Iraqi National Journal Of Chemistry

The research work involve preparation of activated carbon from coconut shell in the presence of some additive (Nylon 6.6) .Carbonisation was conducted by mixing a known weight of the feedstock with variable quantity of the additive . Sodium hydroxide was mixed with the feed in a ratio of 1:2 . Carbonisation completed using fusion in solid state in the absence of solvents. Feedstock and mainly Nylon were decompose thermally in to diamine dioxide salt .These radicals may be connected with the survice of activated carbon aiming to increase polarity ,This was found from the reaction it self . Physical and Chemical analysis was connected such as density, humidity and ash content.

Due to the serious disadvantages arisen from the illegality of food processing by unlicensed soft drink manufactures, a new method has been developed to avoid this problem using chemical labeling. The results indicate that D-xylose monosaccharide is suitable for this specific purpose with optimum concentration equal to 0.013M with no affect upon refractive index, density and viscosity. This substance can be detected using Bial's test. Due to the interference between the colour of Bial's test with coloured soft drinks, this test has been modified which can be detected through precipitate instead of solution colour. The last modification has been applied for seven different kinds of soft drinks indicating the successful of presented idea.

AbstractMINDO/3-FORCES, PM3 and ab initio calculations were carried out for the vibration frequencies, IR absorption intensities and normal coordinates of the tricyclobutabenzene (D3h) compound at its calculated equilibrium geometry. Assignment of the modes of vibration (3N-6) was done depending on the picture of their modes drawn applying the DRAW. MOL routine. The potential energy curve for thermal cracking of tricyclobutabenzene compound was obtained by changing the distance of the terminal C-C bonds of the cyclobutane rings using semiemperical quantum mechanical method (PM3) to find the reaction path. The thermal cracking results of tricyclobutabenzene compound was converted it to the planar 6-Radialine (D3h) compound which had the higher energy and less stable than the tricyclobutabenzene compound.Interesting relations between the different modes of the IR calculation spectra were also was found on inspecting their frequencies. CH str. (planar 6-Radialine) > CH str. (tricyclobutabenzene)CH str.(symmetric) > CH str. (asymmetric) CC str.(asymmetric) > CC str.(symmetric)δ(CH2 (scissoring)) > δ(CH2 (rocking)) (CH2 (waging)) >  (CH2 (twisting))δ (CC) >  (CC)

The research aimd to prepare activated carbon from Bitiuminous materials ,
Preparation of the samples has been conducted using air oxidation and MnO2. The
oxidation was aimed to increase the amount of asphaltenes and asphaltic materials.
The materials recovered from the oxidation after the removal of any materials having
low carbon content i.e. highly volatiles are used in the study .Preparation of the
carbon was carried out by mixing the Feedstock with LiOH , NaOH , KOH in ratio of
[(1:2),(Raw materials:NaOH)] at 550+25°C for 3 hrs .The product Samples was
evaluated by measuring Iodine number , Methylene Blue , Density , Ash content and
Humidity content and compared with commercial carbon from B.D.H.

4-( 6-Nitro-2-benzothiazolyl azo )resorcinol (6-Nitro BTAR) has been synthesized , and used as a reagent for the spectrophotometric determination of micrograms of zinc ions. This method sensitive, selective and rapid for reaction between Zn2+ and (6-Nitro BTAR), to form a brown complex having a molar ratio of 1:2 (Zn - 6-Nitro BTAR) at pH 6. The molar absorptivity of the complex is (5846 .7 L.mol-1.cm-1) at max 462.5 nm .Beer’s law is obeyed in the range of 0.2 –2.5 μg.ml-1 and the stability constant was found to be 1x108 L2.mole2-.
The relative standard deviation, recovery and relative error values of method were found to be R.S.D% = 1.6, Re % = 98.84,and Erel % = -1.16. The most important interference were due to Hg2+,Cd2+,CrO42-, Ag+, Ni2+ and Co2+ , and suitable masking agents were used. The method was applied successfully for the determination of zinc in clay of shaat Al-Hilla.

A batch and flow injection (FI) spectrophotometric methods have been developed for the determination of methyl dopa in aqueous solution and in pharmaceutical tablets preparation. The methods are based on the reaction of methyl dopa with tyramine in the presence of potassium metaperiodate as oxidizing agent. The water soluble orange colour produced was measured at λmax 481 nm.linearity was observed from 0.5-20 and from 1-50 μg ml-1 methyl dopa with quantification limits of 0.20 and 0.43 μg- ml-1 methyl dopa by batch and FI procedure respectively. The effect of chemical and physical parameters have been carefully considered and the proposed procedures were successfully applied to the determination of methyl dopa in tablet pharmaceutical formulation.

A new method for the determination of Urea in human blood serum based on Flow Injection Analysis (FIA) is described. This method is relay on the decrease in the reduction peak height (Hp) of Sodium nitroprusside Na2[Fe(CN)5NO].2H2O which appeared at (-0.55 V) vs. (Ag/AgCl, Sat. KCl) using phosphate buffer (pH=6.8) as a supporting electrolyte and carrier through the enzymatic reaction in the presence of Urease. The method is sensitive and rapid and the procedure was successfully applied to determination of Urea quantity in various human blood serum samples represent different cases such as: Dehydration (for Children), Heart failure, Liver failure and Kidney failure (for Adults).
The results for FIA method have been compared with those obtained from the colorimetric method for (45) samples and show a good agreement between the two methods with correlation coefficient (r = 0.99997).

Liquid-Liquid extraction of palladium by using Dibenzo-18-Crown-6 (DB18C6) dissolved in 1,2-dichloroethane (1,2-DCE) has been investigated. The distribution ratio (DPd) and percent of extraction (EPd %) were determined as a function of crown ether and palladium concentration, pH value, shaking time ,presence of salt media ( NH4Cl ,KCl, NaCl ) and solvent polarity. Depending on the mole ratio analysis method, it was suggested that the most tolerable categories were [(M+DB18C6)2 (PdCl4)-2] where M+ are ( NH4+ ,K+ ,Na+ )
The thermodynamic extraction data indicated that the extraction was dependent on the temperature and the Vant Hoff plot was linear over the temperature range studied (283-313 K). The result is ΔHex. has a positive value (endothermic) due to the extend of bonding between cation and the donor atoms of crown ether cavity and solvation energy changes, ΔSex. has a positive value, and ΔGex. has a negative value (spontaneous process) and the complex was stable at higher temperature.

Surface active materials have many applications in medicine. Attapulgite clay
used in medicine as antidiarrheal, and as additives in some pharmaceutical
formulations. Metronidazole drug is widely used as antiprotozoal drug in the treatment
of amoebic dysentery and amoebic liver abscess. Drug overdose may treated by
adsorbents especially by activated charcoal suspension to prevent further absorption,
but usually it is unacceptable to drink. Hence, in this work a study was carried out to
estimate the ability of attapulgite clay as adsorbent for metronidazole overdose in vitro
as a possible alternative for activated charcoal.
The change in the concentration of metronidazole after incubation of known
concentration of aqueous metronidazole solutions with attapulgite was measured as
the adsorbed quantity. UV-Visible spectrophotometry technique was used to follow
the quantity of the adsorbed drug. The adsorption also occurred in 0.1N HCl solution
to simulate the acidity of the stomach. The adsorption experiments were repeated at
(12, 25, 37.5, and 50ºC) to measure the thermodynamical parameters (ΔHº, ΔGº, ΔSº).
Adsorption of metronidazole on attapulgite obeyed Freundlich adsorption
isotherm of S2 type according to Giles classification of adsorption isotherm in
solution. The maximum quantity adsorbed tends to be slightly increased in acidic
medium (0.1N HCl) especially at low concentration of the drug. The thermodynamic
parameters values were (ΔHº=-19.86 KJ.mol-1, ΔGº=-17.994
KJ.mol-1, and ΔSº=6.25 J.mol-1ºK-1).
Metronidazole drug can be adsorbed by attapulgite clay surface at low
concentration of the drug and the quantity of the adsorbed drug increased with
increasing the initial concentration of the drug. The adsorption quantities were
decreased with increasing temperature indicating an exothermic adsorption process
which also reinforced by the values of thermodynamic parameters. Acidity has a slight
effect on adsorption.

New heterocyclic azo dye ligand 2-[1-(2-Hydroxy-5-methyl phenyl)azo]-4,5-
diphenyl imidazole (HMAI), was prepared by reacting a diazonium salt solution of 2-
amino-4-methyl phenol with 4,5-diphenyl imidazole in alkaline pyridine. Six complexes
with Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Cd, and Hg were prepared and characterized using available
techniques. The analytical data show that the metal to ligand ratio in all complexes is
(1:2).

The effect of gamma-radiation has been studied directly on some solid complexes cobalt
(II) and nickel (II) complexes having the formula [M2(LH2)2(AH2)2(NO3)2](NO3)2 ,
[M2(LH2)2(AH2)2Xn] and [M2(SCH)2(AH)2] (where M = Co+2 or Ni+2, AH2 = any of the
following carboxylic acid “ salicylic acid–SH2 , anthranilic acid–AnH2 or phthalic acid–PH2”,
LH2=salicylaldehyde semicarbazone–SCH2 or salicylaldehyde thiosemicarbazone-STH2 , X=
CO3
-2 or CH3CO2
- ; n = 0, 2 or 4). Ionization and excitation of these complexes have been
achieved . The melting or decomposition points, conductivities and electronic spectral data have
been indeed related to the final stable products . The results showed that some of the complexes
have been decomposed by gamma ray, others complexes have not been affected . Very
interesting results have been obtained in the case of, [Co2(SH2)2(SCH2)2(NO3)2](NO3)2 ,
[Ni2(SH2)2(STH2)2(NO3)2](NO3)2 , [Co2(SH)2(SCH)2] , [Ni2(AnH2)2(STH2)2(NO3)2](NO3)2 ,
[Ni2(PH2)2(STH2)2(NO3)2](NO3)2 , [Co2(PH)2(SCH)2] in which a sort of polymerization have
been exhibited after their radiolysis .

The tire black sidewall is the outer surface that protects the casing against
weathering. It is formulated for resistance to weathering, ozone aging, abrasion,
tearing and cracking, and for good fatigue life by using blends of natural rubber and
cis-1.4- butadiene rubber.
The tire black sidewall uses blends of natural rubber and cis-1.4-butadiene
rubber are used to achieve desired physical properties; however, use of these
elastomers requires protection against ozone aging in order to maintain desirable
properties over the lifetime of the tire. Protection against ozone aging is of particular
interest since reaction with these olefinically unsaturated elastomers results in
polymer decomposition via chain scission. Ethylene propylene diene terpolymer has
proved most effective. However, its use also results in a surface discoloration, and
thus it can be used in sidewall compound when the tire appearance is also an
important factor.
The best formulations are obtained in the presence of 40,50 phr EPDM to achieve
desired physical properties. Improved ozone resistance was obtained by using 40 and
50 phr of EPDM rubber in the compound there is no cracking throughout the life of
the black sidewall compound. Blends of NR/BR/ EPDM with up to 50 phr of EPDM
rubber afforded adhesion levels greater than that of a natural rubber model sidewall.
Compounds containing NR /BR/ EPDM blends with 2 phr of the 6PPD antiozonant
provided the best dynamic ozone resistance.
Blending of EPDM with NR and BR enhances the abrasion resistance.
However, elongation at break and tear strength values are highest for those
compounds having high contents of NR and Butadiene rubber.

AbstractThe tautomerism reactions of one oxime molecule and seven Schiff bases derived from 2- hydroxy-1- napthaldehyde with an appropriate aliphatic and aromatic amines were studied . The study is mainly concerned with the tautomerism reactions of the above mentioned imines . This requires the measurements of UV absorption spectra of imines 2-9 under the influence of different pH values in the range 4-10 and different temperatures. This is accomplished by the evaluation of equilibrium constants K1 and K2 for the tautomerism and isomerization reactions respectively and for imines 3-7 The remaining imines 2,8 and 9 undergo a tautomerism reaction only . The result shows that the extent of keto and enol forms in these imines are altered by the variation of both , pH and temperature . The processes of tautomerism and isomerization reactions are proved by the evaluation of thermodynamic parameters which were measured in ethanol and 1,2- dichloroethane . The ΔH values calculated for both reactions indicate an exothermic reactions type.Also these reactions being either spontaneous or nonspontaneous as confirmed from the sign and value of ΔG estimated .Finally the calculated negative entropies values ΔS , support these reactions stated above and are accompanied by loss of keto entropy .Finally , a suitable explaination for the last behavior is given and discussed .

Diethylmalonate was reacted with carbon disulfide and potassium hydroxide in dioxane to give the bidentate ligand L {when L = potassium (1,1-dicarboethoxy-2,2-dithioethene}.
The reaction of the ligand with some metal ions (NiII, PdII and ReV) in methanol under nitrogen with (2: 1) ligand: metal ratio resulted in a stable anionic complexes of the general formula: K2[M(L)2], K[ReO(L)2], (where: M = NiII, PdII, L=1,1-dicarboethoxy-2,2-dithioethene).
All compounds have been characterised by some spectroscopic methods (I.R, U.V-vis, HPLC, atomic absorption) microanalysis and conductivity measurements. These studies showed that, the geometry around Ni and Pd is square planar, while Re complex adopted square pyramid geometry

Toxoplasmosis has a high prevalence rate of infection in different countries of the Arab world including Iraq. Trace elements such as copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), and magnesium (Mg) have an important chemical and biological roles and may changed in different diseases. The aim of this work is to study the correlation of the mode of changes in serum Cu, Zn, and Mg concentrations and the infection by Toxoplasma gonadii in (IFAT) seropositive women.
Two hundred Iraqi women who have frequent abortion and their sera are positive in toxoplasmosis test (IFAT) in addition to 100 women for controls (who have no abortion) were participated in this study. Serum Cu, Zn, and Mg were determined by the atomic absorption spectrophotometry.
The results of this study revealed that serum copper was markedly elevated (p<0.05) and serum zinc was significant decreased (p<0.05) in Toxoplasmosis-seropositive women as compared with control. While there is no significant difference in serum magnesium in the patients group as compared with control.
There are different modes of changes in the serum level of Cu, Zn, and Mg in patients as compared with normal controls and these modes are explained according to the immunity response.