AL-ADAB JOURNAL

The main problem of the current study concentrates on applying critical discourse analysis to examine textual, discoursal and social features of reduplication in some selected English newspaper headlines. This study aims at analyzing the linguistic features of reduplication by adopting Fairclough's three-dimensional model (2001). The following hypotheses are set forth: (1) English headline – newspapers comprise various textual, discoursal and social features ;(2)the model of analysis is best suited for the current study.To achieve the aims and verify the hypotheses, a critical discourse analysis approach is used represented by Fairclough's socio-cultural approach (2001).The present study has examined the use of reduplication in some English (British and American newspaper headlines) including The Guardian, The Washington Post, The Telegraph, The Observer, and The Financial Times. The main conclusions that this paper arrived at are :(a) the newspaper headlines have been described by employing more informal and simple vocabulary;(b) the style of writing is described as having clarity, directness, and freshness where the editors of these newspapers use concrete, specific, and common words to convince their reader; (c)the semantic analysis shows that lexical items include collocation , synonymy and metaphor to reinforce language and persuasion while the morphological analysis unveils that editors use different reduplications to meet the purpose of their articles
and the current social analysis reveals that the editors use different dates, occasions, venues and political figures.

Cultural Criticism: A Reading of Arab Cultural Formats by Dr. Abdullah Al-Ghadami published in 2000, represents a critical work belonging to the post-modernity phase. This research aims to reveal the truth about the death of literary criticism “The statement that came from the post-modernity phase, however, the concept of the death of literary criticism according to Al-Ghaddami’s perspective is not the same as that of Ronan McDonald. The reasons are different, in addition to the differences in starting points. On the other hand, the research reveals the intricate connections between literary criticism and adjacent fields. This refutes the myth that literary criticism is in decline, as its foundations and principles remain rooted in these interrelations. Throughout its extensive history, literary criticism has not overlooked these vital connections, the diverse methodologies enriched its domains, sharpened its tools, and reinforced its significance and relevance. Sources from modernity and beyond, along with cultural criticism works, serve as a primary foundation for the research.

This study aims at examining the effect of using cooperative learning strategies on learning simple present and present continuous by elementary Iraqi EFL learners. For this purpose, 60 Iraqi EFL students of the seventh grade (first grade of high school) from two intact classes were selected from among the female Iraqi high school students studying in Maysan, Iraq. They attended the pre-test of the target grammar points. Then, the treatment started and continued for 12 sessions. In the experimental group, first the teacher assigned the students into 6 groups including 4 to 6 members and asked them to do the grammar exercises cooperatively in groups while in the control group, the students did the exercises individually, on their own. The teacher of both groups was the same; so, she tried not to have any peer or group practice in the control group. The treatment lasted for about 3 months. Then, the same test of the target grammar points was administered as the post-pest and the participants’ performance on the pre-test and post-test was compared in order to see which group performed better after the treatment. The results indicated the outperformance of the experimental group who used cooperative techniques for learning simple present and present continuous over the control group. Findings recommend that Iraqi English language teachers and material designers can make use of communicative tasks and activities like cooperative learning techniques in their classes.

Poems are of great importance in recording many important historical events and facts. They said in the past: poetry is the Arab Divan, and the poets recorded their exploits, their days, and their glory in poetry.There is no doubt that Allah has pointed out in the Holy Book to this tribe - the poets - and identified them with the attributes of the good and others of the bad nature. Family of prophets encouraged their Shiites and lovers to write poetry about them, peace be upon them, and many hadiths were received from them urging this matter with the goodness and reward it brings. Therefore, many people paid attention to the poetry collections of the Prophet’s family, peace be upon them, including the nation’s jurists, as they paid great attention to epistolary poetry. To preserve the exploits of the Prophet and his family, peace be upon them, and to perpetuate their memory, Sheikh Al-Kulayni has a book, What Poetry Has Been Said about the family of prophets and Sheikh Al-Mufid has a book, Mas’a’il Al-Nazam. There are many scholars and jurists who, in addition to their religious books, have written a book of poetry or composed poetry about the family of prophets, peace be upon them for their love , among them is Sheikh Hussein Najaf Al-Tabrizi Al-Najafi, who was motivated by pure love and pure adoration for them, peace be upon them, to compose a collection of poetry that he wrote heartfully and sincerely for them. What is important in this research, after we have outlined a summary of the poet’s life, is to shed light on his scientific and practical status and the artistic and objective characteristics of his poetry.

Post-Truth Era is a term used recently by The Oxford Dictionary and it deals with facts that have no much importance in our current world. People show no interest to know the truth and they believe what match their interests and desires. Disinformation, misinformation, alternative facts and fake news are the phenomena of the post-truth era. Correlating the information becomes more complicated, challengeable and devastating due to technological development. Therefore, post-truth is a type of ideological superiority where its proponents attempt to force someone to accept a belief whether or not it is supported by solid facts. Currently, individuals are misled and manipulated by fake news. Thus, the study gives much weight to the importance of understanding the post-truth era. It argues that post-truth discourse has influenced the perception of people. Moreover, it emphasizes that the current era is but an illusion and has nothing to do with truth since it has completely disappeared and is represented by chaos and apathy.

This study delves into the pivotal role of adjacency pairs as fundamental units in conversation analysis, with a specific focus on their application in the context of detective novels, notably exemplified in the works of Agatha Christie.Adjacency pairs consist of a first pair part and a second pair part which are crucial tools in understanding the dynamics of dialogue, as they reveal underlying structures and meanings within conversations. Thus, the present study aims at determining the most dominant pattern of adjacency pairs which are utilized in shaping the dialogue in Christie’s works; and at investigating how Christie employs a specific adjacency pair pattern to impart a distinctive touch to her detective narratives.Accordingly,the following hypotheses are proposed: firstly, the superiority of these adjacency pairs is given to (Question–Answer/ Clarification) pattern;secondly, the use of the (Announcement – Acceptance / Denial) pattern is an unexpected way to identify the criminal of the novel. In order to test the validity of these hypotheses, The Murder of Roger Ackroyd by Agatha Christie is analyzed by adopting eclectic models i.e. Coulthard (1985), Clark (1996), Schegloff (2007) and Paltridge (2012). The results of the analysis are set using quantitative and qualitative methods .Finally, it is found that writers can leverage Agatha Christie's adept use of adjacency pairs employing (Question-Answer), to elevate narrative impact. Screenwriters adapting Christie's works for visual media can benefit from understanding the significance of these pairs in guiding dialogue construction for cinematic portrayal. These insights can be incorporated into literature or linguistics courses as case studies, serving as teaching tools to illustrate effective linguistic devices and deepen comprehension of narrative strategies.

The study at hand dealt with the characteristics of Dr. Mahmoud Al-Bustani’s constructivist approach and the features that distinguished that approach from other approaches which attempted to clarify the organic unity of the Qur’anic text. It alluded to the theoretical components of that approach and its distribution between a religious heritage, data from psychological schools, modern literary techniques, and demonstrated his visions. Concerning reading and its controls, it sheds light on his reservations towards ancient rhetoric and clarified his perceptions of the typical rhetorical approach, and his belief in the relativity of rhetorical principles which in turn leads to that the rhetorical miracle of the Qur’an remains open, and is not determined by the principles of this generation or that. Rather, there always remain other principles, which may be uncovered through the process of discovery practiced by each generation. The study concluded that the most apparent features of Al-Bustani’s constructivism lie in singling out a distinct position for the recipient, the concept presented by Al-Bustani about (receiving) can be considered an isthmus between the direction of negative reception, which makes the recipient an element of consumption and emotion, and the direction, which makes the recipient (creative) and a contributor to the production of the text.
In addition, it is found that Mahmoud Al-Bustani finds no objection to adopting the common human tributaries in the issue of reading, as long as Islam does not set detailed rules for (reading) and prevents anyone from transgressing them. This means that it leaves, within certain conditions, a large space for human experience and expertise in creating a curriculum. (Reading), takes into account a number of determinants, and it follows that any approach that undertakes to read the Qur’anic text will impose its justifications and gain its legitimacy, regardless of the nature of the approach and its approach in dealing with the text and uncovering its characteristics, while remembering the necessity of that approach being the product of principles. Considerable scientific or artistic, and in so far as the issue does not lead to chaos and absurdity in understanding or contradicting the purpose that the religious text wants to convey to people.

Este estudio pretende dar a conocer de la naturaleza de las funciones de las clases de la voz pasiva en la lengua española, centrándose de forma exclusive a los usos que resultan un poco raras, pero admisibles a la vez.
Hemos dado especial atención a estudiar los usos que resultan nuevos de esta construcción gramatical, aclarando nuestros tratamientos con ejemplos a cada una de sus clases.
Hemos dado a conocer cuantos valores temporales que puede contener la voz pasiva en la lengua española, señalando a sus construcciones pertinentes ya sus ejemplos demostrativos.

El presente estudio consta de varios ejes sobre el concepto general del lenguaje militar y bélico, las características de las expresiones bélicas , las dificultades de la traducción militar y los requisitos del interprete y traductor en el ámbito militar ,realizamos análisis de )35( términos bélicos y militares españoles con su traducción correspondiente al árabe, basando en “Diccionario militar estratégico y político Guía para el lector (1981)” de Bordeje Morencos y en “Diccionario de la Real Academia” .También analizamos )17( términos del campo semántico bélico utilizados en el lenguaje futbolístico y su traducción a la lengua árabe. En el fin de este estudio ponemos un anexo de breve glosario de (50(términos bélicos y militares del español al árabe.

One of the important phenomena of criticism in this era is the development of literary genres and their intersection. Through the longtime of criticism, calls for adhering to the rules of the literary genre decreased, when writers and critics realized that literary creativity cannot be restricted or limited by borders. Therefore, literary genres began to merge with one another, and the novel in particular influenced all other artistic mediums, including poetry, theater, film, and television, as well as acting as a dominant genre that encompasses all of its subgenres. Especially and to a greater extent with the genre, (theatre) from which many tools were drawn, to form the mechanisms of constructing the narrative scene, its compositions, its production, and to draw everything related to the details of its space. The Land Borders by the Iraqi writer Maysaloon Hadi, published in 2004, has been chosen for this study because it is a structural model that covered the tools of theater to reveal, in a theatrical form, the characters, their crisis psychology, and their lost identity, so the events in it were compatible with the types of characters and aligned with the construction of the narrative. And the mechanisms of shaping the scene, with the imaginative reality of the novel, so starting with the words, moving through the literary dialogue, and culminating with the fictitious world, with its tumultuous people, and its fragmented locations and times, where delusion and confusion blended with reality, the upheaval in its tiniest elements was abundantly obvious.
What contributed to revealing (the fragmentation of the narrative space) was that this (space) acquired the characteristic of (theatricality), because the novel relied on presenting the narrative, displaying the turbulent events, and revealing the characters in crisis, on several elements, including: the mutual dialogue between the characters, and the narration of the characters with first person pronoun, in addition to the narration of the narrator (multipile selective omniscience), who chose absence in favor of the voices of his characters. He presented the story through the characters’ awareness, memory, and visions, in a way that made its events appear as if they were taking place now in front of the viewer to match the timing of the story . And the narrative; All of this had an influential role in building the narrative scene, and achieving theatricality and visualization, which clearly contributed in revealing the fragmentation and interpenetration of the world of the novel.

Aziz Nesin is considered one of the most important story writers, poets, and playwrights in the Turkish literature. His works are still read passionately several years after his death. He was born in Istanbul on 20th of December 1915 and died on the 6th of July 1995 in Izmir. Throughout his life, that was about 79 years, he wrote important works in different fields of literature, but his talent was clear in writing short stories.
The short story collection (Biz adam olmayız) is one of the most important and exciting short stories collections. It consists of 24 short stories in which the writer criticized social and cultural events through a critical and exaggerated style. The writer published this collection in 1962. The short story (Biz adam olmayız) which is included in this collection and became the title for this collection. The concept of rebellion was clear in this collection in addition to the satirical comedy. All stories in this collection include the concept of rebellion. This is the main reason for choosing the subject of rebellion for this study.
In general, the concept of rebellion differs from criticizing a status or an event. Rebellion means rejection against the situation of the existing status and acting in a serious way to oppose it taking into consideration everything. The concept of rebellion has a parallel meaning of insurgence which appears in front of us in all periods of history. This concept also refers to the status of standing in the face of wrong policies and creating a reaction against the existing policies.
The paper studies the concept of rebellion in this short story collection for the Turkish writer Aziz Nesin who is clearly known by his different views than other Turkish writers.

Scientists studied linguistic usage through evaluation and criticism, and this emerged in grammatical thought, and judgment criteria and controls were few in most studies. This research came to reveal the role of the criterion of meaning and validity of the construct in evaluative judgement. The research aims to define the term unacceptability of meaning, and to clarify the terms synonymous with it in the linguistic lesson, and presenting aspects of linguistic usage in which unacceptability of meaning and defect in structure were criteria for issuing an evaluative judgment. The importance of research lies in its focus on the criterion of unacceptability of meaning and explaining its impact in interpreting linguistic usages among scholars. The research followed the descriptive analytical approach by investigating the areas of unacceptability of structure and meaning associated with evaluative judgments, classifying and analyzing them to show the manifestations of defects that scholars relied on to explain the changes occurring in the morphological structure. The research clarified the terms unacceptability in structure and their synonyms and revealed the manifestations of unacceptability in meaning and structure that scholars relied upon in judging linguistic usages.

This study is based on text linguistics approach, which is considered the most recent approach that appeared in the second half of the sixties of the last century, aiming to expand on ancient linguistic studies that stopped at the boundaries of the sentence in the study of language to study the text as a linguistic unit capable of analysis.
Text scholars have developed ,in light of this approach, criteria that achieve the textuality of texts and distinguish the text from a group of sentences that do not constitute a text, including grammatical consistency, which is the subject of this research study.Furthermore, this research sought to reveal its impact on organizing the structure of the text and creating formal cohesion between its components, taking the novels of Mahdi Issa Al-Saqr as an applicable model , and in an attempt to reveal the linguistic specificity of its texts, even if they represent an integrated text.
It was organized into an introduction and a preface that included an examination of the lexical and terminological significance of consistency, followed by topic detailing grammatical consistency and its tools in the novels of Mahdi Issa Al-Saqr, then followed by a conclusion where the most important results were presented including that the means of grammatical consistency have varied in their percentage of occurrence in the text of novels while some of them increased, such as referral and connection, others decreased, such as substitution and deletion. This confirms that the standard in text construction is a qualitative standard linked to the writer’s novelistic approach and his style in presenting the events of the novel.

Certain historical events have profound and lasting traumatic effects on societies, with their consequences never truly erased from collective memory. The invasion of Baghdad by the Mongols is undeniably one such significant historical event. The importance of Baghdad as the capital of the caliphate, coupled with its role as the religious administrative center for the entire Islamic region in the Middle Ages, further heightened the traumatic impact of this invasion. Indeed, even during the modern-day occupation of Iraq, there was a felt need to reference and compare it to the Mongol invasion. In this study, we will delve into the material destruction caused by the Mongol armies in Baghdad based entirely on historical narratives. We will attempt to scientifically present the value of diverse historical sources by employing historical arbitration methodologies. Specifically, the extent of the destruction inflicted upon the selected sample of Baghdad libraries will be determined through primary sources. The backbone of our study will be the accounts of eyewitnesses who directly experienced the invasion, along with the narratives provided by significant scholars and travelers describing post-invasion Baghdad. Examples of information and methodological errors that modern sources have fallen into with their one-sided narratives will be provided. Sharing the historical realities hidden between the lines with the scholarly community is our primary goal, rather than engaging in the exaggeration and populism that often characterize discussions of this historically renowned event, which holds within it many foundational assumptions.

The period from 800-600 BC had witnessed the Greeks’ settling the western regions of Asia Minor, during which they developed many colonies and established powerful city-states that operated independently of their mother cities.
There are many reasons that prompted the Greeks to establish colonies which were capable of economic growth, some of which are related to overpopulation in the mother country, and others are realted to the inability of the lands in the original Greek city-states to form a large city due to the terrain, while the areas that were colonized were wide and fertile. The current research is an attempt to shed light on the economic reasons that were considered one of the motives for the Ionian colonization of the coasts of Asia Minor.

Evolution and renewal are considered, with a great probability, a feature of human thought throughout the ages, as it went through several transitional stages, starting from mythical thinking to scientific thinking, and that this development was not limited to a specific civilization or a specific group of people. Anyone who is familiar with the ancient oriental thought, especially the thought of the civilization of Mesopotamia, and traces the intellectual path of this authentic civilization, will see the extent of the development that this civilization witnessed. Thought began with a tendency toward subordination of man to his gods, represented by blind obedience to them in addition to the saying of pluralism to the great powers that run the universe and man’s fears of them, followed by the development of the intellectual variable from pluralism to the feature of exclusivity and the emergence of the idea of God who is mediator and protector , and the thought itself oscillated between certainty and doubt , with the beginnings of the growing individualism of the people of Mesopotamia civilization, reaching the stage of absolute skepticism, and an attempt to improve the religious and moral system. This indicates the extent of the development which is witnessed by human thought in the civilization of Mesopotamia at that time.

The issue of intellectual references and how to safeguard society from their political impacts to face the potential divisions deserves intense consideration for several reasons. This matter has captured the attention of many philosophers including Charles Taylor, who has been politically and theoretically engaged for a considerable period. This research embarks on an exploratory analytic examining of the concept of "imaginary" and investigating its intellectual and political references. It particularly focuses on the historical and philosophical context related to the philosopher Taylor. This study aims at comprehending the vital role played by the imaginary in Taylor's worldview and its alignment with his philosophical thinking and political beliefs.

There is no issue that man was involved in matter of doing, thinking, and speaking since the beginning of time than that of religion. Religion is a common phenomenon that exists everywhere. And it makes a unique human event. It is known that throughout history there are civilizations without arts, and ones without financial progress, but never a civilization without religion. Within the framework of this unique phenomenon, studies started to find out the roots of the idea of religion in the history of mankind. The French intellectual “Gustave Le Bon” came to unveil the truth about religion. He started to ask plenty of questions such as, how did religion start? What are the primary motives behind the existence of religion? How can a human being believe in a set of unshakable, doctrinal rules? Accordingly, all of these inquiries that Gustave Le Bon has presented will be answered using the descriptive, analytical method.

The orientalists’ reading of the Glorious Qur’an is one of the issues that Muhammad Arkoun was concerned with, and it is part of his project to criticize the orientalist reading in general for the Islamic heritage. It is one of the main subjects that Muhammad Arkoun gave priority among his projects in applied Islamic Studies .Furthermore, it is part of his critical project of Orientalism, the issues dealt with by Orientalism, and then the transfer of the Islamic heritage to the Western reader, by considering the analysis, explanation and criticism of Arkoun's propositions, in order to understand some Orientalists of the Glorious Qur'an.

The research aims at identifying Wisdom among gifted students as well as identifying the significance of the differences in wisdom according to the gender variable(male-female). The researcher developed the wisdom Questionnaire to (40)male and female students at the Izmar Center for gifted students in Sulaymaniyah of the stage (10-11). The data was analyzed using appropriate statistical means. The results of the research showed that there are statistically significant differences in wisdom according to the gender variable.

The current research aims to study the unconditional positive respect among married employees in the Iraqi society in Baghdad governorate, as well as identifying the differences in the unconditional positive respect among married people according to the variable: gender (male-female), age group (20_40) and (41_61) years, and years of marriage (1_15).and (16_30) years. Where the sample of the current research consisted of (400) male and female employees, and they were selected in a stratified random way from the ministries in Baghdad governorate, and in order to achieve the objectives of the research, the two researchers used the descriptive correlative approach, and the Paterson & Joseph (2006) scale was adopted, which reached the number of its paragraphs in the scale in its final form (11) items, and then the data were analyzed by using the statistical bag (SPSS). The results showed that the employees are characterized by a low level of unconditional positive respect. There were no differences according to the demographic variables of the unconditional positive respect variable, except for the variable of years of marriage, in favor of the age group (1-15 years). At the end of the research, the two researchers presented some recommendations and suggestions.

Although romance is a universal human condition, when it is driven by unfavorable thoughts and beliefs, it becomes irrational. As a result, people who seek treatment at psychiatric clinics experience a variety of issues, including uncontrollable emotions and behaviors that may have an impact on other areas of their lives and their decision-making in the future. These ideas, which have been influenced by romantic media since childhoodwhile being romantic about the connection could lead to some people developing Stockholm syndrome. Being a temporary survival mechanism of the subconscious, it manifests in cases of psychological trauma in order to ignore the flaws in their emotional partner, making them passively surrender to the partner and turn into a victim. The current study seeks to identify the Romantic Belief among patients who experience emotional issues and measure Stockholm syndrome in patients with emotional disorders based on two variables (sex, emotional state). The sample of the current study is (233) individuals who seek treatment at psychiatric clinics. Their ages range from (15-25 years). Following data collection and statistical analysis, the research findings led to the following conclusions: Romantic Belief, and Stockholm syndrome are statistically significant among visitors who experience emotional problems. In light of these findings, the study concluded and recommended the following : conducting a training program to teach kids, teenagers, and young adults about self-confidence and enhancing their self-worth so they do not fear rejection by others, do not feel threatened by others leaving them, and realize that loving oneself is the most important thing to achieve happiness and that seeking love from others is not love but attachment.

This study examines the geopolitics of Iraqi foreign policy as a means of mediation between Saudi Arabia and Iran. The research focuses on the role played by Iraq as a mediator between the two regional states in light of the political and security challenges facing the region. The geopolitical factors that influence Iraqi foreign policy are analyzed and form the basis for its role as a mediator. Bilateral relations between Iraq and both Saudi Arabia and Iran are being studied including shared interests and tensions, and identifying potential points for reaching political settlements or solutions. Analysis of erosion is provided to identify potential points to reach political settlements or solutions. An analysis of the regional shifts affecting Iraq is provided and plays a role in providing support as a mediator. Iraq has an important geographical location and a long culture, which enhances the possibility of playing an active role in the mediation between Saudi Arabia and Iran. The study displyed multiple conclusions indicating that stability in the region requires the role of Iraq as a neutral and effective mediator to help in a political settlement and maintain security and peace in the Middle East. One of the most important conclusions is that Iraq's position on the energy map will determine the course of settlement in Iraq and the region. The Iraqi mediation led by Prime Minister Mustafa Al-Kadhimi succeeded in bringing the Saudi and Iranian parties together and taking clear steps towards re-normalizing relations during five years of bilateral talks in Baghdad.

This study aimed to identify the level of political awareness in the urban population of Babil Governorate. The measure of political awareness was used, which consists of several axes (cognitive, emotional, media, participation in elections and the political process). Expected value analysis (intersection of questions) was used to show the relationship between the answers of the respondents, and the values of the moral score were Zero, which leads us to reject the null theory and accept the alternative hypothesis, which states that there is a relationship between the indicators and the validity of the answers. For this purpose, the descriptive analytical approach was used, and a questionnaire tool consisting of (40) indicators was applied to the population of the study area, and the number of questionnaires reached (1100) for the year (2022). The study reached the following results:
- The study reached the average level of political awareness and on various demographic variables. The value of political awareness at the governorate level reached (594). In addition, there is spatial variation in the level of awareness through the percentages of answers to the indicators by the respondents, as they were distributed among three variables (Agree, No opinion, disagree. The highest level of political awareness was recorded in Markaz Al-Mahawil district with a value of (685) and the lowest level of political awareness in Al-Kifl district with a value of (531). The study reached a coefficient of variation value of (12.18), and this explains the extent of the variation in levels of political awareness.
The one-way analysis of variance resulted in rejecting the null hypothesis when using a significant level (0.05%) and accepting the alternative hypothesis, which indicates a difference between the averages of the answers according to the districts through the value of the arithmetic mean scores, as the values ranged between (0.828 and 14.824), as well as the moral value Which equals zero.
The researcher recommended the following:
- Spreading political awareness among the population of the study area about the importance of participating in the political process and participating in the elections, which contributes to correcting voluntary behavior and providing the opportunity for women to participate.
- Relying on reliable and official sources to obtain local and regional political news for its role in building an image of the political reality and developing individual knowledge.
- Educating the study community about political culture to provide a democratic climate and respect for personal freedom and intellectual pluralism to mature a sense of citizenship and social and political responsibility.

Natural and artificial forests in Iraq in general and the study area in particular have multiple problems, some of them may be similar to the problems of forests found in other Arab countries and others may differ from them. The most important problems that led to the deterioration and decline of the natural forest area in Iraq can be related to two groups of factors:
a. Humanity problems.(human)
b. Environmental and climate problems (natural).
Forests in Dohuk Governorate are exposed to a series of human and natural problems that lead to the deterioration and decline of productivity. The most important of these problems are (human and natural fires, unjustified and ill-considered felling, overgrazing, shifting cultivation, urban expansion, climate change, and agricultural diseases and pests).

One of the most important and difficult aspects of climatology studies is defining seasons. In this study, thermal seasons are defined based on the daily average temperature for a period of 65 years (1956-2021), after determining a relative temperature threshold for the beginning and end of each season. The average temperature from 1956 to 2021 was used to determine; the start and end of summer, when the temperature exceeded up and below the 75th percentile, respectively. The 25th percentile was established as the temperature threshold for winter, and what is between them were considered to be a transitional seasons.
The results showed that the characteristics of the four seasons differ from the traditionally defined seasons. The summer season is the longest in southern, central and western Iraq, while the winter season is the longest in northern Iraq. This is due to the factors of altitude, and distance from sources of warm and cold air masses. The results also showed that the transitional seasons (autumn and spring) are short and have less spatial variation than the main seasons (summer and winter). The results also suggested that the summer season started relatively earlier in central and southern Iraq compared to northern Iraq and ends later, while winter begins relatively later in the center and south and ends earlier, compared to stations in northern Iraq.

This study aims at identifying the concept of crime and hot spots to identify the classification of crimes in the United Arab Emirates and its impact on the society of the Emirate of Sharjah. It shows the nature of the relationship between crime and hotspots and what dangers they pose to society to present results, solutions and proposals that enable the security services and the Sharjah Police General Command to control hotspots and protect society . To achieve the objectives of the study, the analytical descriptive approach was adopted, using the questionnaire as a tool for the study which consists of (39) items distributed on four dimensions. The study sample consisted of (507) people who were chosen randomly. The results showed a clear effect of the personal variables represented in the area of residence, the nature of presence, gender and nationality on the four axes of the study: the sense of security, the seriousness of crime, the impact on business, and ways to address crimes.

This study aims at identifying the potential effects of social stigma on members of Emirati society who have recoverd from drug abuse. The study seeks to provide a greater understanding of how their factors affect the context of Emirati society. The demographic characteristics of the study sample was reviewed – including (gender, age, marital status, educationa level, the work situation, the number of children, the Emirate, the duration and frequency of abuse, and the type of substance of abuse), in addition to the relevant social, psychological, economic and religious contexts. The study aims at finding a deeper understanding of this issue.
The result indicates that there is a statistically significant relationship between the effects of social stigma and the experiences of the individuals who have recovered.