Journal of Techniques

This research studied the effect of flame retardant material addition namely antimony trioxide (Sb2O3) on thermal conductivity of composite material consist of conbextra epoxy (EP-10) resin reinforced biaxially by woven roving E–type glass fibers (°45-°0) with density (600g/cm3) .The effect of different percents of antimony trioxide (10%, 20%,30%) on thermal conductivity was investigated by using Fourier equation to calculate the thermal conductivity coefficient (k) for this composite material before and after addition of flame retardant material ,where the thermal conductivity value improved after added trioxide and the best increment in conductivity was at (30%) from antimony trioxide .

The medical solid waste consider a portion from hazardous wastes, as they had unfavorable effects on persons who work in healthcare establishments, community and public health if it wasn\'t managed accurately. The matter become more difficult with absence of realization about the risks of medical waste, this led to weak application for medical waste management systems, especially in third world countries. The target of research is to give clear view about actuality of solid waste management in Basrah hospitals and the methods used to treat it, in addition to estimation of the waste quantities produced by hospitals and to suggest a safety environmental program to manage this waste. To get the targets of the research , the big local hospitals in Basrah were selected. The results gave : 1- The generation rates of solid waste for the Basrah hospitals was between ( 1.85-3.53 kgedday), the percent of medical waste was 18% of the total waste, while the domestic waste was 78%, and the pathologic waste was 4%. 2- Most of hospitals in Basrah ruin to a regular application for solid waste management concept and to absence of consciousness for the persons who work in medical waste domain. 3- All solid waste incinerators were old and work with low temperature (not more than 400 cْ ) which make them as a source of poisons gases emissions such as dioxin which case cancer. 4- The ash of incinerations which contain a percent of heavy poison elements and pathogenic agents was disposed into dumps of domestic waste, then the danger effects of it on environment will be big. 5- The wrong dealing with chemical pharmaceutical waste which used to treat the cancer patients and considered it as the remain medical waste, that will cause a very big dangerous on the persons dealing with it directly, because of the ability of these materials to kill humanity cells or creation of a deformity for it.

This research aim to study different color objects picturing under different light
intensity of (fluorescent lamp) . which we evaluate the quality of the captured images
that represented by three spectral bands ( red, green and blue) .We study the relation
between intensity of light and the signal to noise ratio (SNR) for the L- component of the
image. This study show that the fluorescent light represent a white light where the RGBbands
have equally effect , so can determine threshold for the light intensity after this
threshold , the variation in SNR are high. Then that will be slow fluctuated, and reach
stability in values with increases the lightness more than (0.1 Lux) , Also from estimated
Gaussian curves for the captured images we see that the curves are symmetric in low
lightness voltage, because the fluorescent lamp not work in low voltage .

The present paper investigates the ability of using waste glass (as a powder or as a crushed particles) as a partial substitute by weight of the clay used in the manufacturing local clay brick .Crushed glass was added with 5, 10, 20, and 30% to the soil and mixed with water to the \"shrinkage limit\" and molded to specimens with a dimension similar to that of local clay brick. Then they were dried and fired in a kiln of local brick factory in order to be exposed to the same condition as for local product.
Physical tests were carried on the specimens including Compressive strength, Bulk density , Water absorption , Modulus of rupture, Appearant porosity, and inflorescence. The results were compared with the limits of The Iraqi Specification. The results showed that the addition of powder glass with 10% by weight of clay cause significant improvement in the mechanical characteristics of clay bricks like compressive strength(90% increase) , Modulus of rupture(110% increase), bulk density(6% increase) and Water absorption(24%decrease).
The addition of fine crushed glass with 10% by weight of clay cause an increase in compressive strength (48%) , Modulus of rupture(193%), Bulk density(4%) , and a decrease in water absorption

The main objective of this research is to find better alternatives than the traditional building materials (clay bricks) which required huge energy to the production process and leads to loss in agricultural soil and solving environmental cases .
Hence in this present work , the cost analysis of three types building units of clay bricks , concrete blocks and lightweight concrete which needs to (1m3) of bricks work without binder materials .
The results showed that the lightweight concrete cost equal of 62% to 97% from clay bricks and concrete block cost respectively .

Concrete blocks of (15 * 20 * 40) cm. in size were cast using the crushed
limestone (produced in large quantities in Al-molawatha region in the north-east of Mosul city) as fine aggregate instead of the natural river sand as well as the crushed clayey bricks as coarse aggregate instead of the natural river gravel.
Based on the experimental work of the present investigation , using crushed limestone and clayey bricks may be used satisfactorily as fine and coarse aggregate respectively in producing (15 x 20 x 40) cm. concrete blocks with a considerable compressive strength , lower dry unit weight by (22.6 %) , lower thermal conductivity by (48.5 %), higher sound insulation by (25 %) , and higher absorption capacity by (8.9 %) when compared with similar concrete produced with natural river sand and gravel, therefore, it is preferable to use this type of concrete blocks in building internal non- bearing walls and partitions over ground level and any part of the structure requires protection from moisture and severe environment, as well as, it may be suggested to be a solution for regions where natural aggregate are scarce and a reduction in the dead weight of the structure may be desirable.Finally, this investigation helps in protection the industrial places and the adjacent areas from environmental pollution by removing the large amounts of limestone wastes , which are accumulated in the factories area (Al-molawatha Region) in the north-east of Mosul , resulted from cutting (Hillan) stones. These wastes need very large areas together them , and cause the complaint for the owners of these factories.

In this study white testing image (A4 paper) has been used , it was put in a dark box with the dimensions (61 cm 74 cm 120 cm) , it has source of light (tenkisten lamp) in one of its sides and in the same side it has a hole for photographics to put the web camera (ENET) on it , in the facing side it has been put the testing image wanted to capture under different light conditions . Also it was found in the facing side of camera sensor to record the intensity of light ; then transistor the light detector of type NPN has been used . In each photographics process to measure the intensity of light . the web camera capture the white paper , we changed the intensity of light for (13) value , so we obtain to (13) images for the whit image . It recorded by computer and it analyzed via program written by the visual basic language (VB6) . It has been extracted line from the captured images from the half of high and from the half of width for each image . These lines has been studied later to limit the light homogenous and the sensitivity change process of the web camera sensor (ENET) and its affected on sensitive the homogenous with increasing light. It has been observed the web camera can not sensitive the low intensity (when the tenkistn lamp did not give sensitive light and it has been observed the arrangement in light for low intensity and stability value of the mean () with quantity (28) , the web camera start to sense in the power (0.001492 watt ) , Also ; it was found with increasing power the mean () increase and in the high intensity arrangement in the mean accord specially in the power larger than (0.005803 watt ) . the cause of changeable in the light homogenous is the oscillation in liability of light sensor in the web camera (ENET) specially in the high intensities .

The present study includes an experimental work to find out the benefit arises from CFRP (Carbon Fiber Reinforced Polymer) laminates addition to concrete mix in reducing the whole thermal conductivity and the heat transfer through construction elements, which increase thermal insulation and reduce consumption of electricity used for air conditioning equipments. Eight concrete specimens of rectangular cross sections were cast to examine the thermal conductivity, in addition to that a (12) standard concrete cubes were prepared to find out the compressive strength of concrete. Carbon fibers were cut and added with different amounts to get its effect on heat transfer and thermal conductivity for concrete to compare it with the compressive strength. Test results for thermal conductivity for testing time of (390) minutes for each specimen showed an increase in thermal insulation for the strengthened concrete, and this insulation increases with increasing amount of CFRP added. The concrete samples and cubes were divided into four groups of different amount of CFRP, which were (0 %, 0.45 %, 1.1 %, 1.6 %) of cement weight used in the mix. In spite of that, the insulation was increased in the existence of CFRP, the compressive strength was reduced by (6.4-28.5) %, when increasing CFRP amount, with respect to control concrete

The present work encompasses Low Cycle Fatigue (LCF) of the steel DIN CK50 with three conditions; as received (cold working), annealing at 850oC and 1000oC. The LCF tests carried out using standard specimens cantilever beam types. The results were confirmed that the steels sustained cyclic hardening, with annealing conditions more resistance to LCF. The values of fatigue strength exponent (b) are varying from (-0.07) to (-0.12) and fatigue ductility exponent (c) from (-0.51) to (-0.73), whereas these values within the general limitations of the metals. The number of transition cycle (NT) for annealing conditions is more comparing to the as received which emphasis that the annealed steels will withstand more cycles before introducing the plastic zone. The information extracted from engineering stress-strain curve; (σu/σy) as well as strain hardening exponent (n) can be used to estimate the behavior of the steel DIN CK50.

The aim of this research, study image capturing using enet web camera for the binary test image (black and white image) under different tungustin lightness .where we study the binary image sensing and capturing using this camera, where the binary image put in closed box contain tungustin lump. We show that the increases image contrast in increasing lightness, but at high lightness the contrast reach stationary state. Also we note that the relation between light intensity and the voltage of lightness system can be approximated as afunction of second degree (parabola function). Also we study the relation between STD of the extracted line from the half hight of the image with the intensity of the tungustin light, where we show that the STD gradually increase for the RGB bands L-component, white at very high lightness show slow decreases of STD, so can be concluded that the best lightness that give high STD, this shown at (10 Lux)

The paper present the determination of the transient stability margin (TSM) of critically disturbed machines, for a given contingency, for real-time applications.
(TSM) was predicted based on Extended Equal-Area criterion (EEAC) in the selection of critical machine and simplified the multi machine system to determine (TSM) for disturbed machine quickly without running a load flow program.
The method has been tested on a standard test system and the obtained result are compared with the benchmark results. The simulation result show that the method can provide reliable precise, and quick information about the transient stability margin of a power system.

The present work is aiming to study the debonding force between fiber and matrix for different fiber diameters through pull out test technique where the fiber was embedded to a depth of (30)µm into the matrix . Kevlar 29 was selected as reinforcing fiber , and the tested diameters were ( 0.2, 0.4, 0.45, 0.5)mm, while the epoxy was of type Euxit 50 . In the second stage of this research a panel of (4)mm thickness, and of three densities, which were ( 3,4,and 5 ) fibers per centimeter , and the fiber reinforcement layer was located at the first third of the specimen thickness . Flexural, tensile, and fatigue tests were performed. The results showed that, in the pull out test , the base area of the fiber should be less than the side area , which affect the debonding force. Also the results of the flexural and fatigue tests for the unidirectional composite, showed that when the reinforcement layer was in the level of tension, the strength of the specimen increased by no less than 50%, in comparison with other case when the reinforcement was in the compression level , in addition to , the increase of the strength with the fiber density increase. The results of the tests can be implemented to determine the types and position of the reinforcement layers in the composite materials

A limit to the well-known Stokes second problem is tried in the present work. The limitation is presented mathematically and with the rough observation of the experimental procedure. The results show that the range of the Stokes second problem is related to the time required for the stroke motion of the plate as well as the stroke length itself in addition to the value of the dynamic viscosity of the liquid resting over the plate.

This work involves an experimental investigation of preparing alumina compacts by using alumina adsorbed acrylic acid then grafted by acrylonitrile which was pressed under different loads (243.8 MPa. to 585.191MPa.) by using dry pressing technique. All alumina compacts were fired firstly at 1000 o C then at 1550 o C. It was found that (487.659 MPa.) the best pressing load to give the best mechanical properties.
The influence of the concentration of benzyl peroxide initiator for polymerization and the amounts of present and adsorbed polymer on all properties of alumina studied, by using washing process. Mechanical properties such as have been compression strength and scleroscope hardness, for alumina adsorbed acrylic acid and alumina grafted acrylonitrile have also been studied

An investigation was performed to show how drag force and hence drag coefficient will be reduced when using a wavy shape fin attached to the trailing edge of a cylindrical body fitted normally in air stream of an open loop blower type wind tunnel.
Using wavy fin attached to cylinder body to offset any probable flow separation which may be occurred when using straight fins. Drag force measured by using momentum equation between upstream and downstream to the cylinder , this done by measuring differential pressure at a ( 10 *10 ) mesh of points chosen upstream and downstream . Work was done by testing the cylinder with no fin first then attaching straight fin and finally by attaching wavy fin in order to make result comparable.
Investigation was done in sub-critical flow regime with variable air speeds which creates of (Re) from ( 4*10³ and 16*10³ ) with seven increments, and with 10 cm cylinder diameter and 10 cm straight fin width i.e. ( L/d = 1 ) and apparent ratio of 0.5 . Results are then compared with that of no fin and with straight fin .Results show that to a certain limit of (Re) there is a considerable reduction in drag coef. compared with straight and no fin cylinder then it tends to decrease and become constant beyond that limit ,and there is a high reduction at low Reynolds number

During this work a simplified and sensitive experimental technique named Z-scan (closed aperture) have been used, to study the optical nonlinearity and optical limiting of the organic dye DODCI doped with the polymer polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) in the solvents Chloroform and THF with various concentrations (10-5 -10-3)M/L for dye doped polymer films. Samples were prepared by free casting method.
The results show that the investigated organic dye molecule exhibits negative refractive index (defocusing) and positive refractive index (focusing) as well as the behavior switch over from negative two positive refractive index for the film of concentration 10-3 M/L (as the thickness is increased). With closed aperture Z-scan the nonlinearity changed with changing the phase shift in the samples owing to the contribution of thermal effect .The measurements indicates that the nonlinear refractive index increased linearly with the nonlinear phase shift.
The results of this work shown too that only the doped film of DODCI in THF can be an optical limiter.
The results show that the investigated organic dye molecule exhibits negative refractive index (defocusing) and positive refractive index (focusing) as well as the behavior switch over from negative two positive refractive index for the film of concentration 10-3 M/L (as the thickness is increased). With closed aperture Z-scan the nonlinearity changed with changing the phase shift in the samples owing to the contribution of thermal effect .The measurements indicates that the nonlinear refractive index increased linearly with the nonlinear phase shift.
The results of this work shown too that only the doped film of DODCI in THF can be an optical limiter.
Keywords: DODCI Doped Films, Z-scan technique, nonlinear refractive index, nonlinear absorption coefficient, optical limiting.

In this paper the host peripheral devices such as (lights, cooling systems, heating
systems, or machines …, etc) are controlled by a personal computer (pc) via parallel
port (LPT), this computer must be connected to the network as server and other
computers connected to the network as clients. These computers can control the host
peripheral devices via network software. The aim of this paper is to control the host
peripheral devices from any location in the world if the server is connected to the
internet.

An wavelet neural network collected some properties of neural network and also the properties of wavelet transform which used replaced of sigmoidal function.
In this paper used wavelet neural network (WNN) in control of the robot arm where used the first method by direct control which contain two types of neural network one of them wavelet neural and the other adoptive linear wavelet neural which is the best because need for less number of wavelet in the hidden layers.
Also training the weights of each of them by using Hybrid Genetic Algorithm and Particle Swarm Optimization (HGAPSO) and used also in the operation of training of the weight of network which controlled on robot arm instead of Gradient Decent (GD) its fast but may in local minimum . The properties of this algorithm are achieve best results where can get on least mean square error between the target signal and the output of the robot arm ,also can achieve best result with minimum number of learning cycles also can be used in complex systems which cannot derivative. .
Two types of network and learning method are tested by using simulation and control on Robot arm and tested these method under different load also compared the previous methods.

Advanced pulsewidth modulation (PWM) techniques for inverters show the high-efficiency ac drives with low torque and speed pulsations and with reduced losses. A digital control scheme for a thyristor inverter is presented, where firing patterns satisfying given requirements like harmonic elimination or loss minimization have been calculated and stored in Programmable Read-Only Memory (PROM). Moreover, such a control permits a continuous variation of output voltage over the modulation range for full inverter utilization. Evaluation using a 22 KW induction motor drive verified that the control provides a clean frequency spectrum over the operating range of the drive (0-100 Hz).

Nine concrete mixes were prepared using natural river sand and uncrushed river gravel, with respect to the 7 and 28-day compressive strength results, it was found that the optimum combined grading group was Coarse Gravel + Fine Sand (CG+FS). Using the (CG+FS) grading group, results indicated that, concrete mixes prepared with natural river sand and uncrushed river gravel give the highest compressive strength among the four concrete mixes made of natural river sand with crushed limestone, crushed ceramic, and crushed glass waste as coarse aggregates respectively.On the other hand, concrete mixes prepared with natural river sand and crushed limestone waste give lower fresh, wet, and dry unit weight than those mixes prepared with natural river sand and crushed ceramic, crushed glass, and uncrushed gravel waste as coarse aggregate respectively.

The Mobil agent Technology has recently emerged as one of the most promising example in computer network management and in the Internet. With the current concerns over computer networks management, there is a need for intelligent tools to monitor, analyze and manage computer networks.This research presents the design of a mobile agent based network management framework to monitor a network performance.
This mobile agent used in this work carries the code and the data with itself when the agent migrates among the nodes in the network. Therefore, the agent is designed to capture internet and network packets that transferred to/from the Local Host and to/from the nodes in the network.The information carried by the packet header is analyzed by the system to measure the rate of bandwidth used by the nodes in the network. The statistical calculations which are done by the system are displayed in graphical and mathematical models which give the system the easiest way to trace the network performance.The designed system can actively migrate among nodes in a heterogeneous networks environment So the technique here as result can be employed to implement the duties of network management by delegation and to deliver different tasks for example collection information for network element therefore, the agent can carry out some daily duties of network administrator such as install and upgrade software .Due to using this agent, the network management policy has been changed and adapted quickly to the changes of today dynamic network environment

It is not secret that the algorithms and methods used to encrypt messages in Arabic language are few and old, there are no modern encryption algorithms to encrypt the Arabic letters along the lines as the encryption algorithms of the letters in English, though they are few and uncommon use. On this basis, has been developed a way to encrypt the Arabic character letters by using a symmetric encryption system, XOR logical function, and binary & decimal encoding schemes to convert letters to decimal ambiguous numbers does not indicate the content of the message. Been using an encryption key length (15) digits, five of them to encode the character that the letter start with it, and the remaining parts are used with the XOR function. Possible to include or not include the key within the message, according to what was agreed upon between the parties. Encrypt each two symbols together and thus eliminating the problem of the most frequent letters in the Arabic language and by which they can predict the original text of the message. The encrypted text figures twice the size of the original text.

High Speed Machining (HSM) offers the promising choice for increasing industrial demands. However, HSM implies more reciprocating movement in machine tool axes. Friction forces, which occur in highly speed moving components, such as ball-screw assembly subjected to linear motion, will induce heat. Factors such as cutting forces, material weight, feeding acceleration, etc, decide how much heat that will be generated and accumulated. On the other hand, positioning sensor used in HSM, which detects machine position by means of rotary encoder that is mounted on the same axis with the screw-nut assembly, is mostly indirect positioned. Machine position is determined by converting rotary encoder signal and ball screw's lead into linear translation position. Accordingly, positioning error will occur when lead is not uniform in motion or there is a change in lead when machine is being operated.
In this research, heat generation due to friction forces induced in the ball-screw-nut assembly is studied. The aim is to understand the phenomenon of heat accumulation that may affect positioning errors due to lead-elongation. Additionally, the deformation caused by temperature increase is estimated based on temperature distribution within the ball-screw assembly which is determined numerically applying the conventional finite difference method.

Burning velocities of mixtures of air with Ethanol and Butanol have been obtained from the measured flame speed and flame temperature using a tube method for fuel – air equivalence ratios (=0.7-1.4) during the pre pressure period of combustion, employing a detailed density correction scheme by using a thermocouple technique.
Maximum values of burning velocity, flame speed, and flame temperature were found to occur at an equivalence ratio (=1.1) independently of fuel type. Burning velocities of Ethanol & Butanol-air mixtures measured at (301K) and (100kPa.) pressure at a tube of (0.067m) diameter, yielded a maximum velocity of (0.489m/s) for Ethanol – air mixture and (0.46m/s) for Butanol – air mixture. The results for Ethanol-air mixture agree well with the little available published results.

This research deals with a look to the process simulation system of first order
PCM(pulse code modulation) multiplexer has been achieved by designing the system on
the basis of implementing its functions using simple logic for the logic circuits (logic
gates) .
That the perception of the process simulation of the system had been considered in
accordance with the rules of the International Union to meet the basic requirements of
standardization (ITU-T) Rec. G.703, G704, G706, G732 and G823 related to line coding
and pulse shaping, frame structure types (FAS, CRC-4, CAS and CCS), modified
Communication Research Centre CRC-4 multiframe, errors detection and jitter
tolerance respectively, are simulated.