Tikrit Journal of Engineering Sciences

This study investigates the behavior of ring footing erected on gypseous soil and compares it with the circular footing, including conducting (24) experiments of loading ring footings, where the inner and external diameter ratio was (Din./Dout. = 0, 0.2, 0.3 and 0.4), resting on two types of Gypseous soil, for the circular footing the external diameter was (150mm) and thickness (15mm) made from solid steel. The results for study showed the ring footings were best than the circular footings. The ratio (Din./Dout. = 0.4) was beast for all ratios of (Df/D). Capacity of bearing increased when the ratio (Df/D) increase. Bearing capacity for high-gypsum content soil showed good results compared to the low-gypsum content soil. The first was high content of gypsum (63.42%) obtained from the Tikrit University, and the second was low content of gypsum (8.15%) from the Baiji area. The tests were doing inside box have dimensions (900×900×700 mm). The experiments were divided into twelve tests for dry gypsum soil condition with high gypsum content using density of (13.76 kN/m3), and twelve tests for dry soil with low gypsum content using density of (14.87 kN/m3). Experiments were conducted for different ratios (Df/D=0, 0.5, and 1).

Due to its many engineering applications, low manufacturing costs, and environmental friendliness, 3D printing is considered one of the most promising manufacturing technologies. The quality of printed parts will inevitably be affected by the controllable variables used in the 3D printing process. The present study aims to investigate how different printing process parameters affect the bending strength of PLA prints. The ASTM D790 standard was used to fabricate the samples in this work, while the Taguchi principle was used to design the experiments. The following values were chosen: shell width (0.8, 1.2, 1.6, and 2 mm), layer thickness (0.15, 0.2, 0.25, and 0.3 mm), and infill density (40%, 60%, 80%, and 100%). The results showed that fill density is the most effective variable for improving bending strength. Measurements of infill density (100%), layer thickness (0.15 mm), and shell width (2 mm) gave the best results, which were calculated to be 83.1479 MPa in bending test. The mathematical model in this study was developed using linear regression analysis, and the residuals confirmed that the model fit the data well, with a maximum error of 6.1%.

The results of an experimental work to explore the effect of elevated temperatures on load resistance of reinforced concrete beams with glass fiber-reinforced polymers (GFRP) bars are reported in this paper. Twenty beams with cross-sectional dimensions of (120 x 200 x 1600 mm) were designed. Two specimens were evaluated at room temperature as reference beams, while the remaining eighteen were treated to high temperatures (200, 400, 600, and 800 °C) for 30, 60, and 90 minutes before being subjected to a similarly increased four-point load-up to the failure. The influence of raised temperature on load-deflection relationships as the failure modes for tested beams was examined and compared to a control beam. Compression failure is the most frequent failure mechanism in all the analyzed GFRP beams before and after exposure to high temperatures, according to the experimental test data. However, as the temperature and exposure time increased, the failure mode shifted from compression to balance and tensile failure. The beam heating was done under elastic loading, making these results unique. After 60 minutes of exposure to temperatures of 200, 400, 600, and 800 ⁰C, the residual loading capacity of heated beams was reduced by 13%, 17.39%, 32.6%, and 41.3%, respectively, compared to the control beam.

Poor performance measuring procedures in the oil and gas sector can result in project cost overruns, schedule delays, and scope expansions. Earned value management, an integrated project planning and control system that monitors cost and schedule performance, makes it possible to identify performance issues early and adopt corrective measures quickly. This study aims to thoroughly comprehend the differences between actual and planned expenses, as well as the potential use of Earned Value Management (EVM) to compare and analyze the available data and to assess the effectiveness of EVM when applied to a real project in helping a project manager achieve success in terms of budget utilization and schedule compliance. For this purpose, data were collected from the Karbala Refinery Project, which is one of the vast and modern projects of the State Company for Oil Projects (SCOP), the Iraqi Ministry of Oil, based on (84) monthly reports starting on (June 26, 2015) up to (August 25, 2022). The data was arranged in a spreadsheet format suitable for statistical analysis using Microsoft Office Excel, and the earned value was analyzed and its indexes. The results showed that the earned value indexes Cost Performance Index (CPI), the Schedule Performance Index (SPI), and the To-Complete Cost Performance Indicator (TCPI) achieved for the task construction of the Karbala refinery project were as follows: 1.029, 0.991, and 0.237, respectively, which means that the construction task for the Karbala refinery project is late and still within the budget.

Due to its many engineering applications, low manufacturing costs, and environmental friendliness, 3D printing is considered one of the most promising manufacturing technologies. The quality of printed parts will inevitably be affected by the controllable variables used in the 3D printing process. The present study aims to investigate how different printing process parameters affect the bending strength of PLA prints. The ASTM D790 standard was used to fabricate the samples in this work, while the Taguchi principle was used to design the experiments. The following values were chosen: shell width (0.8, 1.2, 1.6, and 2 mm), layer thickness (0.15, 0.2, 0.25, and 0.3 mm), and infill density (40%, 60%, 80%, and 100%). The results showed that fill density is the most effective variable for improving bending strength. Measurements of infill density (100%), layer thickness (0.15 mm), and shell width (2 mm) gave the best results, which were calculated to be 83.1479 MPa in bending test. The mathematical model in this study was developed using linear regression analysis, and the residuals confirmed that the model fit the data well, with a maximum error of 6.1%.

Sustainable waste management aims to reduce the consumption of raw materials by reusing as many RCA materials as possible. This research aims to evaluate the influence treated and untreated recycling coarse aggregate on the hot asphalt mixture’s properties using asphalt grade (40-50) modified with 3% Polyphosphoric Acid (PPA). RCA was used in different proportions (25%, 50%, 75%, and 100%) as a substitute for raw coarse aggregate; the effect of treatment on improving the RCA’s quality was tested. Volumetric properties associated with the Marshall test for asphalt concrete were tested. Tensile strength ratio (TSR) and index of retained strength (IRS) measurements were used to assess the moisture effect. The study findings indicated that 25% RCA is the maximum amount of RCA from concrete that should be added to asphalt mixtures. This percentage recorded the highest values for TSR and IRS, with the ideal modified asphalt content of 4.86%. Based on the results of this study, asphalt concrete's durability will generally grow with RCA use, while its susceptibility to moisture will increase. However, treated RCA improved the results compared to untreated RCA. Using asphalt modified with polyphosphoric acid remarkably improved the asphalt mixtures’ performance and reduced the asphalt consumption rate.

This study focuses on exploring the potential of artificial intelligence as an alternative, effective, and user-preferred tool for answering inquiries, compared to traditional methods such as FAQs or email and ticketing systems. The study highlights how AI can enhance efficiency and accuracy in processing and responding to inquiries from readers, authors, and reviewers, by providing immediate and customized answers based on the analysis of information available on the journal's website and the data fed to the chatbot. Through in-depth discussions and an analysis of the inquiries received over a full six months, totaling about 3000 inquiries, the study demonstrates the good ability of the chatbot to understand complex inquiries and provide satisfactory answers. The study indicates that chatbots can reduce the workload on editorial teams of scientific journals by automating responses to routine inquiries, allowing staff to dedicate more time to editorial and academic tasks. One of the key aspects of training is teaching the chatbot to provide correct answers to various inquiries and to avoid responding to negative or redundant inquiries. The research explores the challenges of applying AI in this context, including the need to train smart models to understand specific academic language and ensure accuracy in responses, as well as addressing privacy concerns and data security. The importance of designing flexible and adaptable AI systems to meet the diverse requirements of different scientific journals and their users is emphasized. The study concludes that artificial intelligence is a promising tool for improving the interaction between academic journals and their communities, offering an effective alternative to traditional systems. It highlights the necessity for ongoing research and development to enhance AI capabilities. Notably, the AI tool currently lacks a direct method for correcting its wrong answers, which is one of the most effective learning tools used by parents to correct their children's answers. One of the key recommendations of the study is that AI training should be conducted in stages.

Water treatment sludge (WTS) has in recent years been used for improvement in geotechnical properties of soil. The present study has been taken up to establish whether WTS can be used for the improvement of gypseous soil by assessing its effects on the geotechnical properties. Soil samples were collected from the study area while WTS were locally obtained from a water treatment plant. Chemical and physical properties, mineral compositions, particle size distribution, water content, and Atterberg limits of soil and WTS were determined. The laboratory test was performed by employing laboratory testing to investigate the effects of different percentages of WTS on the strength, compressibility, collapsibility, and compatibility of the soil at different curing times. The results obtained showed that WTS influenced the geotechnical properties of gypseous soils significantly. Improvements in the strength, compressibility, and collapsibility were shown. The best application rate of WTS was suggested on the basis of the possible improvements in the geotechnical properties. From the study’s outcomes, it could be concluded that the use of WTS may be an alternate and economic material for the improvement of geotechnical properties of gypseous soil.

Stilling basins are built in conjunction with dams, weirs, and gates to dissipate the high kinetic energy of incoming flow and prevent severe scouring of the downstream riverbed. Dissipation of this high energy can be achieved through forming a hydraulic jump. The hydraulic jump features, including the relative length, ratio of sequent depth, and energy dissipation, are utilized as criteria to evaluate the efficiency of the stilling basin operation. The present study involved conducting experimental and numerical tests to evaluate the performance of the USBR II stilling basin downstream of an ogee spillway using six upstream Froude numbers ranging between 6.37 and 14.97. Experiments were conducted for the Typified USBR II stilling basin. The results were used to perform mesh sensitivity for numerical simulation. The USBRII stilling basin with different rough beds was numerically simulated using FLOW-3D software. The rough beds were designed using three roughness intensities, 10%, 15%, and 22%, and three relative roughness heights: 1, 0.75. and 1. According to the numerical results, distributing staggered cubic elements in the bed of the USBR II stilling basin at 10% intensity and a relative roughness height of (1) enhanced the stilling basin performance compared to the smooth bed and other rough beds. In the case of the best roughness bed, the sequent depth ratio decreased by about 12.1%, and the energy dissipation enhanced by around 5.1% compared to the Typified basin.

For the last five decades, researchers have been studying the punching shear of two-way reinforced slabs at column supports in structural testing laboratories. Limited tests are available on retrofitted waffle slab punching behavior. These are necessary since they establish a baseline against which punching shear design provisions can be created, calibrated, and evaluated. This work presents an experimental approach to investigate the punching shear of reinforced concrete waffle slabs strengthened with carbon fiber reinforced polymers (CFRP) sheets. Retrofitted waffle slabs were tested under concentric monotonic loading. A series of tests on construction materials were also conducted. The testing program was divided into two categories (IWS1 and IWS2), with a total of ten specimens: solid sections (275 × 275) and (515 × 515) mm, respectively. The IWS1 category consisted of eight slabs; one slab was without strengthening as a reference slab, and the remaining slabs were strengthened. While IWS2 consisted of only two slabs. However, the waffle slabs’ observed punching failure mechanism was like flat slabs. All waffle slabs were punctured in a sudden position. Research showed that the CFRP retrofitting process enhanced the ultimate punching shear performance by 47.1% and the initial cracking load by 67.02%, respectively. When the solid size regions were increased, the ultimate punching load increased by 41.5 %, and the initial cracking load increased by 40.8%, respectively. Significant enhancements were documented in the proposed retrofitting mechanism.

Many rivers suffer acutely from various pollutants that pose risks to plant and animal life, the environment, and human health due to the lack of regulations to protect the rivers’ water quality and environmental safety. Weight Quality index method (WAQIM) based on 12 water quality parameters (Mg, Cl, EC, TDS, Ca, PO4, SO4, TH, Na, Turbidity, TSS, and Temp) using (SPSS) program Artificial Neural Network (ANN) methods. The water quality index results for AL-Atshan River were greater than 100, classified as poor and polluted water, compared to AL-Rumaitha River, which showed less than 100 pollution for most of the study period, classified as more suitable and needing less treatment than AL-Atshan River. The neural network obtained a mathematical model that can predict the total dissolved solids of AL-Atshan and Al-Rumaitha rivers with very high accuracy, as the determination coefficients were 96% and 98%, respectively, and the sampling results support this analysis, indicating that AL- Atshan River has a salinity higher than World Health Organization Standard limits. (EC was about 3000μs/cm TDS about 1600 ppm), while Al-Rumaitha’s results were within WHO specification limits (EC about 1500 μs/cm, TDS about 800 ppm).

The Bill of Quantities (B.O.Q.) is a crucial document in construction projects, analyzing materials, labor, and expenses. Traditional methods involve manual measurement and interpretation, while 3D Building Information Modeling (BIM) offers a novel technique. This research compares the accuracy, efficiency, and industry implications of traditional and 3D BIM methods for estimating B.O.Q., highlighting the labor-intensive and error-prone nature of the conventional method. The second section introduces 3D BIM, which offers a virtual project representation, seamlessly integrating geometry, material data, and quantities to automate measurement and reduce errors. To provide empirical evidence, the paper includes a case study comparing estimated quantities by the (traditional method Tender), BIM, and site) in an actual construction project. The case study analyzes the project’s accuracy, consistency, and overall impact. The results showed the accuracy of BIM vs. as-Tender (83.911) and the accuracy of BIM vs. as-Actual (93.059), which is more than the accuracy of Tender vs. as-Actual (65.512).

Building materials have always played essential roles in construction assessment, and cost calculation is important in selecting appropriate materials. Reinforced concrete and steel materials are usually used to construct multistory building structures. This study aims to evaluate and analyze using reinforced concrete and steel, frequently used as alternative structural building materials within the Iraqi construction sector, to determine which is cost-effective for building beams, columns, and slabs. In the present research, two multistory building models were designed with different concrete and steel raw materials, considering similar functions. Then, an economic comparison was made between them. The total height of the building was 16 meters at the top. The building was designed using a computer program (ETABS 2018). The designed building was adapted for several uses, such as a commercial center, offices, and service center. According to the study’s results, the reinforced concrete frame was 57.8% more economical than the steel frame in Iraq, according to the work activities quantitative analysis. While the time savings for the steel frame was 66 % better than the concrete frame.

The Iraqi railways are considered one of the first railways established in the Middle East. Iraq’s geographical location made it a connecting point between the region countries, Asia, and Europe, as the Iraqi railway network extended to Iran, Kuwait, the Arabian Gulf, and Saudi Arabia. The war conditions that the country went through affected the services provided by the railways. The research aims to assess the performance of the Baghdad-Basra railway by measuring the level of service for this line as a model for evaluating the quality of the railways’ performance in Iraq. The research goal was achieved in two stages. In the first stage, theoretical information about the research subject was collected. In the second stage, 32 samples were collected from train trips for the Baghdad-Basra railway. Each sample included details of train trips on different dates (2009-2012). The reasons for the deviations at the time of the train arrival were determined by analyzing the samples, calculating the actual time and the planned time for the train trip, and proposing appropriate solutions to solve the problem of deviations and improve the quality of the performance of the railway line.

Water production is vital in environmental pollution because it contains many harmful contaminants to the environment and human health, such as oils, suspended solids, dissolved substances, and many other pollutants. The present study examined the advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) to purify the produced water from the Al Khabaz oilfield in the north of Iraq - Kirkuk province from oil content. Because of AOPs’ ease of use, performance, and low price, it is a popular method for purifying this type of wastewater. This work used Photocatalytic homogeneous processes (Photo-Fenton (H2O2+Fe+2+UV), Fenton (H2O2+Fe+2) and Ultra Violet (UV)only) in the batch system under the best conditions (Time= 120 min, pH= 2.5, H2O2=20 ml in photo-Fenton process, H2O2= 80 ml in Fenton process, 2 UV lamps (capacity of each one=8 watt) in photo-Fenton, 10 UV lamps in direct UV process, and Fe+2=18 mg in photo-Fenton & Fenton processes). The present work studied the impact of H2O2 & Fe+2 dosages, irradiation time, pH value, and intensity of UV on the oil removal effectiveness. It was found that the highest efficiency percentage in the Photo-Fenton process was 85.68, the percentage in Fenton was 75.01, and in the direct UV Photolysis was 56.64 percent. Therefore, it was concluded that the photo-Fenton process is the best approach to remove oil from produced water.

Clash detection in building information modeling (BIM) is gaining significant importance as an enhanced tool for coordinating design schemes. Its primary task is to identify design errors and clashes between design disciplines during the design phase before the start of the project. Problems with such errors and clashes require frequent corrections and revisions of drawings, leading to time delays and cost overruns. For this research, a typical school project consisting of ten two-story buildings was selected as a case study, i.e., only two buildings were implemented. This paper aims to clarify and identify the cost-saving benefits that can be achieved through clash detection that supports the BIM system at the design stage. The research methodology involved gathering building data and independently converting architectural and construction drawings from 2D to 3D, subsequently exporting them to Navisworks for analysis. The findings revealed the presence of multiple design flaws that require rectification before commencing the implementation phase. According to the obtained results, it was observed that the total costs spent on each building exceeded the estimated total costs by approximately 25% due to design errors. Additionally, when considering a group of items in the bill of quantity for each building during the calculation and clash detection analysis, it was found that each item experienced a 10% increase in costs compared to the estimated values. Consequently, the combined total costs for both buildings surpassed 100 million IQD. Utilizing BIM technology has significantly influenced and improved various stages of the construction process and how BIM technology is used to create a model building that closely matches the estimated cost.

The low performance of solar air heaters (SAHs) has been considered a drawback in commercializing solar thermal systems. The SAH performance is influenced directly by changing the level of the influential parameters. This work experimentally determines the optimum parameters for enhancing a perforated double-pass SAH performance. The interaction of factors related to the performance of circular staggered perforated double pass SAH was discussed based on the design of experiments (DOE) approach. Reynolds number values from 10000 to 30000 and perforation ratios from 3 to 7 were considered model design parameters, while temperature difference, useful heat gain, and thermal efficiency were adopted as responses for the correlating model. Three correlations corresponding to each response with two forms each (actual and coded) were obtained from the DOE analysis. The results revealed that the interaction percentage was 193% for efficiency and 148% for useful heat gain; however, it did not exceed 18% for the temperature difference. The optimum parameters obtained were 30000 for the Reynolds number and 3 for the perforation ratio. At high Reynolds numbers, the thermal efficiency enhancement of perforated SAH was 12.36% higher than the unperforated. The Reynolds number impact on thermal efficiency changed significantly as the perforation ratio varied.

To solve the problems in the water plant crisis, intelligent control is a highly potent technique. A fuzzy PID controller with auto-tuner capabilities is used to control the actuator in the power plant circuit. The frequency converter's controller is used with an induction motor (IM) as the actuator to stabilize the water flow across a predetermined distance. Simscape/Matlab 2020a was used to simulate the water plant (WP) circuit with the tank station in the water supply system before it was tested over various distances to gauge its current, speed, torque, and voltage. In the present model, four pump stations were used. The pressures were estimated at different distances, i.e., 40 m, 45 m, and 60 m, from the water treatment plant. In the fuzzy logic controller with 7x7 rules, the Mamdani inference engine was used. All electrical parameters were constant, while the pressure validated the system's stability. The findings demonstrated the circuit’s effectiveness and constant pressure within the water treatment circuit.

Object detection is widely utilized in many applications, such as airport surveillance, prevention of potential collisions, aid in airspace management, and enhancing overall aviation safety. This paper proposes an algorithm for airplane detection regardless of the airplane’s model, type, or color variations. The main challenges in automatic airplane detection tasks could be the differences in scale, the orientation of the airplanes, and similarity with other objects. Therefore, an airplane detection system must be designed to achieve good discrimination without the influence of airplane rotation, pose, or resolution. Object detection can be performed by considering three major phases, i.e., feature extraction, detection of an airplane, and evaluation of the airplane. To extract the plane region, a deep feature extraction method is used with the VGG model. The plane is detected using the SVM. Two datasets were used to evaluate the designed system’s effectiveness. The results achieved a 99% F score using the Caltech-101 dataset and 98% for the FGVC-aircraft dataset.

Process industries need to move fluid over long distances in pipes of various capacities, consuming a lot of energy and raising the cost of establishing and maintaining pumping stations. Therefore, additives were used to reduce such costs and overcome fluid resistance. This work used Poly Acrylic acid (PAA) added to the water at different concentrations of 100, 200, 300, 400, and 500 ppm. This work used rough pipes (P.V.C. covered in sand) of different diameters, i.e., 17, 23, and 26.5 mm, to experiment. After that, the 500 ppm of (PAA+ water) solution was mixed with 0.3% and 0.6% Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles (ZnO) at different flow rates, i.e., 44.2, 40, 35.9, 31, 26.2, and 20.8) l/min at 25 °C The effect of polymer, nanoparticle concentrations, flow rate, and diameter on percentage drag reduction (%Dr) and friction factor was investigated. The results showed an increase of percentage drag reduction % Dr was observed as NP concentration and bulk velocity increased. The drag reduction enhancement was 47% at 0.6% ZnO NP concentration with 500 ppm of PAA solution at a 44.2 l/min flow rate and a diameter of 17mm. The experimental data were also used to calculate the friction factors. The results showed a decrease in friction factors when using a 500 PAA solution: 37% and 54% for 0.6% ZnO NP with the solution.

Seven simply supported steel beams were built and tested to provide a better understanding of how prestressed strands affect the steel beams’ behavior during the yielding stage. Steel beams had identical clear span lengths (2.85 m) and gross-section areas (3268 mm2). The strengthened sample was constructed using two external strands. The steel beams were divided into two types based on whether the exterior strand’s eccentricity was present or not. One of the steel beams serves as a reference. The remaining six steel beams were strengthened by external strands, which were divided according to the eccentric positions of the strands with the jacking stress (fpj = 815 MPa). It was found that strand eccentricity increase increased the ultimate load and yielding of tested strengthened beams. Also, the percentage of yielding to ultimate load ratio (Py/Pu) increased with the strand eccentricity. Finally, compared to the reference beam, the yielding strain positions for all tested beams shifted from the bottom to the top region, and all strain in the top and bottom zones were enhanced compared to the reference due to the external prestress strand, which improved the bottom and top flanges and the resistance of the web under the applied load.

Composite steel-concrete arch beams are used in civil engineering. The effect of the shear connector type on the behavior of this type of beam was to act as the first parameter in this study. The test used four types of shear connectors: stud, angle, perfobond, and rebar. The second parameter involved two composite section types: steel I-section-concrete composite arch members (SICM) and steel plate-concrete composite arch members (SPCM). A total of eight samples were prepared in two groups. The first used the SICM and four connector types to get four samples: stud (SI), angle (AI), perfobond (PI), and rebar connector (RI). The second used the SPCM and the same connectors to get SP, AP, PP, and RP, respectively. All samples were tested under one concentrated load at the top of the arch with fixed supports at both ends. A push-out test for the four connector types was also conducted. For all samples, the SICM showed a higher ultimate load than the SPCM. For the SICM, the samples had close values for the maximum load, with the PI sample having the highest. For the SPCM, the SP sample recorded maximum load and deflection. The failure shear crack in all samples appeared at the top of the concrete in the arch beam crown and extended to the bottom, making an angle between 30-45 degrees. It was concluded that the main reason for the failure was the high vertical slips for the top connectors; therefore, the connectors should be designed to resist high tensile forces, and the transverse reinforcing bar should be carefully placed and sized.

This paper evaluates the thermal performance of a simple triple-glazed window filled with a layer of paraffin wax (PCM) to reduce heat transfer through building openings. This research compared the performance of a traditional triple-glazed window with air gaps. The comparison was made using numerical modeling and experimental approaches. The experiment took a full day, and technical-grade paraffin was used as a PCM to fill a 20-mm gap between triple-glazing units. The temperature of the inner glass, the exterior surface, and both gaps of the glazed window were measured. The thermal performance of a triple-glazing window was evaluated numerically using a finite volume algorithm. The results showed that the solar radiation reached its maximum at 580 W/m2 in March, and the internal surface temperatures of the normal triple-glazed window (TW) and integrated with PCM (TW-PCM) were 37.1 and 34 °C, respectively. The obtained temperatures of the TW-PCM decreased by 3.1°C compared to the TW. Furthermore, the TW-PCM demonstrated an increased time lag of 2 hours, effectively delaying the peak load.

Due to the environmental concerns of improper medical waste management inside and outside hospitals and health institutions, this issue is one of the most important environmental studies topics. Four places in Baiji City in Iraq were selected as study areas: Al-Hajjaj Health Center, Al-Boutama Health Center, Al-Zuwai Health Center, and Baiji General Hospital. This study investigates the environmental health risks of incineration treating hospital waste and health centers. According to the data obtained from practical and laboratory studies, Baiji General Hospital had the highest concentrations of the five toxic heavy metals tested, i.e., lead, cadmium, chromium, zinc, and nickel. These values peaked at 98.36, 59.54, 58.74, 79.52, and 13.32 mg/l for Pb+2, Cd+2, Cr+3, Ni+2, and Zn+2, respectively. Exceeding the measured values of toxic metal elements within internationally permissible limits increases the concentration of these toxic metals, posing greater health risks to the population. This process appears clearly and significantly if medical waste is burned in random locations, producing toxic fumes and gases that can cause diseases dangerous to health when inhaled; therefore, there must be mechanisms and scientific management to control the combustion process in private health incinerators. The survey results showed that the indiscriminate burning of medical waste in surveyed areas leads to diseases and can pose a tangible and immediate threat to human life, such as high blood pressure, eye irritations, suffocation of patients with difficulty and shortness of breath, and asthma, especially the elderly and newborns. Original overshooting of the measured values of toxic metal elements within the internationally permissible limits can increase the concentration of these toxic metals, posing more significant health risks to the population.

This work, presents a design of a nano-antenna based plasmonic materials at the frequency range from 192THz to 195THz for modern applications, including THz communication systems. The proposed antenna is constructed from the 3rd iteration of the Hilbert curve patch fed with a modified coplanar 50Ω port. The back layer of the antenna was covered with a partial ground plane defective with a metamaterial-based electromagnetic band gap (EBG) layer. The antenna shows high directivity up to 68dBi at 193.4THz with an excellent matching over the entire frequency band of interest. The proposed antenna is considered of gold conductive layer mounted on a silicon dioxide (SiO2) layer. The proposed EBG was designed as the second order of the Minkowski fractal geometry. The obtained results in terms of S11 were below -10dB for the frequency band of 3THz. These results were validated using numerical techniques based on CST MWS by invoking the time domain (TD) and frequency domain (FD) solvers. The results achieved from the considered techniques agreed very well with each other.