Mesopotamia Journal of Agriculture

The objectives of this research were to determine the range of problems
operating and maintenance of sprinkler irrigation systems of the farmers in Al-
Jazeera irrigation project in Nenevah governorate, and to find out if significant
differences exist in range of these problems according to some variables. The
research sample included 104 respondents, the data were collected through a
questionnaire specially designed for determining the range of problems. After
testing the validity and reliability of the questionnaire, the researchers used
Arithmetic mean, Kruskal-Wallis test and t-test to analyze the data. It was
found that there were very big problems for 66.348% of the respondents in
operating and maintenance of sprinkler irrigation systems, also there were
significant differences in the range of problems according to these variables:
educational level, type of holding, years of utilizing the system, optimism,
income, work in farm, and size of holding, while there were no significant
differences according to: type of profession, sources of information and
previous training.

This study was carried out in the College of Agriculture and
Forestry/Mosul University, between February and November/2006 on Gerbera
jamesonii cvs Esstafette (red inflorescence) and Essandre (yellow
inflorescence), to investigate the effect of different concentrations of plant
growth regulators and stem tip excision on rooting ability of lateral shoots.
Hence the factors investigated were: Excision of apical portion of stem (pinch)
or without, spraying plants with Benzyl adenine (BA) at 0.250 and 500 mg.l-1
or Cycocel (CCC) at 500 and 1000 mg.l-1 separately, and response of two
cultivars of G. jamesonii (Essandre and Estafette). The Factorial Experiment
was conducted by using Randomized Complete Block Design, each treatment
was replicated three times with four plants in block. The results showed that
spraying plants with BA at 500 mg.l-1 caused a significant increase in the
number of lateral shoots 1.83 shoots/plant. Lateral shoots taken from Essandre
plants gave best results of roots number, root length, fresh and dry weight.
Spraying the stock plants with CCC gave best results of roots number, roots
fresh and dry weight.

Bifidobacterium sp. and Lact. acidophilus bacteria were isolated from
newly born infant’s stool while Lact. plantarum bacteria were isolated from
pickles . As for Lact, bulgaricus and Strep. thermophilus bacteria , they were
isolated from local sheep yoghurt and identified by studying the morphological
and biochemical tests . Then they were compared with Bergey’s Manual (
1986 ) informations .The resistance of the above-mentioned bacteria to bile salt
at aconcentration of 1 and 2% and the effect of these salts on the growth of
bacteria were all studied . At the concentration of 2% , there was a reduction in
the number of bacteria with the increase in exposing time to bile salt . At the
concentration of 1% , the imported Bifidobacterium sp. was the most resistant
to bile salt . On the other hand , Lact, bulgaricus and Strep. thermophilus were
the least one . All bacteria showed ability in reducing cholesterol outside
invitro after a 24-hour incubation . The reduction increased with the increase
incubation period up to 48 hours The highest cholesterol reducing bacteria
were Bifidobacterium sp. However the least reduction was caused by Lact.
bulgaricus and Strep thermophilus

This study was carried out in a private local orchard north of Mosul, Iraq
(Bashiqa area) for two growing seasons (2000- 2001) to study the effect of foliar
application of potassium nitrate and NPK fertilization on the yield and oil percentage
of Ashrasi olive cultivar (local variety olea europaea L.). The major results are
summarized as follows: First spraying date (Autumn) was better than the second date
(spring) in all characteristics namely: leaf content of nutritional elements such as
nitrogen and potassium content, the dry weight of leaves, total of chlorophyll quantity,
fruit set ratio fruit weight, yield. Did not differ significantly. Spraying with potassium nitrate leaf gave significant result in the content of nitrogen and potassium leaf dry
weight, the total chlorophyll quantity, fruit set and fruit weight except the yield
quantity which influenced with higher concentration of potassium nitrate only.
Application of NPK fertilizer caused a significant increase in some characteristics
such as the nutritional element content of nitrogen and potassium. Fruit weight in both
concentrations the yield and fruit ratio in low concentration.

Fennel (Foeniculum vulgare) is an important crop of considerable
medicinal value, being carminative and stomachic. Fruits are used in the
preparation of pickles and for chewing after meals as a digestive adjuvant. The
oil of fennel is used to flavor different food preparations perfumery. The
objectives of these experiments were to study the effects of organic fertilizers
animal manure (sheep) total of Nitrogen 16, Phosphors 5 and Potassium 8
gm.Kg-1 with six levels 0 , 1, 2, 3,4 and 5 ton. h-1 and chemical fertilizer
Nitrogen in the form of Urea 46 % N, Phosphors in the form of Mono super
phosphate 9 % P and Potassium in the form of Potassium sulphate 43% K with
six levels N0P0K0, N18P2K3 ,N36P4K6 ,N54P6K9 ,N72P8K12 and N90P10K15
Kg.h-1
on fruits yield and oil content from FENNEL (Foeniculum vulgare) growth in
the silty loam soil plot 1x2 m2 ending with a recommendation for the suitable
kind of fertilizer to be used. The following results were emerged : The control
treatmentN0P0K0, 0 ton.hectar-1of animal manure gave Fruits yield 1600 Kg.h-1
and the oil 25.22 L.h-1.The treatment 2 ton.h-1 of animal manure gave Fruits
yield 4420 Kg.h-1. And the highest quantity of oil 55.23 L.h-1 .The treatment
N72P8K12 equality balance 4 ton.h -1of animal manure gave Fruits yield 3536
Kg.h-1. The highest quantity of oil 45.44 L.h-1 was reached with the treatment
N54P6K9 equality balance 3 ton.h -1 of animal manure

A Factorial experiment was conducted using (RCBD) to determine the
ability of three strains of R. Leguminosarum Le719, Le726 and Le735 (which we
it get it from ICARDA) on the solubility of rock-phosphate, calcium ,and pH
media. The results showed an ability of strains understudy in the solubility
rock-phosphate .The data was found significantly different when 200 and 400
μ gP.ml-1 was used (source rock phosphate). Strain Le719 had the supererioerty
effect in solubilizing rock phosphate with an increase of 3.99% and 2.15% for
the treatments mentioned above respectively. However strain Le735 showed less increasing effect and with no significant effect for strain Le726. In the same
trend an increase in the solubility of calcium was observed (as a result of in
crease in soluble phosphate) in media and in the same manner for the strains .
Strain Le719 was increased by 143.36% compared to control treatment. Media
reaction (pH-media) was decreased in media inoculated by the strains used.
pH-media was 5.62, 6.20, and 6.43 for strains Le719 , Le735 , and Le726
respectively.

This study was carried out to evaluate the effects of boiled extract of oak
(Quercus aegilops) leaves on blood, glucose, cholesterol, triglyceride (TG),
High density Lipoprotein-cholesterol (HDL-C). Low density lipoprotein –
cholesterol (LDL-C) and risk ratio in male rabbits, also to study the effect of
treatment on the chemical composition of liver and thigh as well as the
glycogen level . Rabbits (5-6 months old) were divided into two groups (6
rabbits each). Rabbits in the 1st group was treated daily for 28 days with oak
leaves boiled extract (250 mg/kg. B. wt) orally. The 2nd group treated with
distilled water, served as control. Treatment caused a significant decrease in
blood glucose, cholesterol, and LDL-C as compared with control values , risk
factor also reduced significantly as compared with control , TG increased
significantly as compared with control , treatment also causes a significant
increase in liver and thigh glycogen concentrations as compared with control
group , also a significant increase in dry matter % , ether extract % , crude
protein % and ash % , and a significant decrease in carbohydrate % in both
liver and thigh as compared with the control group . In a separate experiment the single dose of oak leaves boiled extract caused a significant decrease in
blood glucose level at 3, 12 and 24 hrs after drenching as compared with pre
drenching level . Results revealed that oak leaves boiled extract caused an
improvement in lipid profile, and hypoglycemic effect continue significantly
for 24 hrs.

The objective of this study was to find out the effect of adding the
probiotics to the diet in different concentration on productive performance of
broiler. 200 of unsexed chickens (Cobb) one day old were used in this study
.Chicks raised on standard condition to the age of marketing six weeks (42)
days. Four treatments were used as follows: T1 Control No probiotics added.
T2 addition of 2 Kg probiotics \ Ton of diet, T3 addition of 4 Kg probiotics /
Ton of diet, T4 addition of 6 Kg probiotics \ Ton of diet, Feed and water were
Ad Libitum. Statistic analysis showed that adding probiotics resulted in
significant increase P ≤ 0.5 for life body weight, average weekly weight gain
for treatment 3 and 4 (Adding 3,4Kg probiotics \ Ton of diet) and significant
decrease P ≤ 0.5 in feed consumption, feed conversion ratio and mortality.
Data showed no significant differences P ≤ 0.5 in relative growth rate and
dressing percentage.

Natural juices were prepared by blending whey with natural juices such as
banana and muskmelon squashes plus sugar and stabilizers. Whey juices were
also prepared using only flavours of orange, strawberry and banana with proper
colour for each one. General ingredients, physical properties, and sensational
evaluation were measured as well as the effect of refrigeration for one week.
The results showed that natural juices were better than the artificial ones for their higher content of total solid, besides being unaffected by one-week
refrigeration. The percentage of the separated ingredients was very limited
throughout the storage period and the taste was unchanged

The samples of milk had taken from ten animals ; sheep and goats , five samples
from each after 6,12,18,24,48,72,240 hours from birth . Also, The samples of blood
serum had taken for both sheep and goats after 6, 24 ,48 , 240 hours from birth .
Chemical and physical changes in milk for both kinds were studied.It was noticed that
the acidity,curd tention, clotting time, proteins, fat,viscosity and total solids for sheep and
goat were higher at the beginning of milking stage. Lactose and pH show low values
during colostrum stage then started to increase gradually during later stages of milking.
During protein separation in both types of milk by acrylamide gel electrophoresis,
β-lactoglobuline and α-lactalbumine were lower in the colostrums then increased
gradually during the later stages of milking. The proportions of immunoglobulin,
proteose-peptone, and blood serum albumin were high in colostrum stage , then
reduced to there natural level in the milk.It was concluded that immunoglobulin
proportions of Igs, IgG,IgM and IgA part in sheep and goat milk and blood serum
were high in colostrum stage then reduced gradually.

Synthetic model systems of single strength normal local lemon juice
were prepared with different contents of some compounds ( ascorbic acid,
reducing sugar, and amino acids ) that may play an important role in brown
pigments (Melanoidins) formation samples were stored at 25 and 35 °C for 12
weeks. Results showed that the main brown pigment formation pathway in
these highly acidic synthetic model systems (pH < 2.5) was ascorbic acid
decomposition aerobic (oxidation) and anaerobic (acid catalysis) pathways
rather than reducing sugar degradation by acid catalysis and Strecker
decomposition of amino acids .The results showed that the highest rate of
brown pigments formation was in synthetic model system which contain all
components with similar ratio of model systems contain ascorbic acid

G-system was used to study the cytotoxicity and genotoxicity of carrot
root juice. The system composed of three bacterial strains: G3 (Bacillus spp),
G12 (Arthrobacter spp), G27 (Brevibacterium spp). The strains are Gram
positive, sensitive to crystal violet, Streptomycin (10μg / ml) and Rifampicin
(20μg / ml) (Chromosomal markers). Effect of carrot root juice at different
concentrations 50, 100, 200μl on log culture suspended cells was studied.
Cyclophosphamide (Cp) drug (Mutagen) was used at 1, 10, 50, 100 μg/ml. The
juice and the mutagen were tested for cytotoxicity by estimating the survival
index (Sx), and genotoxicity by estimating the mutant frequency of
Streptomycin and Rifampicin resistance. Results showed that low conc (s) (50,
100μl) of carrot juice had no cytotoxic or genotoxic effect, while 200μl had
slight cytotoxic and genotoxic activity, therefore 100μl quantity was used for
subsequent investigations. Cp had both cytotoxic and genotoxic activity. The
effect of different combinations between carrot and Cp was studied (Using
juice and mutagen together, treating cells with juice before and after mutagen
treatment), the results revealed that carrot juice provided cells with high
protection against cytotoxicity and genotoxicity, the protection effect ranged
80– 100 %.

The effect of orally administered rocket leafs juice on the mitotic index
(MI) and micronuclei (Mn) formation was studied in white mice bone marrow .
The effect of juice to retarded the abnormalities induced by cyclophosphamide
(Cp) administered orally was studied as well .
Results revealed that juice (0.1 , 0.25 , 0.5) ml had no effect on both MI and
Mn , while using Cp at 50 mg / Kg body weight resulted in lowering the MI to
32 % of the natural values . Natural repairing process restored some of the MI
values but still low compared to natural state (Negative control ) . Oral
administration of juice before treating with mutagen (J/Cp) was able to restore
86 % of the normal value , while administering the juice after treating the
animals with mutagen (Cp/J) restored 55 % of the control value . The
administration of juice with mutagen (J+Cp) restored 82 % of the natural value
. Treatment of animals with Cp raised the Mn formation nine times that of its
natural frequency . The frequency , however , reduced to only 7 times after 6
days due to natural repair processes . Using the juice before or after treatment with mutagen (J/Cp) , (Cp/J) or (J+Cp) were unable to reduce the Mn count to
the natural level , although the reduction was statistically significant at (P <
0.01) as compared to the positive control .

Gross Composition, Physical, Chemical and Rheological Properties for
three varieties of certified local cultivars of Sorghum ( Sorghum bicolor
L.Mocnch) were studied . Sorghum varieties significantly varied (P<0.05) in
most of their chemical content . However protein content was 6.43, 7.87 and
9.94% and Phytic acid content was 0.340 ,0.273 and 0.288 % for Rabh , Enkath
and Kafir, respectively . While tannin content was 0.53, 0.47 and 0.53% for
Rabh, Enkath and Kafir respectively. Chemical content for Sorghum Flour also
varied between these varieties depending upon their flour extraction. Increasing
Sorghum Flour substitution at 10, 20, 30 and 40% in composite flour increased
Amylogragh gelatinization temperature , maximum viscosity which were 64.5C
& 380,0 B.U, respectively for wheat flour while it were 72.75 and 1055,0 B.U respectively for sorghum flour, Farinograph arrival time , development time
,mixing tolerance time also increased which was indicated to weakness of
dough, Extensograph resistant / Extension increased due to alteration of dough
development and fermentation gas pressure. On the contrary , increasing
Sorghum Flour substitution decreased Farinograph water absorption ,stability
time, decline time, Extensograph maximum resistant ,Extension and energy
(area ).Enkath was the identical variety among them which had the most
acceptance by taste panel.

Bifidobacterium sp. and Lact. acidophilus bacteria were isolated from
newly born infant’s stool while Lact. plantarum bacteria were isolated from
pickles . As for Lact, bulgaricus and Strep. thermophilus bacteria , they were
isolated from local sheep yoghurt and identified by studying the morphological
and biochemical tests . Then they were compared with Bergey’s Manual (
1986 ) informations .The resistance of the above-mentioned bacteria to bile salt
at aconcentration of 1 and 2% and the effect of these salts on the growth of
bacteria were all studied . At the concentration of 2% , there was a reduction in
the number of bacteria with the increase in exposing time to bile salt . At the
concentration of 1% , the imported Bifidobacterium sp. was the most resistant
to bile salt . On the other hand , Lact, bulgaricus and Strep. thermophilus were
the least one . All bacteria showed ability in reducing cholesterol outside
invitro after a 24-hour incubation . The reduction increased with the increase
incubation period up to 48 hours The highest cholesterol reducing bacteria
were Bifidobacterium sp. However the least reduction was caused by Lact.
bulgaricus and Strep thermophilus

Many mathematical function were used to estimate tapering degree of
Populus nigra main stem tree in Zakho . 35 sample obtained thought stand
classification and according to there density using strata randomized sampling
method . Each sample area was 0.01 hectare .To record all changes that affect
longitudinal and diametrical growth , one tree was chosen from each sample
area , and all tree morphological dimension were recorded , in addition to
distance between the trees . The chosen trees were felled and cuted into
different parts at one meter length from ground level to 4 cm stem diameter .
By using simple linear regression , four mathematical Models were
established. In order to find the best fit model for these four Models ,
coefficient of determination, standard error of estimate were used and the
following model give the best result

Consequence of the use of Non-Linear function in this study, which is
believed to be in harmonic with the characteristics of tree stand, twelve trees
were selected which represents different location over an area planted with Populus nigra trees ,and after data analysis of variable values , three
mathematical equations were obtains which link the yield per area ,a dependent
variable and age ,mean height of stand quadratic mean diameter as the
independent variable , in order to obtain yield table of revocable densities for
Populus nigra , selecting the best model , different measures of precision ,
such as , coefficient of determination, standard error of estimate and residual
analysis test, so following regressions selected

Factorial experiment was carried out at College farm (Mosul prov) and
Sharkat (Salah alldeen prov) in 2006-2007 winter growing season to investigate
the effect of some herbicides (Glyphosate 565 ,1250 ,Gesagard 1250 ,2500
Basgran 250 , 500 cm3 a.i /ha and check treatment ) on four varity of broadbean
crop ( Babylon , Syrain , Koryshi, Towythai ) . RCBD design with three
replications were used with Duncan multiple rang test .Unsignificant results
had been showed between varitys in the weed biomass at Sharkat while Syrain
varity had reduced the broad leave weed biomass at college farm . On other
hand , Babylon varity was superior in the seed yield and protein at two
locations . Herbicides used gave excellent reduction in weed biomass at
Sharkat location but at college farm ,the reduction had seen on broad leaves
weeds only . The interaction between Babylon× Basagran 500 cm3/ha gave a
good result in increasing seed yield and protein up to 71 and 30.5 % ,
respectively at college farm and 75.8 and 24.6 % , respectively at Sharkat
location if it compared with check treatment . The second option was with
koryshi varity treated with same herbicide and dose in increasing seed yield
only . Gesagard had no selectivety for broadbean which all crop plants under
land farming . Generally , there is a negative correlation at two locations
between seed yield and broad leave weed biomass while positive correlation
had been seen between seed yield and number of pods per plant or number of
seeds per pod at two locations

The study was conducted to investigate the effecte of two
cultivars,Lachata and Coker 310, two plant densities 20, 30 cm between each
plant and three application dates of nitrogen fertilizer (first date: half
recommended at sowing and half at boll formation stage. Second date: half
recommended at sowing and half after 30 days from sowing. Third date:
quarter recommended at sowing and half after 30 days and quarter at boll
formation stage) on growth properties, yield and yield components. The study
included a field experiment in summer season 2005 at Alshirqat location (150
km north Tikrit city). The randomized complete block design(RCBD) with
three replications was used The results showed that cultivar Coker 310 was
significantly superior compared with Lachata in the plant height, while the
Lachata variety was significantly superior in boll weight charcter. Plant sown at
densities of 30 cm were significantly higher at plant height , number of
vegetative and sympodia branches /plant, the total number of boll / plant as
compared of those plant sown at 20 cm.The height plant was significantly
higher at first application dates of nitrogen,where as the total yield weight and
lint yield was significantly higher in third application date

The experiment was conducted at the college farm of Agriculture and
Forestry – Mosul Univ . for two seasons 2005/2007 , to determine the effect of
three plants density (500000 , 333333 and 250000 plants ha-1) with two cultivars
(pactol and shiralee) on growth and yield of rapeseed under semi arid condition.
The results showed that superiority of no. of seeds/siliqua , seed yield , oil
percentage and oil yield with500000 plants ha-1 for both seasons . Pactol cultivar
was superior on no. of siliqua/plant , wt. of 500 seeds , seed yield, oil percentage
and oil yield for both seasons. The interaction of 500000 plants ha-1 with pactol
cultivar gave excellent result on seed and oil yield , which increased up to 4796
and 1759.4kg ha-1 in the first season and up to 3835.3 and 1325.3kg ha-1 in the
second season . Correlation between no. of seeds/siliqua and wt. of 500 seeds had
positively related to no. of siliqua/plant, while oil yield correlated positively with
the seed yield for both seasons .

Crop production function for some crops in Mosul area are estimated.
These crops are wheat and legume، as winter crops، and corn and cotton ، as
summer crops. A computer model was constructed to program daily irrigation
for the four crops under investigation in order to find the relative production of
each crop. The simulation model is based on daily water balance analysis on ٢٠
years of climatological data for the period 1980-2000. Daily soil moisture
depletion is evaluated, the model predicts the data and amount of irrigation
when the soil moisture depletion in the root zone exceeds the maximum level of
percent allowable depletion. The model is designed to give maximum daily
deficit, irrigation water through the growing season ,daily and seasonal
effective rainfall and actual evapotranspiration and seaonal relative production. Two production functions، linear and quadratic were assumed, the first is
between relative production and amount of seasonal irrigation, and the second
relation is between relative production and actual evapotranspiration . It was
also found that the difference between the linear and quadratic production
function is small but the correlation coefficient for quadratic production
function is more than that for the linear function. The computer model can be
used to estimate crop production function for other crops by changing crop
data.

Ten durum wheat varieties (Sham3, Crezo, Semito, Icsad65, Abeu, Avanto,
LD357E, Um-Rabie5, Bagrajo1 and Waha) were evaluated under rainfed
conditions at Duhok using randomized complete block design with three
replications for the two seasons 2004/2005 and 2005/2005. Four different row
spacing between rows in each season (10, 15, 20 and 25 cm) were used. GE
interaction was analyzed using linear regression techniques. Data recorded on:
No. days to 50% flowering, plant height, No. of active tillers per plant, spike
length, No. of grains per spike, biological yield per plant, grain yield per plant,
1000 grain weight, harvest index and protein percent. Combined analysis
results showed that genotypes and environment mean square were significant
for all studied characters except protein percent, where environments mean
square not significant. GE interaction was significant for all characters except
for No. days to 50% flowering and protein percent. Broad sense heritability
appeared high for all characters. Simple correlation coefficient was positive and
significant for grain yield per plant with plant height, biological yield and
harvest index, for 1000 grain weight with plant height and for harvest index
with No. of tillers per plant and no. of grains per spike. Stability parameters
estimated by Eberhart and Russell method showed that Sham3 variety have
stable performance in different environments for No. days to 50% flowering,
plant height, No. of active tillers per plant and protein percent.

Weed control study on lentil were conducted during growing season 2004
– 2005 at Dohuk and Singar in north Iraq. to determine the effect of different
methods of weed control as integrated weed management .Cultural practices
been used in different rates of seedling (60.100.140 Kg /ha). Also nitrogen
fertilizer had used (0.0.40.80 Kg N/ha) while chemical methods (herbicides)
used such as Treflan 1.08.1.44 and Focus ultra 0.1.0.2 L.a.i /ha). The results
indicated that weeds compete lentil strongly and reduce lentil yield
potentially. Weed density at Dohuk was more higher than at Singar. Increasing
rate of seeding was able to improve the competition power against broad leaf
weeds at Dohuk. which 100 kg/ha at Dohuk and 140 kg/ha at Singar had
increased the seeds yield of lentil. Different levels of fertilizer use had
insignificant result in increasing lentil yield .In general. rate of seeding had
more important role for seed yield increasing than nitrogen fertilization . Focus
ultra had reduced narrow leaf weed biomass at Dohuk up to 77.80% for two
concentrations of herbicide respectively. where as Treflan had less effect
(13.3.10.8%). On the other hand Terflan was more effect on broad leaves.
biomass weeds than Focus which gave up to 74.77% if it camper with 28.30%
for two doses of Focus ultra respectively.But there was no clear evidence in
increasing seed yield related to increase herbicides doses. The best result in
seed yield had seen at Dohuk when used Treflan at 1.44 La.i /ha with 140Kg/ha
seed rate under 80Kg/ha nitrogen fertilizer. These results had also seen at
Singar but under 40 Kg/ha nitrogen fertilizer.

This study was conducted in the fields of Agriculture and Forestry
collage in March 2005 to investigate the effect of a sprinkler spray nozzle
heights (30 and 90 cm), spray nozzle diameter (3.1´4, 3.1´5 and 3.1´6 mm)
soil surface level (sloped 20 %) and leveled and the interaction effect of the
three previous factors on the water distribution uniformity. The randomized
block design and Duncan's multiple range test for comparison between the
means were used. Results showed that there was no significant differences
between the water distribution uniformity of the soil surface levels. However,
the spray nozzle height of 90 cm gave the highest water distribution (58.05%)
and it was significantly differ from other height (30cm) the spray nozzle
diameter of 3.1´6 mm gave the highest water distribution (58.627%)
compared with other diameter. The interaction between spray nozzle height of
90 cm and diameter of 3.1´6 mm with level soil surface gave the best water
distribution of 72.51% while the same spray nozzle height and diameter and
sloped surface (20%) the second best water distribution (69.14%).

The relation of increase or decrease gathering of propolis on infection with
European Foulbrood when studying three races of honey bees that varied in
their behavior of gathering propolis for five periods showed to be higher in the
colonies of the Criniolian race, followed by the Italian and local Iraqi race
113.9 , 95.5 and 45.8 mm2/colony, respectively. According to Duncan's'
multiple range test at (p=0.05). The study also showed that the highest increase
of infected area associated with European Foulbrood was in June,with an
average
of (132.3 mm2/colony) with the lowest was in March, averaging (11.0 mm2
/colony) for the three different races.The local Iraqi race gathered the highest
quantities of propolis, followed by the Italian race, and the Criniolian race
3.1 , 1.6 and 1.3 gr./ frame, respectively. The results showted that the highest
quantities of propolis was gathered in June with an average of (2.8 gr./ frame)
and the lowest quantities were gathered in March with an average of (1.1 gr. /
frame ).