Journal of University of Babylon

RPHCL has a porous structure with a random distribution of distinct pore diameters.
In this work, the efficacy of agricultural waste was tested in removing Cibacron Blue 3G-A (CCB) colour from contaminated textile wastewater. In this study, Rhamnus pits (RP) were used as a readily accessible waste material as an adsorbent by carbonizing and impregnating it with a strong base (KOH) and a strong acid (HCL), respectively. The method of impregnation was carried out systematically. The carbonization process involved inciting the RP pits at a temperature of 300 °C, followed by impregnating some of the sample with hydrochloric acid HCL (a strong acid) and some with sodium hydroxide KOH (a strong base), and finally inciting the sample at a temperature of 600 °C as part of the activation process. One kind of adsorbent was not treated with any kind of impregnation; another type was treated with a strong acid; and a third type was treated with a strong base. (CCB) dye used as adsorbed the adsorption capacity and maximum adsorption rate were determined after variables affecting the adsorption process were analyzed. Results showed that KOH- and HCL-impregnated samples removed 96.6% and 88.24% of the sample, respectively, more effectively than the untreated control sample, which removed just 62.42%. Adsorption was performed at 30 degrees Celsius (86 degrees Fahrenheit), 0.05 g/10 ml of dye solution, 60 minutes, and a concentration of 25 mg/l of dye solution. The equilibrium adsorption curves were calculated using two widely used adsorption isotherm models. For KOH-activated RP pits, the Langmuir isotherm model offered a good fit to the data. In this study, the comparison and contrast are according to the pseudo-second-order and pseudo-first-order kinetic models for adsorption. It has been shown that the adsorption rate rapidly rises initially but gradually reduces when equilibrium is reached. When applied to the data, the pseudo-second-order model demonstrated an excellent fit with a confidence level of 0.999.

The effect of adding titanium (Ti) as an alloying element to Al-Cu-Mg alloy on the hardness and corrosion of this alloy was investigated. The hardness and polarization test results of samples treated for various periods by aging at 423.15 K for 5hr showed a significant increment in the Brinell hardness (HBW) improvement ratio of 113.95% (from 43HBW to 92HBW) and an extreme reduction the corrosion rate of the alloy after Ti adding decrease in the current density by 77.54% (from 58.14 µA cm-2 to 13.06 µA cm-2) with aging for 5 hr compared to the base alloy. The impact of addition (Ti) and solution heat treatment (in PAG) is also reflected in the strengthening, recrystallization, and modification of the grain microstructure. These changes were clearly demonstrated by microscopic testing and proves that the addition of Ti has a considerable synergistic effect causing inhibition of recrystallization and refinement of grain size.

The behavior of slurry-infiltrated fiber concrete (SIFCON) Vierendeel trusses under the applied load by employing numerical analyses for the studied trusses is the aim of this paper. The nonlinear behavior of such trusses have been investigated using the finite element software ABAQUS. A finite element model of three dimensions has been used. The structural behaviour is presented in terms of ultimate load, crack pattern and deflection. The numerical results show that the simulated numerical behavior has a good agreement with the experimental results of the pervious tested specimens and the failure mode similar to that recorded in the experimental test. It was found that when the openings are present, the usual flow of stresses is disrupted or interrupted, which causes stress concentration and early cracking in the area of the opening.

A piece of rubber, from an old truck tube, is cut into three specimens to be tested in universal tensile tester. Unfortunately, the tensile tester does not have an ability to measure the change in thickness with the change in length i.e. The tester only reads the applied force with the deformation. Therefore, to get enough accurate data for the Workbench simulation, the first readings in the test was selected to be compared with their peers in the library of Workbench 2022. Two materials (Elastomer Yoeh and Elastomer Neoh-Hookean) in the library seem to follow the same behavior as the real rubber piece. Based on the properties of these two materials, the diameter of the diaphragm was selected to be about 25.55 mm and the geometry of this diaphragm is drawn using Catia R17 Software with the same thickness as an old tube, then the model was imported to Workbench 2022 where a three dimensional mathematical models were built using the properties of the two materials i.e. each material property has its own three dimensional mathematical model. Based on the obtained results from the two Workbench modeling, an experimental real model was built where diaphragm is cut from that old truck tube and the mechanical part of pressure switch is built using very cheap and available materials. Water pressure is applied to the new real model with the same amounts used in Workbench 2022. The deformation of the diaphragm is measured for each pressure value and be compared with the results previously obtained in Workbench. It is found that the most material approaching the real rubber is Elastomer Yoeh with some differences. The elastomer Yoeh material can be used in theoretical analysis with Workbench and the results can be followed in practical applications. The real deformation in practice is about 1.5 times from the Elastomer Yoeh deformation computed with Workbench.

The subgrade soil is the supporting part of the concrete road for transferring the different traffic loads from the road surface. The strength of this soil increases its ability to receive loads, increases the durability of the concrete road, and does not cause structural failure problems. If the soil is weak, it will decrease pavement service life and cause multiple types of failure on the road such as damage to joints, an increase in stresses and deflection, and cracking.
In addition, the soil stabilization process increases the soil's strength and its tolerance to high loads, so the laboratory results showed that the use of 4% of the asphalt emulsion led to improving the gypsum soil properties and increasing the California bearing ratio to 52%.
In the process of designing rigid pavement using the AASHTO design method and depending on concrete properties and subgrade properties before and after stabilization, it was found that alterations in the CBR value within the range of 27-52% and a compressive strength of 30 MPa resulted in a reduction of 7.5% in slab thickness during the design calculations. A reduction of 7.8% in slab thickness was observed upon alteration of the CBR value from a range of 27-52% and a compressive strength of 35 MPa. A reduction of 4.5% in slab thickness was observed with a variation in compressive strength from 30-35 MPa and a CBR value of 27%. A reduction of 4.8% in slab thickness was found with a variation in compressive strength from 30-35 MPa and a CBR value of 52%. Therefore, it was found that the effect of increasing the soil strength on reducing the thickness of the concrete road is greater than the effect of changing the compressive strength of concrete.

The Internet of Things (IoT) is expanding quickly, which has increased demand for innovative sensing technologies that can provide real-time data for various applications. Film Bulk Acoustic Wave Resonators (FBARs) are miniature resonators that utilize the piezoelectric effect to create electrical signals using mechanical vibrations and vice versa. FBAR resonators have emerged as promising candidates for sensor applications in IoT due to their compact size, high sensitivity, and compatibility with microfabrication techniques. This paper presents design of FBAR sensor as gas and pressure sensor for IOT applications consisting of zinc oxide (ZnO) and Lithium niobate (LiNbO3) as piezoelectric film and Aluminum (Al) as top and bottom electrodes. The results show the superior performance of the proposed resonator. Based on the modeling results, the structure's resonance frequency is 12.02 and 10.36 GHz with a quality factor of 936.7 and 941.3 and an effective coupling coefficient of 18.35 and 18.27 % for ZnO and LiNbO3 respectively