarter of the twentieth century, and over the first two decades of the twenty-first century, Iraqi universities became interested in writing about the life, biography, and role of Iraqi academic personalities in the fields of knowledge and human studies in general. In the field of historical studies, in particular, through theses and university theses, and attention was paid to the academic personalities that God Almighty passed away and left our lives in her body, but she remained through her cognitive giving by what he wrote of studies and books, and what she provided from cultural and academic activities inside and outside Iraq. The University of Baghdad was the first in this field, and then the rest of the Iraqi universities that it joined in the departments of history in the Faculties of Arts and Education. Hence, the choice of our research for one of the academic figures at the University of Mosul - College of Arts - Department of History, as we discussed in this research the scientific career of Dr. Muhammad Ali Dahesh since his appointment as a research assistant to the rank of professorship.

The research entitled (Charitable contributions of the women of the ruling family to the construction works in the Islamic State in the fourth century AH tenth to seventh century AH thirteenth century AD) talks about the great role that women of the ruling family played in the charitable work of the Islamic state and the extent of the importance of these works in building The civilization of the Islamic State and their spending of money in the field of charity and building an advanced, developed and sound society in all health and scientific aspects, on top of which is the religious aspect. Women tried to contribute to the construction work to build mosques and encourage the religious aspect, as well as contribute to building schools to advance and develop science and education Because the building of any society depends on the educational aspect, as well as contributed to building hospitals and improving the health of the individual in the community because the happiness of a person, his progress and his livelihood with dignity depends on the extent of his health. These actions that the women performed were intended to attain the righteousness and charity, and the immortality of their names on the list of benefactors.

The name (KUR A-la-ši-ia) has been mentioned in several cuneiform texts since the 18th century BC, and it has become known to be the ancient name for the island of Cyprus.
What do we know about the island’s history during ancient historical times? It is the question that the research seeks to answer. No useful written sources were discovered on the island itself. Therefore, cuneiform documents will be searched, according to an analytical method to derive Information from und to form a general picture of its internal conditions and external relations.
We will briefly present a glimpse of the archaeological interest in the island of Cyprus, then study its news in the texts of Mari, Alalakh, Amarna and Ugarit, which date back to between the centuries 18-13 BC.

The ancient Iraqis were guided to the knowledge of all kinds of diseases, as well as the ancient Egyptians, especially diseases that affect the head, and the ancient Iraqis believed that the cause of diseases was the wrath of the gods, so they relied in the treatment of diseases on various medicines and on the use of spells through the use of various spells . In order to save the patient from the torment of pain and achieve healing, they have created different treatments, including plant, animal, and even mineral, compared to the medicines that were used in ancient Egypt and the effectiveness of these medicines in achieving full recovery for patients.
Among these diseases are the pain and aches that affect the head, as they varied Head diseases, I Among the types of plants used in the treatment were castor, grapes, juniper, garlic, olive oil, and others. As for animals, they include salmon, marine fish bone, and animal corral soil. In addition, they used stone and iron marble, which were identified through cuneiform texts. These texts also revealed the extent to which the ancient Iraqis knew about the transmission of disease from one person to another, that is, infection through contact with the patient and the use of his tools and others

The building peace is one of the problems that some states suffered from struggles. This study talked about the role of civil society states in building peace because it achieved society needs and it had other adjectives that related with the society.
The definition of civil society issue is an important question now a days, it is a measure of the development of societies through the existence of civil society institutions. And the role that they obtain complete freedom, and continuous support from the government. The institution of civil society are important in her role in achieving peace. Order and peaceful coexistence in society.
The study adopts the descriptive analytical research tools stating definitions and approaches.
This research is divided into two sections the first talked about the role of the civil society in building peace while the two sections talked about the comparison of the role of this civil society and the responsibility of toast to create the coexistence between the sects.

The aim of the research is to identify the phenomenon of suicide and its most important types, to identify the most important social factors driving suicide in general, and to seek to uncover the indicators of the increasing phenomenon of suicide. The researcher relied on the descriptive and analytical approach in his study to achieve the desired goals of the study. The research reached a set of results, the most important of which are:
1) The weakness of the religious guardian, the distance from the path of God and the neutrality of his straight path, the overriding of material values over the spiritual values of man, the ignorance of suicide bombers with the wisdom of affliction, the loss of patience and willpower of the individual, and the spread of ideas contrary to the teachings of Islam.
2) There is a set of social causes that lead to the phenomenon of suicide, which are: the absence of social ties, the change in the climate in which the individual lives and the transition to another new society in which he feels lonely, the spread of drug and alcohol abuse of various kinds and types, the violence that appears in the media, and the availability And ease.

This research comes as an attempt to address the nature of the relationship of the mystical experience with intuition or mystic consciousness in the philosophy of religion of Walter Stace, whether by showing their relevance to each other, or by stating the possibility of expressing them together, This balance is based on the distinction between the general religious experience and the Mystic intuition or self-awareness for the mystic, So that this intuition is clearly associated with aesthetic intuition, Moreover, Mystic consciousness in itself cannot be separated as a concept from the idea of religious experience with common characteristics (such as subjectivity, individualism, and spiritual). So here we are facing a controversy taking place in the interpretation of the mystical experience or (religious symbolism), The mystic - according to Stace - is in a state of confusion if he wants to use a language that implies (religious provocation) to explain his spiritual experience in light of the theory of "spiritual blindness".

The research presents the effects of observing the purposes of Islamic law when working with evidence of legal rulings that the fundamentalists disagreed about the authenticity of some of them, because these purposes are representative of the philosophy of Islamic legislation, and its goals, and that its handling has become not limited to explaining them in partial rulings only, but an important requirement for all who go towards renewing mechanisms Ijtihad is one of the efforts of the nation, including the Zalami scholar who presented a vision consistent with reality and emanated from the purposes of Sharia by invoking it as a methodology for dealing with the legal texts; Criterion for weighting when different; In order to achieve bringing interests and ward off evil, its statement is improved because of its effect in explaining the sufficiency of the law and its validity for every time and place.

Tafsir science is considered one of the greatest and most honorable sciences because it is linked to the greatest book, which is the Noble Qur’an. The scholars have clarified the meanings of this great book and extracted its rulings and rulings. Among these scholars is Imam Ibn Hajar al-Haytami who had several sayings on tafsir in his various books, and after extensive research into His books, I was able to collect them, and in this research I dealt with his sayings in Surat Hud, where I studied them with the sayings of previous scholars, and then showed in the result whether his statements agreed with their statements or differed? And that Imam Ibn Hajar excelled in its interpretation, and this effect was evident through this study, and the nature of the research required that it include an introduction and two studies: The first topic: The translation of Imam Ibn Hajar Al-Haytami. The second topic: the scientific life of Imam Ibn Hajar. The third topic: his explanatory statements and their study in Surat Hood, and the conclusion that included the most prominent things that emerged to us through this research.

The issue of the inheritance of the divorced woman in death in international private relations is one of the modern and important topics in our time, because the many problems between spouses have led to the occurrence of the divorce of the fugitive and the absolute deprivation of the inheritance of his divorced woman from the inheritance when he falls into a fatal disease, and it may also be The divorced inheritor has real estate and non-real estate funds in more than one country, so the possibility of depriving the divorced woman of her share is possible. The research on the issue of the inheritance of the divorced woman in the disease of death is of great importance in the field of international private relations, as the law may be enforceable to prevent her from inheritance, and because inheritance is related to public order, then this law cannot be applied and the divorced wife is deprived of her inheritance because of its violation of the public order, as it is possible. Protecting her and obtaining her share of the inheritance by restricting her divorced hand of disposition
With regard to his assets in a country other than the divorced country, by resorting to a court that replaces the assets of the divorced inheritor, in order to take preventive measures on his money. The main objective of this research is to achieve fairness in the interest of the divorced inheritor in the event that the divorced inheritor divorces his wife without reason when he falls into the disease of death, but merely to deprive her of her inheritance and this is done by prohibiting the application of any law contrary to the inheritance of the divorced woman and excluding any law that was deliberately circumvented from In order to deprive her of her inheritance and take preventive measures by every court located on her territory, the property of the divorced inheritor after the request of the divorced heir from her, as protection for her, as for the position of the Iraqi legislator, the Iraqi legislator did not refer to the inheritance of the divorced woman in the disease of death in international private relations in civil law Therefore, we proposed to the Iraqi legislator that he add some legal texts related to the inheritance of a divorced woman in the disease of death in international private relations in the Iraqi civil law.

The present research aims at investigating the effect of an electronic learning environment on developing designing skills of electronic lessons among the teaching staff of Mosul University. The experimental design pretest posttest experimental group design was employed in the research. To examine the validity of this hypothesis, a sample was chosen from Mosul University. It consisted of (49) instructors. An electronic practical test was used. It comprises of (30) practical items of the type of clicking on the hot spots to measure the designing skills of electronic lessons. After applying the pre-test and the posttest, the results indicates that there is a statistically significant difference between the mean scores of the pre-test and the posttest in the test of skills designing electronic lessons for the benefit of the posttest. The results reveal the effect of the electronic learning environment on developing designing skills of electronic lessons.

La didactique est une méthode d'enseignement qui suit une approche scientifiquement cohérente ou un style d'apprentissage engageant la compréhension et l'esprit de l’étudiant. C'est un programme général qui comprend plusieurs matières.
La didactique se concentre sur l’enseignant, l’apprenant, le contenu et le scénario pédagogique. C’est une boîte didactique interactive. La nature de la transmission didactique au niveau de la classe peut être un transport actif et efficace selon la pédagogie, et elle peut s’agir d’un transfert mixte combinant endoctrinement et efficacité, ainsi que d’un pur endoctrinement. Cette recherche révèle un thème important, celui l’être humain qui apprend l’expression orale avant d’écrire, il communique oralement avec son groupe sans recourir à l’écriture.
La recherche actuelle tente d’expliquer comment les deux théories de l’apprentissage interviennent dans l’apprentissage humain et comment elles peuvent être catégorisées pour expliquer les mécanismes de l’apprentissage humain.
Cette recherche tente de montrer qu’il existe une différence dans la relation entre les théories de l’enseignement et de l’apprentissage. Celui-là englobe deux domaines de pratique: la didactique et la pédagogie. L'enseignement est un processus communicatif qui peut être à sens unique et à double sens.

Foreign language classes are usually activated by means of a variety of strategies and techniques that both teachers and students bring in or contribute to so as to bring about more effective learning and create more involvement in the ongoing activities. Interaction, through its multi-directional forms, plays a focal role in triggering students’ interest and motivates them to participate in the learning process. Verbal interaction refers to teachers addressing of students or vice versa or students addressing each other. It has a long history as a topic of study and research in the traditional educational system represented by teacher-student meeting face to face within a classroom setting. Interaction in online classes has been recently heeded due to the outbreak of covid-19 which made almost all the educational institutions worldwide shut down and change to online classes. As such, the current research aims at studying and investigating verbal interaction in English as a foreign language classes at university level in terms of its occurrence and initiation, i.e. the party, i.e. teacher or students, who starts verbal interaction. The study hypothesizes that (1) In EFL online classes, verbal interaction does not occur as required and (2) Verbal interaction in EFL online classes is mostly teacher initiated. To validate the preceding hypotheses and bring about the set aims, 90 online sessions (45 linguistics and 45 literature with a minimum duration of 40-45 minutes of each session, were attended and observed by the researchers. The data were collected by means of a checklist prepared by the researcher. On analyzing the collected data, it was found out that verbal interaction takes place with a reasonable frequency in online classes, linguistics and literature, and that they were mostly initiated by the teacher. In the light of these findings, it has been recommended that due to the educational and pedagogical importance of verbal interaction, teachers should try their best to increase the frequency of verbal interaction occurrence and encourage students to initiate it as a means of more involvement in the ongoing learning activities.

Teaching English word stress constitutes a real problem for Iraqi EFL students at university level. The currently used method is to encourage students to listen attentively to how stress is placed on syllables and word without giving them rules for stress patterns. Relevant literature clearly shows that there are stress rules and patterns although exceptions are quite common. The present study attempts to make use of the rules in explicit teaching of English stress. More specifically, it addresses the following question. Will explicit teaching of English stress rules better help EFL students use stress patterns correctly and appropriately? It is hypothesized that teaching stress rules explicitly help EFL students use stress patterns appropriately at word level. In order to verify this hypothesis an experimental design will be used. Two groups of students (the experimental group and the control group) are taught English stress. The control group is taught without being given explicit rules. The experimental group is taught stress patterns by rules. The groups are pre-tested and post-tested. The results obtained showed explicit teaching of stress rules and patterns are considered more effective. The study concluded that explicit instruction is valued in its possibility to raise learners’ awareness of English knowledge. Further research is recommended to measure on learners’ levels of proficiency from different age scales and genders, with different levels of skills.

Translation quality assessment is one of the valid criteria to assess and make a judgment on the quality of translations. Several models of translation quality assessment have been put forward by theorists of translation. However, the key problem is how to choose and apply a model in terms of assessing literary genre. This problematic area is going to be investigated in this study. The main aim of this study is to explore the applicability of House's (2015) model on translation quality assessment in terms of assessing the quality of two translations of Naguib Mahfouz's "The thief and the dogs" novel (1961) into English done by three translators: Elyas (1979 ), and Badawi and Le Gassick ( 1984) revised by Rodenbeck (1990). This study hypothesizes that House's (2015) model of translation quality assessment is applicable and useful to assessing translation of Mahfouz's "The Thief and the Dogs"; mismatching between ST and TT1and TT2 reveals the key problems that distort literary genre; the pragmatic aspect of meaning is the most serious type of translation problems compared to syntactic and semantic aspects. The findings of the study revealed a number of mismatches along the two parameters of register (field, mode, and tenor ) and genre. These mismatches caused a change in the interpersonal functional component and ideational component. It was also found that House's (2015) model was somehow complicated, yet it was applicable. The conclusions verified the validity of the hypotheses of the present study.

Phrasal verbs prevail in the everyday use of the English language. They are highly productive and commonly used by native speakers of English. This phenomenon runs through the English language so much so that no piece of natural spoken or written language is free of it. Due to the significant role phrasal verbs play in fortifying a text's cohesive elements, such a phenomenon requires linguistic skill to provide appropriate equivalences; otherwise, the outcome would be unnatural sounding elements.
Despite their significance, these multi-word units have received painfully little attention in oral translation. These semantic units that have been extensively investigated on a lexical or syntactic level can be problematic either at the source text comprehension stage or the target text production stage.
Hence, the present paper aims at investigating the rendering of phrasal verbs in Sight Translation for sophomore translation students. The study concludes that phrasal verbs can be considered a source of distraction for translation students during the process of translating because they tackle these constructions as separate words. This rendering of SL phrasal verbs violates their very idiomatic nature and results in an inaccurate or inconvenient interpretation of the source text. The study also concludes that some phrasal verbs encompass multiple synonyms, which entails that such constructions cannot be restricted to one type of translation procedure. Accordingly, the study recommends that translation students acquire more adaptability in selecting the appropriate translation procedure in interpreting phrasal verbs.