Mesopotamia Journal of Agriculture

The study area, is forming a part of the Sulaimani Governorate, in the
North-east part of Iraq approximately between latitude 35° 10′- 35° 28′ N and
longitude 45° 35′-46° 20′ E. , The objective of the study is to determine the
dominant landuse/landcover types in Sharazur plain by using remote sensing
techniques.
The results indicated that there are 12 classes of landuse/landcover, class (9)
which represented canals and ditches was the smallest area (306.41ha) form the
0.072% of total area, while class (6) represents vegetation 3 is the largest part from
Sharazur plain with about (114590.88ha) form the 26.85% of total area. Also the
research showed that the most abundant landcover in studied area was vegetation
which consists about 38.11% of Sharazur area. The bare soils followed after
vegetation by consisting of 35.11% of studied area. Water is a third landcover in
Sharazur which consists of about 4.2% of the studied area with about (17940.14)ha.
Also the distribution pattern of urban group which includes roads and residential in
the study area represents (2.35%) of the total areawith an area of (10033.82)ha,
While the distribution pattern for of agricultural group which includes vegetation1,
vegetation 2 and vegetation 3 consists of the highest part of Sharazur plain with an
area of (162639.8)ha with about 38.11% of total area,but group 4 represents
different soils represents about (35.11%) with total area of (149850.66)ha

The main objectives of this research are to assess the educational and training
requirements of farmers in Al-Ta’mim governorate in the field of using and
maintaining the center pivot sprinkler irrigation systems and identifying the
differences between these requirements according to some independent factors. The
research sample consisted of 142 farmers representing 60% of the total number of
farmers who were using these systems. The data was collected through a
questionnaire form and utilizing the Borich equation. After testing the validity and
reliability of the questionnaire, the data acquisition commenced through personal
interview, the data then were analyzed by using analysis of variance and step-wise
regression analysis. The results showed that 94% of farmers require medium to high
levels of education and training and that there are significant differences in these
requirements according to: educational level, number of months of utilizing the
system, annual income, size of holding, and communication level with information
sources. Yet, there are no significant differences according to readiness to change
and social norms. It is also found that the (number of months of utilizing the
system) is the most contributing factor in the interpretation of the variance of the
educational and training requirements

This research aims at identifying the attitudes of rural youth towards
agricultural work in talkef District and relationship with some variables.
Questionnaire used in data collection consist of two parts first one included personal
social, economical, communicational. part consisted of (26) items to measure attitudes of rural young’s towards agricultural work. The data collected
from 80 farmers which represent 5% of population. After testing the validity of the
questionnaire, reliability was measured by using split-half method. The data were
collected by personal interview and analyzed by using(:Person’s correlation) The
results revealed that (71.25%)of respondent were of negative attitudes towards the
agriculture work, (26.25%) were of nutral and (2.50%) of respondents were of
positive attitudes. Also the results showed that there were positive relationship
between attitudes of rural youth towards the agriculture work and variables(age,
members of family involved in agricultural work, agricultural cultivated area,
cosmopolitans). But there were no relationship between attitudes of rural youth
owards the agriculture work and variables, level of education, type of carrier type of
farm ownership,).

This experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of germination media and
three temperatures on five male strains of pistachio at research center of agriculture
faculty – Aleppo,(Arab center),.In this experiment, the rates of pollen germination were
tested in different germination media (sucrose 10%, sucrose 10%+0.25 gr. boric acid P
L. and sucrose 10%+0.0625 gr. boric acid P L.) with 3 temperature levels( 10,20 and
30◦
c) .The media was contain 3 gr. agar per liter of water. The results showed that
male strain 36 was gave the best germination rate, (78.33 % and tube length
796.1micron) as compared with other strains ,and male strain 47 was the lower
(63.11%,511.3 micron) tube germination and tube length (63.11%,511.3 micron)
respectively, but all were gave high rates of germination. sucrose 10% media gave the
best germination rate (77.07%) and sucrose 10%+ 0.25 gr. boric acid P L. gave the
lowest germination rate (62.2%), sucrose 10%+0. 0.25 gr. boric acid P L. gave
highest tube germination length (777.68micron), where as 10% sucrose +0.0 625gr.
boric acid P L. was the lowest tube length (499.88micron) .On the other hand, 30◦
c
gave the best germination rate and pollen tube germination length (88.73%and 1005.26
micron), however 10◦
c gave lowest rates of these parameters (45.53% and, 244.3
micron) for germination rate and tube pollen length respectively. Generally, all media
were gave highest significant results in germination rates and pollen tube length for all
strains at all temperatures. we conclude that sucrose 10%was better media for pollen
germination and sucrose 10%+0. 25 gr. boric acid P L.was the best for pollen tube
length .

The research included descriptive analysis depending upon describing
relations within the field (scope) of the study in order to find solutions for problems
facing the usage of waters in Iraq by analyzing phenomena related to water
resources and the best ways in using them . Throughout the next two decades, the
problem will increase seriously in the light of the supply of Iraqi water resources
and the increase of demand upon water resources due to the increase in population
and the increase of water needs in various uses from another . The deterioration of
water positions will be reflected severely upon agricultural production . The
increase in demand for water resources for unagricultural uses will be actually an
adverse effect upon the fixed supply for these resources and on the expense of
resources not specialized for agriculture . Infact, the main aim in this field will
contain two parts : the first is about developing and protecting water resources and
this from the side of supply . the second is about good usage of water resources
from the side of demand . These factors are connected with technical issues
constituted in the frame work of water policies related to the topic .

The present study was carried out to study the micropropagation of Gardenia
(Gardenia jasminoides) by using single nodes excised from soft cuttings using half
strength MS salts, 30gl-1
sucrose, 7gl-1 Agar and different concentrations of plant
growth regulators in culture medium. Results of the experiment at initiation stage
revealed that the culture of single nodes of Gardenia on a medium containing 5mgl1BA gave the highest number of shoots (2.2 shoots/explant). Concerning the
interaction, a nutrient medium containing (2 mgl-1 BA+ 0.4 mgl-1
IAA) gave the
highest values of average number of shoots and leaves and length of new shoots
(1.6 shoots/explant, 2 leaves/explant, 1.6cm respectively). At vegetative
multiplication stage, the results showed that the medium supplemented by 2 mgl-1
BA gave the highest values of average number of shoots and leaves and length of
new shoots (2.20 shoots/explant, 3.20 leaves/explant, 1.80cm respectively), whereas
the medium supplemented by 0.3 mgl-1
IAA gave the highest number of shoots and
length of new shoots. In order to promote the shoots produced at vegetative
multiplication stage to root, it was noticed that the treatment of 8mgl-1NAA gave
the highest percentage of rooting (90%) and the medium supplemented by 12mgl-1
IAA gave (100%) rooting. Plantlets obtained were transferred to pots and
acclimatized with 95 % success.

The experiment was carried out in Horticulture and Landscape design Dept. on
two cultivars of carnation Plants Dianthus caryophyllus, Jeanne Dionis Blano white
flowers and Marie Chabaud Jaune yellow flowers, to study the effect of pulse
treatment(2h) with sucrose at 0, 5 and 10% interacted with 0, 300 and 600 mg/l of
8-hydroxyquinoline sulfate (8-HQS) in holding solution on vase life flowers. So
Factorial Experiment was conducted by using Randomized Design with three
replicate and three flowers for each. The results showed: plants of white flowers
cultivars manifested the significant results in vase life, water uptake, change in fresh
weight percent after 2 days and glucose concentration in flowers and stems at initial
stage of vase life. Flowers pulsed in 5% sucrose gave significant higher values of
vase life 11.5 days, water uptake 14.0 cm3
, glucose concentration in flowers and
stems at initial stage of vase life. Flowers treated with 300 mg/liter 8-HQS gave
best results of vase life, higher percent increase in fresh weight after 2 days. In
general, pulsing white cultivar flowers in 10% sucrose, then hold in 300 mg/liter 8-
HQS manifested best result of vase life.

This investigation had been conducted in an special orchard in Al-Hawija
town Kirkuk governorate for two growing seasons during 2005 and 2006 growing
seasons in order to study the effect of NPK fertilizer and foliar application of iron
and gibberellic acid (GA3) and their interactions on the chemical characteristics of
Pomegranate (Punica granatum L.) trees CV. Salemy (local variety) .The trees were
fertilized with compound fertilizer (NPK) at rates of (0 , 440 and 880) Kg/Hectare ,
and were sprayed with iron (Fe –EDDHA) which contains 6% Fe at rates of (0 , 100
and 200) mg Fe/l . While the gibberellic acid (GA3) used at rates of (0 , 100 and
200) mg GA3/l . The results of the experiments are summarized as follows: Adding
of 880 kg NPK/Hectare caused a significant decreased of (TSS), the total acidity
(TA), the percentage of reducing sugars (glucose, and fructose) and anthocyanin
pigments in the berries. Foliar application with 200 mg Fe/l caused a significant
increase in (TSS), total acidity (TA), percentage of reducing sugars (glucose and
fructose) and anthocyanin pigments in the berries. Spraying with 200 mgGA3/l.
caused decreasing the percentage of (TSS), (TA), reducing sugars (glucose and
fructose) and caused a significant increase in anthocyanin pigments in the berries
for the first season.

This investigation had been conducted in an special orchard in Al-Hawija
town - Kirkuk governorate during 2005 and 2006 growing seasons in order to study
the effect of NPK fertilizer and foliar application of iron and gibberellic acid (GA3)
and their interactions on concentration of some minerals in leaves and berries of
Pomegranate (Punica granatum L.) trees Salemy CV. (local variety) .Results of
both seasons summarized as follows: Adding of the 880 kg NPK/Hec. caused a
significant increasing the concentration of nitrogen and iron in leaves and fruit
berries nutrient , while adding 440 Kg NPK/Hec. caused a significant increasing the
concentration of phosphorus and potassium in leaves and fruit berries .The foliar
application with 200mg Fe/l caused a significant increasing the concentration of
nitrogen (in first season) and phosphorus and potassium in leaves and fruit berries
in both seasons. The spraying with 100mg GA3/l caused a significant increasing the
concentration of nitrogen (in first season) and potassium in leaves and fruit berries
in both seasons. The spraying with 200 mg GA3/l caused a significant increasing the
concentration of nitrogen (in second season) , phosphorus and iron leaves and fruit
berries in both seasons. Interaction results were asserted that adding of the 440 kg
NPK/Hec.+200mg Fe/l +100mg GA3/l caused a significant increased the
concentration of nitrogen in leaves, adding 440 kg NPK/Hec.+200mg Fe/l+200mg
GA3/l caused a significant increased the concentration of phosphorus in leaves and
fruit berries, adding 440 kg NPK/Hec.+100mg Fe/l + 100 mg GA3/l caused
significant increased of potassium in leaves and fruit berries, adding 880 kg
NPK/Hec.+200mg Fe/l+200mg GA3/l caused a significant increased of iron
concentration in leaves and fruit berries for both seasons .

This research was conducted at the Department of Horticulture science and
landscape design College of Agriculture and forestry Mosul University , Iraq, during
the growing season 2006-2007 this study was to investigate the effect of soil mulching
on growth and yield of two varieties of Strawberry (Hapil and Kaisers samling) and
three types of mulches (Polyethylene, black plastic and straw) were used in addition to
control (without mulching).The experiment design was split-split plot within (RCBD)
with three replicates , each experimented unit included 9 plants, all results were tested
by using Duncan\'s multiple range test at probability of 5%.The obtained results could
be summarized as follows: Most vegetative growth and yield characteristics were
significantly increased in Hapil variety as compared with Kaisers samling variety. Soil
mulching by three types of mulches caused a significant increased in leaf area and
number of stolen per plants. Average weight of fruit increased significant by straw
mulching. The highest percentage of (TSS) recorded by black plastic mulching, at the
same time, soil mulching by Polyethylene caused a significant increased in number of
flowers per plants. There was different effects of interaction treatments between types
of mulches and variety on vegetative, flowering growth and yield characteristics.

The study aimed to recognize cultivators motivations to participate in the National Program For Cotton Cultivation Development, and to determine the reasons for non-participation in the program. The two research samples consist of cultivators who participated and those who did not participated in the Program, the first sample consists of 70 cultivators and the second sample consists of 88 cultivators. Two questionnaires we prepared, The first was prepared to measure motives of cultivators to participate in the Program while the second was prepared to determine the reasons for non-participating in the Program. The data was analyzed by using means and percentage. The results showed that the motivations of 78% of the repondents were weak to moderate, and that the economic motives occupied the first rank order, and the main reasons for non-participating were economic reasons. Though, we recommend to reinforce the cultivators by introducing financial support through the government and provide agricultural inputs with reasonable prices.

Five Hamdani rams weighting56-64 kghave beenincludedin thisexperiment. Atotal of 120 semensampleswere collected. The objectivesof thisexperimentwereto investigate the effect ofseasonal variationsonthephysicalpropertiesof the semen, includingvolume,color,massmotility, individual motility,and percentageofdead andlive sperm,percentageofsperm abnormalitypercentageand sperm concentrationandpHof seminalplasma. Biochemical propertiesofseminal plasmatheyaretransaminases enzymesAST,ALT,alkalinephosphateenzyme(ALP) total protein , albumin, globulins and totalcholesterol. Resultshow asignificanteffect(P<0.01) of the seasonal variation on the physical andbiochemical properties of seminalwerealso determined. Increased ejaculate volumeand change in colour to creamy were recorded highermotility of mass andindividual sperms in summer seasonwere recorded,whileincrease numberofdeadand abnormal sperms were recordedin winter, sperm concentration/ml.increased(P<0.01)in summer and spring in comparismwithother three seasons.Concerningthe biochemicalproperties,the result showed thattherewasincreased(P<0.01)activityofASTenzymein winter,whilenoeffectoftheseasonsonthe activitytheALTenzyme.TheALP,total protein and globulins weresignificantly (P<0.01)increased in summer, while albuminwas increased (P<0.01)in autumn andwinter.Thetotal cholesterol concentrationdecreased (P<0.01) insummer.These resultsindicated werethat the bestseason forbreeding Hamdani ram summerseason

Theobjectives of this research were to determine the leveloffarmersexposure inAl-Gayara District Nenevahprovince tosome agricultural extensionmethods:Individualextensionmethods, groupextension methodsand massextension methods, and to findout if significant differences exist in the degree ofthese exposure according to some variables. The researchsample included 86respondents, the data werecollected through ainterview, after testing the validityand reliability of theinterview, the researchers used Arithmetic mean,Kruskal-Wallis test andt-test to analyze the data. It was found that there were lowlevelexposure for 70.93% of the respondents to all extension methods,also it was foundthat there were significant differences in the degreeofexposure according tovariables:education level, degreeofdependenceon agricultural work and years ofwork in agriculture,while there were no significant differences according to: typesof land tenure and type of family

The Papertries to measure growthrates andtolimit the Volume of growthresourcesfor exploringthe Capabilities of development in agricultural Sector of theArabstates(Saudi Arabia,Morocco,Egypt,Tunisia and Syria)for the period 1980-2003.This has been made through Knowing the changes taken place in theagriculturalproduct. Therelation between agricultural product beingarelevantVariance and the Factors which limit it(Land,Labour,Capital)being independentVariances.Also,Factors Participation in production growth has been estimated byapplying the Formula of TaylorExpansion. TotalFactor production(TFP)has beenfound and it was clear that there was a growth in total productionforthe aborementioned stateswerea differences in production growth between anotherstate.SaudiArabia has got higher ratio in the growth of its production by 91.3%Morocco87.39% ,Tunisia 71.48%, Egypt 62.11%, As ForSyria, ithas got the last grade byits slow growth with a rtio of 5.18-%.Therefor, the paper recommends to reviewtheprograms of agricultural economic development the best way to exploit itsagricultural resources

The importanceof the paper defines that economic adjustment policies andstructuralchange have a deep impacton economic development and agriculturalpoverty in the future of development economies .Studies and papershavetackledvarious reflections of these policies upon economicof agricultural developing states.Therefore ,the problemcomes to confirm that these reflectionsmight be translatedat the end intothe fact that the impact in levels of agricultural poverty .The paperaims at studyingthis relationby answering the followingquestion :Can theprograms of economic adjustment and agricultural change be fulfilled withoutmakinggreat problems for the poor ?How can these programs be able to improvethe life of the poor for along-term by depending on the hypothesis which says thateconomic policies have not created these effects in the rate of agricultural productand in the formwhich create significant effects in the direction ofelevatingrates ofagriculturalpoverty through eliminatingthe variance in distributing agriculturallands .The study has limited a selected sample fromdeveloping states of the year2004 .Throughout the study ,results ofstandardandstatistical analysis weresignificant and the relation between the rate ofagricultural growth and Giniindicator inside theagricultural sector as being dependent variant .This means thatthe advantages of growth means thatthe advantages of growth are not distributed equally for therewas no clear relation between growth and poverty ,considering thatlow levels of variance should have been of different effects in growth incomparisonwith high levels of variance .For this reason ,each state must face acertainlevel ofvariance and degrees of variance differ across various states bydepending uponstructural factors .Therefore ,achievingsustainable growth to be distributed equallyis consideredasabasicfactor in decreasing poverty levels

The study included both descriptive and quantitive analysis for thereality of production and consumption for the wheat crop in Iraq during the period1980-2006 in addition to its future exceptions till the year 2015. Results of analysishave revealed that yearly increase in consumed quantities of wheat exceeds theyearly increase of produced quantities. This explains that the food gap is large andreached critical levels due to many factors like the high rates in population growthand the improvedlevels of income and the decrease of areas of land cultivated aswell as the type of consumption from this crop. Therefore the imbalanceddistribution of economic resources specialized for producing wheat crop. The gapstarted to become large during time and this needed to limit and estimate the mostimportant factors which effect production increase to the level reaching theachieved increase of population in order to avoid the negative effects of food gapand to prevent this gap not to be expanded . Thestudy reached that futureexpectation to produce wheat crop in increased slowly and dose not suit with theexpected increases of population numbers. The study also ended with the necessityto encourage local investment in cultivating wheat and ton depend upon agriculturalpolicies which share in elevating the largest amount of economic efficiency inproducing wheat crop in Iraq

The research aims at studying and analysis the determining factors ofagricultural production inIraq and showing the effect of sharing them inthe growthand development of agricultural production for the period (1985-2005)valuesofagricultural domestic product have been adopted being an affiliatedVarianas wellas thedeterminingfactors and they are : agricultural capital, agricultural work, the farming area, mechanical technology, chemical technology and climatic variablesbeing an independent variables to represent the relation ship among them.It hasbeen confirmed through results of analysis that there is an effect forsomeindependent factors, agricultural work, the farming area and chemical technology inboth growth and development of agricultural product ratios of participation in eachelement have been calculated in the development of the affiliated element .It hasbeen clear that thechemical technology has a larger participation (contribution)amounted 64.7% and the farming area 57.8% ,the capital 31.6% then theagriculturalwork 14.7% ,climatic variables-14.5% and finally the mechanictechnology-54.5%,this shows that the agricultural sector inIraq suffers from thelack ofoptimumuse of agricultural resources which requires the adoption of aneffective agricultural policy through the usage of agricultural plans by using anagricultural policy and modern technology as well as the large financial supportgiven to the farmer and the secured high prices for his products as well as customsprotection as long as this sector represents an important location in the nationaleconomy.المصادر )١٩٩٤" .(الزراعة العربیة"، الخرطوم.)٢٠٠١(."الأردن)١٩٧٥-١٩٩٩ "(قیاسیة، مجلة العلوم الإداریة ،الأردن ،٢٨)٢: (٢٧٨-٢٨٤.الدبوني، وداد أدور وادي )١٩٩٦(.")١٩٧٠-١٩٩٠( . "رسالة دكتوراه في العلوم الاقتصادیة، كلیة الإدارةوالاقتصاد، جامعة البصرة.)٢٠٠١" .("أسامةالد باغ ، عمان :١٢٢.الشھوان، نوفل قاسم علي )٢٠٠٧(." "مر كز ا ل در اسات الإقلیمیة-جامعة الموصل.العناد، مجذاب بدر )١٩٨٤" .(المدخل إلىالإدارةالزراعیة"، كلیة الإدارةوالاقتصاد، جامعة البصرة :١٨٦.النعیمي)١٩٩٧(."مص ا در نمو الإنتاج)١٩٦٨-١٩٩٣(. "رسالة دكتوراه، كلیة الزراعة والغابات، جامعة الموصل.)١٩٩٩(.""، مجالزراعیة، الأردن ،٢٦)٢ : (٢٩٩-٣٠٥.Al Najafi, Saliem T.andMajeed A.Hussain (1993)."Estimates of Agricultural ProductionFunction in Iraq : 1970-1986, AN Econometrics analysis", Mutah J.for Research andStudies, 8(5) : 79-86.Gerdin,Anders, (2002). "Productivity and Economic Growth in Kenyian Agriculture,(1964-1996), American Journal of Agricultural Economics, 27(1) :7-15.Pfeiffer Liasm(2003). "Agricultural Productivity growth in Audean", American Journal ofagricultural Economics, 85 (5) : 1335.

Cotton's crop is consideredto beone of the strategic crops inIraq,it is animportantsourcesfor fibers which are used in textiles as willas usingitsseeds invegetable oil industry. It is one of the important irrigated crops in Ninevehprovince. Due to the costincrease and decrease in productionsize and theremotproduction than the optimumsize.these allaffected the acre yield . thus,we tried tounderstand to what extent can the farmens achieve size economies through fielddata which included (30) farmers representing 8.57% from the contracted farmerswith the nationalprogram to develop cottons agriculture for the season 2005 .It isclear from studying productive situation for the period (1988-2004) thatthere is anexpansion in cultivated area production and productivity with the positive annualgrowth rate about (0.01,0.06,0.07) respectively .The statistical analysis for theapplied example has shown that there is an opposite relationship between farms sizeand productivity and also the function of costs was cubic andthe best size forproduction in long–run is 12.39ton . is for the optimum area it can be exploition itform cottons farmers is 25.52 acre.Therefore, it is necessary to use moderntechnologies in production which contribute in increasing the yield in order to fillapart of the country's need from thiscrop

This experiment was conducted in Agricultural Research center of Ainkawa /Erbil / Iraq,during the growing season 2005-2006. The aim of this experiment wasto investigate the effect of planting dates and plant density on flowering and yield oftwo varieties of strawberry (Fragaria×ananassaDuch.) Three planting dates 20thsep., 10thoct. And 30thoct. In 2005 and three plant densities (46000, 23000 and15332 plants/Hec) with two varieties of strawberry “ Kaiser's samling and Hapil”had been investigated. The annual hill system were used with fixed spacing (1m)between rows. The experimentaldesign was split-split plot within RCBD, with 4replicated and the experimental unit area was 7.2m2. All results were tested by usingDuncan’s multiple range test at probability of 5%.Theobtained results could besummarized as following

Towisolatedexperiments were conducted in the field of the College ofAgriculture & Forestry / University of Mosul , during the 2006 growing season .The first was on Anna cv. young apple trees and the second was on Vistabella cv.young apple trees which were grafted on MM.106rootstock, and planted insandyclay lomy soilat 4×4 meters apart under drip irrigation system,to investigate theeffect of sulphur,nitrogen, ascorbic acidand their interactionson leaves S , N , Pand K concentrations.Three levels of each sulphur ( 0 , 100 and 200 gm. tree-1,S0,S1and S2respectively ), and nitrogen ( 0 , 30 and 60 gm.tree-1, N0, N1and N2respectively )andtwo levels of ascorbic acid ( 0 and 125 mg.L.-1, A0and A1respectively)wereused. The results of both experiments indicated thatSulphurapplication significantlyincrease leavesS , N , Pand K concentration at bothCVS.While nitrogen application leds to significant increase in leaves S and Nconcentration of both cultivarsandK in leaves of Vistabella CV.and significantdecrease of leaves P in both cultivars.Whereas ascorbic acid spray led to significantincrease in leaves N in both cultivars and leaves S,P and K in Anna cultivar.Allinteractionsamongsulphur ,Nitrogen andascorbic acid significantly effectedleaves S ,N, Pand K concentrations on both cultivars,except the effect of SXNand NXAscorbic acid interactions on K concentration in leaves of Anna CV.,andthe effect of SX Ascorbic acid interaction on Sconcentration in leaves ofVistabella CV.The treatment 200gm S.tree-1+ 60gm.N .tree-1+ foliar spray ofascorbic acid at 125mg.L-1was the best, the percentage of S,N,P and K on it was0.34,2.94,0.295 and 1.99 % respectively in leaves of Anna CV.and 0.49,1.81,0.223 and 2.11% respectively in the leaves of Vistabella CV

This study was conducted at growing season of 2002 ـ 2003 at two locations
to study the effect potassium (0 , 36 , 72 , 108) kg.ha-1
added to the soil as potassium
sulfate and three levels of boron (0 , 5 , 10) ppm sprayed to the leaves of sugar beet
and their interaction on the growth ,of sugar beet (Beta vulgaris L.), using randomized
complete block design (R.C.B.D) with three replicates. The quantities characteristic
for the sugar beet crop, which included, weight per one plant, total yield (ton.ha-1
) in
roots. The results show that the use of higher levels of potash fertilizer and sprayed
with boron and their interactions caused a significant effect on yield quantity by
increasing the total yield, yield per one plant and weight per one root. The effect of the
interaction of potassium and boron at higher concentration was more significant than
each factor alone. potash fertilizer treatment at a rate of (108) kg K/ha with (10) ppm
boron gave an increase in each of the characterize in two locations. Higher response to
fertilizer (K and/or B) application was found in the soil of Al -Sheikh Mohamed
location compared with Qaber Al-Abed location, in the root yield quantity by
increasing the total yield Also the fertilizer efficiency were higher in AL-Sheikh
Mohamed soil compared with soil of Qaber Al - Abed at all levels of added potassium
and boron fertilizers.

study was conducted to evaluate sulfate release kinetics in two different
texture of calcareous soil (clay and loamy sand) amended with different levels of
agricultural sulfur and to select the best mathematical models which describes the
mechanism of biological oxidations of sulfur under different time of incubation.
Agricultural sulfur was mixed with soils at rates (0, 5, 10, 20) gm.S-1
. kg-1
soil.
Water was added to raise the soil moisture content to field capacity, the soil samples
were incubated at 298° K. Sulfate release was monorated by using anion capsule
resin (OH-resin) inserted in soil for 1, 7, 14, 21, 35 day. Five kinetics models (zero
order, first order, parabolic diffusion, Elovich and power function). Were applied to
describe sulfate and hydrogen release rate coefficient, in order to select the best
model the results showed a significant increase in the accumulated sulfate release
with sulfur treatments with increasing. The results showed a significant increase in
accumulated H and SO4
=
release with sulfur treatment with increasing incubation
period. The result showed also that parabolic diffusion equation was the best one to
describe the rate coefficient of H+
and SO4
=
that range from 21 to 78 in clay soil and
19 – 69 day -1\2
in loamy soil for hydrogen release while the rate coefficients of SO4
=
release were ranged from 9 to 36 and 19 to 47 day -1\2
for clay and loamy soils
respectively.

Dixired peach transplants which were budded on peach seedling rootstock and
planted on black polyethylene bags containing 9 Kg soil were fertilized with three
levels of sulphur ( 0 , 250 and 500 mg. S Kg-1
soil ) and phosphorus ( 0 , 15 and 30
mg P Kg-1
soil ) .The agriculture sulphur ( 95 % S ) and triple super phosphate ( 22
% P ) used as a source for sulphur and phosphorus respectively , which were mixed
with soil when the transplants planted in the bags at the 17th of febroury at both
seasons . Transplants were sprayed with three levels of GA3 ( 0 , 15 and 30 mg.
GA3 L
-1
) twice at both seasons , first spray was after 45 days from full buds burst ,
while the second was after one month from the first spray . Results indicated that
application of sulphur , phosphorus and GA3 each alone and all interactions among
them significantly increased N , P , K and S concentrations in the leaves in both
seasons , except the effect of GA3 on N concentration in the leaves at both seasons ,
and the effect of phosphorus on leaves K concentration at the second season only .
The treatment 500 mg. S Kg-1
soil + 30 mg. P Kg-1
soil + 30 mg. GA3 L
-1
. was the
best , which gave the highest means of P , K and S at both seasons , the
concentration of N , P , K and S on it was respectively 2.38 , 0.19 , 2.31 and 0.27 %
in the first season and 2.57 , 0.23 , 3.38 and 0.35 % in the second season

This experiment was conducted on 40 unsexed broiler chicks(ROSS) one day
old to study the effect of using added fat (sunflower oil) in the finisher ration on
some productive traits and rate of feed passage. The chicks were raised on floor in
the first four weeks of age on starter ration with 2890 Kcal/kg ME and 22.43% CP
.At four weeks of age 40 birds were selected randomly and distributed in single

This study was carried out by using 9 Awassi Lambs, 10-12 months of age
with average body weight 48.25kg. The lambs were divided into three groups each
of three lambs, and fed on one of the three rations which contained different levels
of undegradable protein (UDP) (20, 40, 60%) of the total protein of the rations.
Results indicated that there were no significant effect of the different levels of UDP
on dry and organic matter and crud protein digestibility. While, the digestibility
coefficient of ether extract was highly (P < 0.01) increased in group fed on the
rations contained 40 or 60% UDP as compared with 20% UDP, it was ranged
between 60.39 – 82.28%. The digestibility coefficient of neutral detergent fiber and
acid detergent fiber were significantly (P < 0.01) in the ration contained 40% UDP
as compared with 20 and 60% UDP. The average digestibility coefficient were
ranged between 52.26 – 63.3 % and 36.68 – 49.52% respectively. Rumen liquor pH
before feeding was not affected by UDP levels, but it was significantly (P < 0.01)
decreased 4hrs after feeding in 20 and 40% UDP (5.82 and 5.83) as compared with
60% UDP (6.14). In contrast, ammonia concentration in rumen liquor was
significantly (P < 0.01) decreased before feeding in ration (60% UDP) 4.29
mg/100ml. as compared with ration (20 and 40% UDP) 9.24 and 8.43mg/100ml.
While ammonia concentration were similar in the samples taken 4hrs after feeding
in all rations. The calculated microbial protein synthesis according to the digested
organic matter was significantly (P < 0.01) higher in the lambs fed on 40% UDP
(128.16g/d) as compared with 20 and 60% UDP (109.45 and 109.03 g/d)
respectively, Statistical analysis of blood constituents showed no significant
difference between the three levels of UDP on blood glucose, total protein, albumin
globulin and triglyceride concentration.

The study was conducted to investigate the effect of Zingber Officinale on
liver, heart and small intestine in male and female local rabbits by measuring the
levels of Alanine aminotransferase (ALT), Aspartate aminotransferase (AST),
Alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and Acid phosphatase (ACP) enzymes. Twenty rabbits
(8 - 9 months age) were divided into 2 group, ten rabbits each: 5 males and 5
females was the control group and 10 rabbits was the treated group. The control
group was given the standard ration and water, the treated group was given
Zingiber Officinale powder 1000 mg/kg in addition to the daily ration for
4 weeks. The results showed that there was a significant decrease in ALT and AST
enzymes levels in liver, heart and small intestine, and significant increase in ALP
and ACP enzymes levels in liver , heart and small intestine.

A total of 107 fishes of crusian carp, Carassius carassius L.,1785 were
caught from Tigris-river during March, April and May for determinating of
fecundity,sex ratio and age at sexual maturity.It was shown that absolute fecundity
ranged between 3360-79402 eggs for total length of 117.3-264mm, while the
relative fecundity was ranged between 119.6-316.9 eggs for each gram of body
weight for the total weight of 21.8-250.5 gm. the largest egg dimeter was 1.5mm and the most correlation of fecundity was with gonad weight (o.99). Females were
most dominant during the three months and the total sex ratio for the total fishes
was 26.04%:73.96%(males: females). Chi-squares showed differences between the
sex ratio (x2
, p<0.05).Age at sexual maturity was 119 and 123 for males and
females respectively at the second year (I+
) of age, and T-test showed no difference
between length and weight between males and females (p>0.05).

The effect of garden cress ( Lepidium sativum ) on mitotic index (MI) and
formation of micronuclei (Mn) in bone marrow cells of white mice was studied , in
addition to the study of the counter effect of plant juice on MI disruption and Mn
induction by cyclophosphamide (Cp) . The results indicated that Cp reduced the MI to level of positive control after 2 , 4 , 6 days with significant differences compared
to the negative control (P<0.01) , while the plant juice 0.1 , 0.25 , 0.5 ml / animal
administrated orally had no effect and the MI values were similar to the negative
control. Oral administration of juice before administration of the mutagen (R/Cp) or
with the mutagen (R+Cp) helped the tissues to preserve their MI values at natural
level. Administration of juice after the mutagen (Cp/R) resulted in reduction of MI
values compared to the natural values with statistical significant difference (P<0.01)
Results of Mn induction indicated that the quantities of juice used had no effect
on induction of Mn and were significantly different from positive control . Similar
results obtained upon using the treatment (R/Cp), but using the juice with mutagen
(R+Cp) or using the juice after mutagen (Cp/R) elevated the count of Mn with
significant differences (P<0.01) and the case persisted for 6 days (the experiment
duration ) .

The effect of long term administration of carrot roots (2 months) on some
cytogenetic parameters in bone marrow cells of white mice was studied , these
included , mitotic index (MI) , micronuclei formation (Mn ) , and chromosomal
aberrations (Ch . ab .) of different types . In addition the effect was studied in germ
cells (Sperms) by scoring the number and types of sperm – head abnormalities in
comparison of the effect induced by cyclophosphamide (Cp) . Results showed that
Cp reduced the MI to about 44 % of the normal value (6.84), administration of
carrot before the drug (Ca/Cp) raised the index to 74 % of the normal value , while
administration of carrot with the drug (Ca+Cp) restored 92.4 % , and administration
of Cp followed by carrot (Cp/Ca) restored 88.9 % of the normal value . Cp induced
Mn to about 17 times of the baseline value 1.06 .The different treatments with
carrot reduced the Mn to 3.8 – 6.7 times the natural values , and the (Ca/Cp )
treatment was the best . Cp treatment for long time raised the Ch .ab. to about 10
times the natural value 1.62 , these values reduced upon administration of carrot to
about 24.5 – 29.8 % of the positive control 17 , and such effect extended to the
types of Ch. ab. except that of dicentric chromosomes which persisted with high
values , but it was lower than the positive control with statistical difference
(P<0.01) . The drug increased the sperm – head abnormalities to about 18 times
the natural background 1.15 . Different treatments of carrot reduced the level of
abnormalities with significant differences compared to positive control (P<0.01) ,
but the abnormalities were higher than the negative control with statistical
difference (P<0.01) , these results were reflected on the types of abnormalities

Three type of olive oil (Iraqi, Syrian and Spanish)had been taken from the
local makets, the first aim of this study is to determination of phenolic compound s
quantity and chlorophel A&B which transfer from olive to oil after storage in
darknees for three months at 7,15 &30◦C .The second aim of this study was to know
the estimating and analyzing of some factors affecting he quality of oil (refractive
index, relative density, free fatty acid, peroxide value and saponification value).
Organoleptic evaluation was done till the end of the storage period , we used
linear regress analysis to try to find relationship between phenolic compound
content in olive oil and peroxide value and chlorophel A&B content . The results
showed that phenolic compounds and chlorophel content decreased during storage
period for all type of olive oil and all the temperature storage, Thus some of the oil
constants was increased for all type of olive oil and all a degree of storage. The
highest increasing occurred at 30°C , linear regress analysis and %R2 showed that
they found relationship between the two properties, organoleptic evolution showed
that the best type of sample at the end of storage was Syrian, Iraqi and Spanish

The effect of different antibiotics on local and imported bacteria
Bifidobacterium sp., Lactobacillus acidophilus, L. plantarum, L. bulgaricus ,
Streptococcus thermophilus, L. Casie has been studied by using Disk assay . All
bacteria were found to be sensitive to tetracycline at the concentrations 0.1, 0.2
ppm. The inhibition zone ranged from 12-34 mm . All bacteria except L.
acidophilus were inhibited by ampicilline . All bacteria except L. bulgaricus and L.
plantarum were found to be sensitive to streptomycine at the concentrations 0.2, 0.4
ppm . The inhibition zones were 13 and 15 mm, respectively, at concentration of
0.4 ppm . Local and imported L. acidophilus were found to be more sensitive to
erythromycine . None of the bacteria were affected by cephalexine and
chloramphenicol at the concentrations used . All bacteria showed sensitivity toward
ampicilline at concentration of 0.2ppm except Strep. thermophilus, L. bulgaricus
and L. plantarum which were sensitive to this antibiotic at the concentration of
0.1ppm . All bacteria except L. bulgaricus, local and imported L. acidophilus
showed sensitivity to neomycine at the concentrations 0.150 and 0.300 ppm . In
conclusion bacteria differed in antibiotics resistance and this must be taken into
consideration when using these bacteria as starters in dairy products processed from
milk containing residues of antibiotics with inhibiting concentrations to their
growth.

Poverty is considereda complicated phenomenonwhich hasserious social,political and economic dimensions. Poverty scope is unlimited by a certaingeographic region or a certain period oftime. Ifthe problem ofpoverty hadincreasedandwithno solution for it, then, there would have been negativereflections that might have threatened the whole community. Thus, this researchaims at explaining the role of rural development in fighting poverty in Iraq for theperiod 1980-2005 by recognizing the economic variables of development.Therelation represented povertyindex (Individual Share of Income)being a relevantvariable and its Limited factors. These factorsare (AgriculturalInvestment,Investedcapital inagriculture,cultivatedarea, Agricultural Productivity,Inhabitantsof the Countryside, and expenditure on Education) asbeing independentvariables.It has been clear throughout the analysis that there is an effectfor Capital investedin agriculture, agricultural productivity, incomedemandflexibility has beenestimated to recognize theeconomic welfare of agriculturalsector in Iraq. The ratiois1.7%.This signifies that individual income in this sectordoes notachieve thewishes in Consumption.Therefore,agricultural sector inIraq Suffersfrom shortageof providing so many necessary needsfor production, investment and agriculturaltechniques. Thebackwardness of agricultural development in Iraq representsthemost significant features of productivity imbalancesin which the Iraqi economyfaces. This has beenreflected upon poverty in agricultural sector.Peopleliving inrural areas under poverty line from 70-80 %and it is a high percentage .Therefore,it is necessary to use policies and rural developmentprograms which may work toincrease localcapacities andto concentrate upon the poor and to encouragesustainabledevelopment and to find out new chances for work.

Two 10 years old Platanus occidentalis L. trees growing as copies had been
fallen to study the variation in vessel element dimensions and specific gravity
between and within the trees . Eight discs were cut from each tree from the stump
until 14.30 m. with 2 m. interval between each disc. Also ,five wood specimens
were taken from each disc from pith to bark at north direction .The results showed
that the average vessel element length was 0.566 mm. , mean diameter was 79.45
micron, while mean specific gravity was 0.594. Average vessel elements length and
diameter varied throughout stem lengths, there were an increase in these values
from base to 2.30 m. height by which the highest mean values were presented
(0.504 mm and 58.84 micron respectively ), then these values decreased up to the
8.30 m. height level followed by gradual increase to the 10.30 m. height level then it
decrease to the last height level (14.30 m.). Specific gravity mean values decreased
by increasing stem height levels , the highest mean was 0.649 at the stump level
(0.30 m. ) and lowest value was 0.5541 at 14.30 m. height level. Variation of
vessels mean length and diameter among stem diameter level was found to have an
increasing values from pith to bark , the lowest mean value was at the pith ( 0.539
ml. And 74.539 micron respectively ), and the highest mean value was near the bark
( 0.612 mm and 85.o66 micron respectively ). There were decreasing in specific
gravity mean values from pith toward the bark , the highest mean value was near the
pith 0.619 and the lowest value was 0.561 near the bark. Also it was found that
there were significant differences between the trees in vessel diameter and specific
gravity, but there was no significant differences in vessel length between the trees.

The research aims at estimating and analyzing the function of imports ofsome main agricultural products in some developing countries from 1980-2005.Four developing countries were chosen:Egypt, Jordan, Morocco, and Syria. Thesecountries are characterized by increase of the quantities of their imports of fourtypes of agricultural crops:Sesame, wheat, rice, and sugar. An econometrical modelwas used in three formulas which are : linear double-logramatic, and semi–logramatic to estimate the functions of the imports for the mentioned productsduring the research period.To prove the hypothesis,we havedepended on theeconomical theory concepts and the previous studies which discussed the samesubject and collected the variables of study from time serialsdataand to eachcountry individually because they represent its properties and features whichvary

This study was conducted in Nineveh, Humaedat region which located in the
semi guaranteed rain region, for the 2004-2005 agricultural season, to see some
indicators of economic assessment and technological indicators, by taking data from
the four companies (different mechanization systems) to plant wheat and barley
crops for making comparison among them for tillage, planting and harvesting to
find the values of these indicators of the total agricultural operations and the
average of these companies and to compare with some universal values. The
average values of the four companies in the total agricultural operation, showed that
the fuel consumption was 24.8 L/ha, 21.3 L/hr, specific fuel consumption 0.17
L/kw.hr. The percentage of fuel costs from the total costs 7.8% and the percentage
of the fuel cost of mechanization costs 17.5%.While one kw serving area of land
0.76 hectares, the share of the tractors and harvesters of the earth 589 ha/tractor, 688
ha/harvester respectively. the Average of the time work of tractors and harvesters
per year 529 and 419 hr/year respectively. The average productivity of the season
0.42 ha/hr, actual productivity 0.85 ha/hr. The work efficiency of the agricultural
season was 48%, and the human effort 3.07 man.hr/ha. The agricultural worker
share of the land 41.72 ha/man. The cost of mechanization to planting one hectare
was 14382 ID. The percentage of mechanization cost of total costs 44%. The
effectiveness of total capital was 1.48. The effectiveness of mechanization capital
was 3.61 where yields were 264.2 kg/ha

The study aimed at estimating the optimum use levels of seeds, fertilizer,machinery and manual work resources involved in producing Coker 310 and Asurclasses ofcotton depending on field data,season 2001-2002 and for the sample,consistingof 72 farmers in Nimrod district/Ninevah governorate. The risk impacton the optimum levels were studied, because the economic studies that ignore riskin solving the rain-dependent cultivation problems recommend levels, which exceedthe levels of the use imposed by risk. When we compare the optimum levels ofproduction resources under the risk conditions, we observe that they are smallerunder certainty conditions. For the class Coker 310, levels were 1.41% for seeds,13.82% for fertilizers, 3% for machinery and 9.59% for the manual work. The samewere for the class Asur as risk leads to the decrease of use levels with the rates;1.59% for seeds, 13.59% for fertilizers, 2.63% for machinery and 7.31% for themanual work. Results indicated that the class Asur led to decrease the optimum useof seeds and manual work resources, and increased the optimum use of fertilizersand machinery resources compared to the class Coker 310.It isclear that risk-reluctant farmers will respond to the risk conditions they encounter by decreasingtheuselevels of the resources to theminimum. Thisrequires decreasing cottonproduction resources to decrease the economic lossaccompaniesthat.

The effect of Nattrassiae mangiferae ( H. & P. Sydow ) Sutton & Dyko on
the wood soluble chemical components in ethanol – benzene and hot water , showed
that the highest lost of these contents were in the willow wood , poplar , sycamore ,
oak , pine wood respectively. The affect of non-soluble chemical components by the
fungus emphasized throughout. a highest alternation in the amount of lignin in pine
woods followed by poplar , sycamore , oak and willows wood respectively. Woods
content of lignin increased gradually with the continuous of incubation period. The
highest lost in ash was found in the willow, sycamore, pine, oak wood, poplar was
the lowest, with no effect of the incubation periods. Holocellulose of pine and oak
wood showed the lowest lost by the fungus while it was highest in willow and their
amounts decreased according to incubating duration.

The life cycle of Epinotia abbreviana Fabi (Tortricidae : Lepidoptera) was
studied and recorded for the first time in Iraq in 2006 under laboratory conditions
(30.5°c and 25.5%R.H). The study showed that the mean length of incubation
period, larval stages and longevity of adults, males and females, were 7.51, 19.92
and 7.37, 7.27 days respectively. The study also showed that all larval instars have
the ability to tie two or more leaves together and feed on the epidermis of the tied
up leaves. The study indicated that the mean number of eggs laid by a singles
female were 98.70, and the egg viability 82%. The sex ratio of male to female was
1.2:1. Also it was found that this species has 5 generations per year. The average
duration of each generation was 38.10 days. The toxicities of some insecticides on
the second and the fifth larval stages were evaluated. These insecticides were
Alphacypermethrin, Diazinon, Endosulfan and Sevin with concentrations ranged
from (0.0010-0.0300) %. Alphacypermethrin showed higher toxicity effect on
larvae and significantly difference from other insecticides. And Sevin toxicity has
the lowest effect of the tested insecticides. Diazinon and Endosulfan had less
toxicity effects on larval than Alphacypermethrin respectively.

This research was conducted on Animal Production Department's
laboratories / University of Duhok, from the beginning of July to the end of October
2006, by using (36) female rats to investigate the effect of over dose of gonad
hormone (estradiol 17-β) with dose of 0.5 mg injected intraperitonealy twice a day
for 1 week. The rats were divided into three groups (12 rats for each) the first group
was the control and the second injected with estradiol, while the third group was as
the second one but the measurement of studied parameters were taken after 7 days
after hormone injection. Some hematological parameters from blood samples and
stem's cells of bone marrow were studied at 12 weeks of rats age. The results
showed no significant differences effect in the (RBC) count , (Hb), Basophiles
percent and Band Basophiles among the three experimental groups, while
significant (P≤0.05) depression in PCV among the control and the third group ,
second group, respectively. Significant (P≤0.05) increase were observed in WBC
between the control and the second group , third group and significance (P≤0.05)
increase in the Neutrophiles and Monocytes between the control and the third group
and the second and the third group, respectively, as compared with significant
(P≤0.05) decrease in the Lymphocytes between the control and the third group and
the two treated groups. However, significant difference (P≤0.05) decrease in Early
erythrocytes were noticed between control and the second group and significant
(P≤0.05) increase between the control and the third group and the two treated
groups respectively, while significant (P≤0.05) increase were noticed in
Intermediate erythrocytes and Late erythrocytes and Band neutrophiles between the
three groups respectively. Also significant (P≤0.05) increase in Eosinophiles % and
Band eosinophiles were noticed between the control and the second group , third
group, and significant (P≤0.05) increase in Myelocytes number and Megacaryocytes
were noticed between the second and the third group only. We concluded that the
estradiol 17- β treatment neither suppress erthropoisis nor increase the immune
system cells, but it caused a lymphoma in the peripheral blood

This study contained the range of suitability of environmental conditions of
the city of Samarah in planting cymbopogoncitratus (DC) which is called Lemon
Grass (West Indiana Type) in the General Firm for pharmaceutical industries
inorder to produce this plant locally and providing volatile oil extracted from it as a
natural raw material for pharmaceutical industries . The study included Also, the
economic avail to establish the project in which it is characterized by high demand
on its outputs from the company . There was a sort of dependence on the value of
company’s import (SDI) of the raw material Nystation as a basis for knowing the
size of local demand throughout studying the market . It was clear through that the
study the basic aspect practiced upon the plant to prepare and analyze the project
and its compatibility with the environmental conditions for the city of Samarah to
produce the plant . We were able to get four monthly cultivars of the plant and oil
quantity was 15 liters per hectare for the first year and the production increased later
to reach 39 liters per hectare . The basic tests made upon the plant have shown a
high competency to use it in pharmaceutical industries for it retard the growth of
Somany fungis which cause human, plant and animal diseases and this is more than
the foreign kind used for a limited number of fungis and this encourage to apply
studies and researches in order to be used in new products . It was also clear from
the study using the economic evaluation criteria compared with the evaluation
results that the project is considered of high economic avail and this is considered to
be a significant remark for the decision markers in economic and drug fields .

Basturma is a traditional meat product manufactured to preserve meat in
Iraq. The objective of this study was to determine the influence of adding ascorbic
acid, nitrate and nitrite, sodium phosphate, acetic acid and lactic acid on the survival
of some microflora during storage period under natural climate conditions. Results
demonstrated that the used additives, reduced the growth of some microorganisms
studied and eliminated the others during storage depending on the type and
concentration of additives. In general, the use of different concentrations of ascorbic
acid, nitrate and nitrite and sodium phosphate decreased the total count, coliform,
lipolytic and proteolytic bacteria, along the period of storage. When higher
concentrations of different additives were used, a complete inhibition of all types of
bacteria. The results showed similar patterns at the last months of storage. The
treatment of meat trimming before grinding with 5% of both acetic and lactic acids
generally led to the decrease of total count and coliform and a very weak growth of
proteolytic bacteria and a complete inhibition of the counts of lipolytic bacteria .

A study on the effect of magnetic technology of irrigating water on watering
requirements of Scindapsus aureus was conducted. Two factors were tested;
reducing water requirements up to 2.5 , 5 or 7.5% and zero% decreasing of water
needed as acontrol, the second factor was irrigation with or without magnetization
of water levels. The results showed that leaf area, fresh and dry weight of vegetative
and root systems decreased as the water levels were reduced. The highest values of
leaf area, fresh and dry weight of roots (70.63 cm2
/plant; 0.453 g.; 0.167g.
respectively) were recorded when plants were irrigated with unmagnetized and non
reduction of water requirements. However, reducing and magnetized of water was
superior in elevating dry weight of roots (2.246 g., 0.563 g.). A significant decrease
in soil moister content (SMC) was obtained when magnetized water was applied up
to 2nd, 3rd, 4th and 5th irrigation comparing with unmagnetized water. While SMC
was significantly decreased and the 2nd, 3rd, and 5th irrigation process comparing
with unmagnetized water (4.91, 14.78, 12.9, 8.16, 11.37%) respectively.

This experiment was carried out in the Horticulture Department, College of
Agriculture and Forestry, Mosul University, on Dianthus caryophyllus plants CVS.
Jeanne Dionis Blano (white flower) and Marie Chabaud Jaune (yellow flower), to
investigate the effect of pulsing treatments of the flowers of two cultivars at two
concentrations of gibberellic acid (GA3) 25 and 50 mg/liter and two concentrations
of 6-Benzyaminopurine (BA) 20, 40 mg/liter in addition to control, on flowers vase
life. The Factorial Experiment was conducted with Completely Randomized
Design. Each treatment replicated three times with 9 flowers. The results were
summarized as follows: Flowers treated with GA3 at 50 mg/liter and BA at 20 or 40
mg/liter gave significant higher values of vase life 19.0, 19.3 and 19.2 days,
respectively. While flowers treated with 40 mg/liter manifested best results of water
uptake, the increase in fresh weight and flower diameter percent. After 4 days from
cutting flowers manifested higher significant values of changing in fresh weight
flower diameter percent, while, glucose and fructose concentration decreased to a
lowest significant values at final stage of vase life. The results showed that higher
percent of increase in flower diameter recorded after 4 days from cutting 136.1%
for white flowers cultivar when treated with 20 mg/liter BA and 139.4% for yellow
flowers cultivar when treated with 25 mg/liter GA3.While at the end of vase life the
flower diameter reduced to lower values 95.2 and 92.0% for yellow flower cultivar
at control and 50 mg/liter, respectively.

Microbial transglutaminase (MTGase) was isolated from the bacteria
Streptoverticillium mobaraense and used to improve the yield and properties of soft
cheese manufactured from cow milk by enhancing the cross-linking reaction among
milk proteins. The enzyme was applied at different concentrations and at various
addition times. Results indicated that the addition of the enzyme before rennet
prevented milk coagulation while the simultaneous addition of MTGase and the
rennet significantly decreased curd strength and cheese hardness and increased the
loss of proteins and fat in the whey. It was found that the most suitable way of
adding the enzyme was after coagulation and curd cutting. This treatment enhanced
the cross-linking of whey proteins with the curd proteins which was proportional to
the concentration of the added enzyme up to 60 enzyme units/liter. The crosslinking reaction was verified by SDS-PAG electrophoresis experiment which
showed a high molecular weight band accompanied by a decrease in the density of
αs-casein, β-casein and whey proteins bands. Transglutaminase affected the
produced cheese composition noticeably by increasing protein content, total solids
and decreasing the protein content of the whey. Sensory evaluation of the obtained
product showed that the enzyme treated cheese was superior to the untreated cheese
throughout all storage period (8 days).

Polyphenol oxidases (PPOs) from the fruits of apricot, apple, eggplant and
potato tubers were extracted by homogenization with potassium phosphate buffer
followed by precipitation with 1.5 volumes of cold acetone. Some properties of the
isolated PPOs were studied. The optimum pH for potato PPO activity was found to
be 6.4 while it was 7 for the other fruits PPOs. Optimum temperature of activity was
20oC for apricot and apple PPOs, while it was 22oC for eggplant and potato PPOs.
Potato PPO was the most thermostable followed by eggplant, apricot and apple
PPOs. The enzymes from the four sources were stable at neutral pH values at room
temperature. Their stabilities decreased sharply at pH below 5. Storage of the
enzymes solutions at 4 and -18oC at pH 7 for 3 months indicated that potato PPO
possessed the highest stability followed by apricot, eggplant and apple PPOs. Km
values toward the substrate catechol were 4, 4.16, 1.25 and 2.4 mM for PPOs of
apricot, apple, eggplant and potato, respectively.

The study was conducted on spring of 2005 to investigate the influence of
different salinity levels of water with / without magnetization on some histological
characters of Gerbera jamesonii. Two factors were tested; Salinity levels of
irrigation water (0.758 . 1.5 . 2 . 3 . 4 ds/m) the second factor was watering plant
with / without magnetized saline water. Split plot in RCBD with three replicates
two pot for each replicate was designed. Number of stoma in the lower epidermis of
leaves was affected by irrigating plants with saline water, where increased at 1.5
and 4.0 ds/m levels comparing with 0.758, 2 or 3 ds/m the lowest number of stoma
was obtained at 3 ds/m level (132.42 stoma/mm2
). However . 2 or 3 ds/m levels
decreased the number of stoma. Surprisingly the number elevated again at 4 ds/m
level (189.67stoma/mm2
). Magnetized water increased the water content of petiole.
Some parenchyma cells of the petiole were torn especially with the highest level of
salinity. Magnetic technology of water reduced the epidermis thickness of petiole.

The study was carried out during the growing seasons 2001-2002 on olive Olea
europaea l c.v. Ashrasi ,15 year-old in an orchard of olive trees located in Bashika
Uniform trees were chosen in terms of size , growth and production. The aim of this
experiment was to study the effects four constrictions of growth regulators Alsol and
Ethrel 0, 500, 1000, 2000 ppm and their combinations 1000, 2000, 4000 ppm and date
of spary 25/12/2001 on the fruit of olive fruits in order to ease harvesting and some
fruits characteristics (i.e. oil and protein percentage). Fruits were harvested at two
dates (one week or two weeks after spraying ). The experiment was conducted as
randomized complete block design; each treatment was replicated three times. The
study showed that the application of growth retardant Alsol and Ethrel and their
combinations reduced significantly the attachment force of olive fruits as well as their
times and concentration , whereas Alsol and Ethrel and their combinations increased
significantly the percentage of fruit drop. Also the highest concentration of these
chemicals increased significantly leaf abscission .Also the effect of these chemical
and their combinations increased significantly the percentage of oil content.

This research was conducted at plastic house in Horticulture Dept. of
Agriculture and Forestry College , University of Mosul during 2007-2008 season
.To study the effect of three dates 20 Dec , 1 Feb , 10 March and the effect of Auxin
treatments 0 ppm , 2000 ppm IBA , 2000 ppm NAA and 2000 ppm IBA + 2000
ppm NAA on propagation of semi- hardwood of Olive cutting Cv. Chemlali . The
obtained results could be summarized as follows : A significant effect of the date of
cutting planting on the root percentage and the date of 10 march was the most
effective date on root percentage , number of root , length of root and number of
leaves. The high percentage of living unrooted cutting the date of 20 Dec which
41,66%. All auxin treatments significantly increased on all vegetative and root
growth characteristics and the best treatments was when applied auxin as a mixture
2000 ppm IBA + 2000 ppm NAA. The more effective interaction treatments
between 2000 ppm IBA auxin and date of planting was 10 March which 93.33% of
root percentage , followed by treatments of a mixture between 2000 ppm IBA +
2000 ppm NAA when planted at 10 March which 90% both interaction treatments
significant increased as compared with interaction treatments