Journal of University of Babylon

In the current model, designed and simulated Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) on a circular diaphragm-based piezoresistive pressure sensor was studied. Single-walled Carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) were used to check better sensitivity. The impact of altering the pressure on the displacement, current density, and von Mises stress was studied using a single CNTs and an array of CNTs. It was observed that increasing the pressure resulted in an increase in displacement, current density, and von Mises stress. The attained sensitivity of SWCNTs was 1.428*10^-11µA\Pa. Moreover, the effect of changing diameter on the resistance of CNT and the energy bandgap was studied. The design of the current study picked the diameter limits from 1nm to 4nm. It was found that raising the diameter led to reducing the energy bandgap from 0.426 eV to 0.10 eV and decreased the resistance from 2143kΩto 543kΩ at zero strain.

Linear Antenna Arrays (LAAs) are widely used electromagnetic systems in modern wireless communication, and Metaheuristics algorithms have been utilized to reduce side lobe level SLL and reach the optimal solution. This paper employs three algorithms: the first, Particle Swarm Optimization PSO, the second, Genetic Algorithm GA, and the third, Flower Pollination Algorithm FPA. Each test consists of N = 8, 16, 32, 64, 128, and 256 antenna array elements. To reduce SLL and the concentration of radioactive energy in the main lobe, each algorithm compares the beam pattern to the theoretical beam pattern. In addition, the algorithms were compared with the existence of the theoretical beam pattern, and it was discovered that there is a superior algorithm for each number of antenna elements; in N = 8, when comparing FPA to other algorithms, it was discovered that FPA reduced SLL by a value of -20.8492dB, which was superior to the other algorithms. SLL decreased by -27.2992dB when comparing PSO with other algorithms at N = 16. When N = 32,64 represents FPA more accurately than other algorithms where the SLL plummeted to -28.3071dB and -28.0148dB, respectively. GA is superior to other algorithms when N = 128,256, reducing SLL by -28.5568 dB and -28.6204 dB, respectively.

In today's world, ADDITIVE MANUFACTURING (AM) is a well-known method for creating true three-dimensional objects, either out of metals, ceramics, plastics, or a combination of these materials. ADDITIVE MANUFACTURING (AM) is connected with a series of rapid heating and cooling cycles, as well as substantial temperature gradients, which result in the development of complicated thermal histories, which have a direct impact on the resulting microstructures. Due to the nature of this dynamic and far-from-equilibrium process, different microstructural features emerge. For instance, these are likely to induce changes in the corrosion characteristics of ADDITIVE MANUFACTURING (AM) stainless steels, which have superior mechanical properties and corrosion resistance when manufactured using other production methods. Because such modifications are not fully understood at this time, inconsistencies and conflicts in the literature on the corrosion behaviour of ADDITIVE MANUFACTURING (AM) stainless steels are regularly seen. The preparation and characterization of additively made stainless steel is the subject of this work, which provides a critical assessment. In terms of producing huge metallic structures at high deposition rates and cheap costs, WIRE ARC ADDITIVE MANUFACTURING (WAAM) has emerged as a viable method. This article reviews some ADDITIVE MANUFACTURING (AM) methods used mostly with metallic materials focusing on the WIRE ARC ADDITIVE MANUFACTURING (WAAM) of stainless steel.

This review covers the various types of reinforcement phases of nanocomposites, such as nanoparticles, nanofibers, carbon nanotubes, and natural nanopigments, with a focus on the requirement of these materials, their production processes, and some current knowledge about their structure, properties, and potential applications. The necessity for such potential materials as well as other intriguing uses are perspectives. Applications of nanocomposites offer new technical and commercial potential for numerous sectors of the coating, automotive, electronics as solar cell, food packaging, and other industries because to their environmental friendliness.
High performance materials with unique features include nanocomposites have a significant importance in the new advanced applications. Engineering plastics and elastomers have the fastest increasing requirement for fabrication as a nanocomposites with an expected annual growth rate of 25%. They are useful in a variety of applications, from packaging to biomedical ones, due to their great capabilities.

This study looks into the efficacy of using used tea leaves to remove heavy metal ions from wastewater. The effect of mineral ions on adsorbents is investigated by varying contact time, ricin dose, and starting mineral concentration. Researchers are also looking into the adsorption process's sensitivity to pH during the batch method. At a pH of 7 or below, depending on the concentration of heavy metals, metal ion removal is at its maximum; once equilibrium is attained, metal ion removal stops. The results suggest that used paper tea, along with other effective absorbent materials, could be used to treat wastewater containing heavy metal ions.. Additionally, the effects of resin, contact time, and principal mineral concentrations on the percentage of removal are being investigated. Tea has a high rate of absorption,the absorbency and cost effectiveness of using tea leaves to remove lead metal from wastewater have been achieved in this approach. The Freundlich and Langmuir methods of the batch experiment were used to calculate the amount of adsorbent material and the concentration of heavy metal in this investigation. The corresponding equations were uncovered, and their secrets revealed.

Switched reluctance motors (SRM) are used to produce a lot of torque when they are operating at high magnetic saturation. Due to the high magnetic saturation, the relationship between phase current, rotor position, and the flux linkage of SRM is nonlinear. Noise, disturbances, and inertia of load torque can all have a negative impact on the SRM driver system's speed controller performance. In this study, the SRM driver system's sliding mode controller was developed .The sliding mode controller( SMC) speed controller was used to regulate speeds of the SRM throughout a wide range speeds, including high and low speeds. This study compares (SMC) with a modified reaching law and a Proportional Integral Divertive Control (PID) controller for a 6/4 pole SRM using an optimization technique for switching controllers. Furthermore, the rotor speed was simulated and compared to the reference speed. The Exponential Sliding Mode Controller (ExpSMC) is the best in terms of performance and robustness for an electric vehicle application, depending on a simulation of an established test bench using the two controllers.