Journal of University of Babylon

Background: Floral abnormality is one of the strange and exceptional phenomena, which gives popularity and attractiveness to ornamental flowers, although its causes are still a source of disagreement among many scientists.This study was carried out with the aim of documenting floral abnormality in Bauhinia variegata trees for the first time worldwide.
Materials and Methods: Bauhinia variegata trees were monitored and monitored for seasons 2021-2022 in three locations in the city of Al-Bayda - eastern Libya, and flower abnormalities were documented photographically.
Results: The results showed the registration of a new pattern of Bauhinia variegata after about 32 years of cultivation in of Al-Bayda city, libya with a clear increase in the number of petals (6-7-8 petals) superimposed (double) or contiguous, by up to 20% for each branch, with two petals often mottled, this mottled rarely disappears, the results also showed an increase in the number of stamens, and the emergence of some of them bilaterally incorporate with one of them turning into a petal.
Conclusion: The cause of this abnormality is believed to be the drop in temperature during the two study seasons.

Four boreholes were drilled in four different places of the AL- Faw city using a hand auger, disturbed samples were collected at depths of 0.5 and 1.5 meters. The soil of the study area was determined by classification tests to be silty clay, CL-type soil in the Unifined Classification System of Soils. Soil dispersion tests such as the Crumb test, chemical analysis and XRD tests were conducted, and the results of crumb test showed that the soil of the study area was low dispersive from grade 2 except for the fourth site was a non-dispersive soil. The values of Total Salts Dissolved (TDS) in the pore water of the soil, was determined by estimating the total concentration of dissolved cations (Na, K, Ca and Mg) .The ETDA titration technique (for Ca and Mg) and the flame photometer were used to test this pore water (for Na and K), and it showed that the soil of the study area in the four sites within the C zone represented the Intermediate dispersive soil classification chart, and the results from Sodium Absorption Ratio (SAR) values showed that the soil in the area was dispersive.
The XRD data showed that the minerals quartz, calcite, dolomite, and clay made up the majority of the soil samples. The principal clay minerals included Smectite (Montmorillonite), Palygorskite and Kaolinite. The results of the Total dissolved salts test showed a variety of the Crumb test for a difference in the soil content of mineral and chemical components. It is necessary to conduct further research on the XRD analysis with detailed interpretation of the minerals present, the importance of clay mineral types like Smectite should be assessed. The study of dispersion processes, the identification and classification of soils from specific tests and the identification of soils are the main objectives of this research.

Background:
Due to the internet's recent rapid expansion, security has become a crucial issue when transmitting digital data via unsecure channels. This can be applied by employing dependable encryption methods. This research brought forward a text encryption system order to create safe databases.
Materials and Methods:
The research uses a chaotic map based on a logistic map Due to its widespread application in scientific research. Several processes are used to carry out the encryption activity. Firstly, the text is formatted in 2D matrix of numbers converted into vector. Secondly, to create a sequence for using it in the encryption process, the chaotic system is employed. Thirdly, sorting the generated vector in order to scramble the text values based on it. The final step involves encoding the scrambled text using a mathematical operation. Also, there are many steps used in the decryption process. In the first step, the same mathematical technique is used to decrypt the encrypted text after the identical chaotic sequence has been generated. In the second step, the scrambled values are descrambled to obtain the decrypted text.
Results:
The experimental results demonstrate that the suggested approach obtain an excellent value of entropy equal to (0.9955) and Correlation coefficient equal to (-0.0024) and Avalanche effect equal to (0.5120) as well as the proposed system examined under NIST tests and obtain a good results (>0.01) and examined for multiple other files and obtain a good results, in terms of execution time tests, the proposed system applied in a short amount of time.
Conclusion:
The proposed system matched the criteria for encryption techniques in terms of high sensitivity for initial values, high security, high randomizing Whatever text is to be encrypted. Also the proposed system can be applied for real time application due to its Short implementation time.

Background:
Blood is one of the most common clues found at crime scenes. Human blood is diagnosed according to the following context: first, the location of the blood spots, then virtual tests, then confirmatory tests. Genetic testing and serological testing are important tests in forensic medicine..
Materials and Methods:
Thirty blood samples were collected in EDTA tubes, of which 25 were collected from humans and five from sheep. This study lasted five months from 23/3 to 22/8/2022. This study was conducted at Babylon University - College of Science - Department of Biology. The aim of this study was to evaluate the Hightop kit for detection of human blood. The blood was exposed to different weather conditions. Then it was examined using this kit to determine the ability of the antigen to withstand different conditions and the sensitivity of the measurement for this kit.
Results:
The positive results of blood stains that were exposed to different weather conditions for 30 days, except for blood stains that were placed on a smooth surface, showed negative results after 10 days of exposure, as opposed to those that were buried in the soil or blood stains on clothes that endured weather conditions for 30 days..
Conclusion:
The Hightop kit is suitable in the field of forensic medicine to determine human blood that is exposed to harsh environmental conditions, as well as the ability to distinguish human blood from animal blood and its target antigen bears the weather conditions.

In this research, the oscillation and the asymptotic behavior of a half-linear three-dimensional neutral differential system of the second order have been studied, where all the non-oscillating solutions have been classified into 16 different classes, and then sufficient conditions were given to prove that most of these classes are inactive and non-occurring, that is empty, as for the rest classes, it has been proven that all its bounded solutions, either oscillating or non-oscillating, converge to zero when t→∞, and all unbounded solutions, are either oscillating or non-oscillating, goes to ±∞ as t→∞. Some examples are given to illustrate the obtained results.

The examination of forensic DNA is the focus of this study. The analysis done in forensic ӏabs\' bioӏogy section is known as forensic biology. This essay aims to provide a brief overview of forensic DNA anaӏysis and DNA categorization. The ӏaboratory process known as DNA fingerprinting uses the nucӏeotide sequences of certain areas of human DNA that are unique to each individualӏ to determine a person\'s potentiaӏ identification. Paternity testing, other forensic appӏications, and forensic DNA fingerprinting investigations may aӏӏ be used. The objective in these situations is to \"match\" two DNA fingerprints, such as a DNA sampӏe from a known individuaӏ and one from an unknown individuaӏ. DNA evidence is simpӏe to get since every human ceӏӏ has genetic materiaӏ. Every individuaӏ ӏeaves a bioӏogicaӏ traiӏ when they come into touch with ӏiving and non-ӏiving objects, making it possibӏe to identify and reӏate it to the ӏocations where Maha was born and grown. This information may then be empӏoyed in forensic science. With the abiӏity to extract enough DNA from even the tiniest bioӏogicaӏ sampӏe, poӏice may now match suspects to evidence coӏӏected at crime scenes, defend the innocent, and catch the genuine offender.

Background:
This study gives a new generalization to Ids called Pn-Id. If for all a,b∈R with ab∈ I and a∉ √0 then b∈√I, and a proper Id P of R is known as a Pn- Id. It investigates some properties for example every element in I is nilpotent if I is an Pn-Id of R, of Pn-Ids analogous to n-Ids and PI. Some characterizations such as If I is a Pn-Id of R, then I is also J-Id for generalization and it is proved that every element in Pn- Ids is nilpotent. Accordingly, New versions of some theorems and proposition about Pn-Ids are given.
Materials and Methods:
In this paper we used the n- ideal and r- ideal to define Pn-ideal.
Results:
This strategy is continued in the second half of the study, when piecemeals are introduced as a generalization of n- Id. A PI I of R is said to be a Pn-Id if the condition ab∈ I with a ∉√( 0) implies b∈ √(I.) for all a,b∈ R. The notion of Pn- Id is given and some properties of Pn- Ids are investigated like to n-Ids. In Lemma 2.2, obtain every n-Id is Pn-Id. Also, if I is a Pn-I iff √I is an n-I. It is proved (Proposition 2.5) that If ( J)⁄I is a pn- Id in ( R)⁄I, then J is a Pn- Id in R.
Conclusion:
This study provides a new generalization to Ids called Pn-Id. If for all a,b∈R with ab∈ I and a∉ √0 then b∈√I, then a proper Id P of R is known as a Pn-Id. Some properties of Pn-Ids analogous to n-Ids and PI are investigated. Giving characterizations for such generalization proved that every element in I is nilpotent, when I is a Pn-Id. Consequently, new versions of some theorems and proposition about Pn-Ids are given.

Background:
The ability to form biofilms by microorganisms is one of the virulence factors used by bacteria to cause disease and is measured by measuring optical density (O.D), which is a measure to estimate the concentration of bacterial species growing in the culture media.
Materials and Methods:
The bacterial cultures of six different bacterial isolates of S. marcescens and Klebsilla pnemoniae , Enterococcus cloacea , Eshcherchia coli , Staphylococcus aureus, Psedomonas aeruginosa were reconstituted from frozen stock, which diagnosed by using VITEK 2 Densi screening tool, then plant extracts of Allium sativum and Alhagi maurorum were prepared to test the effect of these extracts on the bacterial isolates under study.Optical density was measured using a spectrophotometer at a wavelength of 490 nm before and after treatment of the bacterial isolates with the two extracts A.sativum and A. maurorum .
Results:
The ability of K. pnemoniae , S. marcescens and E. cloacea, to form biofilm reduced with absorption value 0.52±0.01, 0.66±0.03, 0.8±0.01 respectively, and the ability to form biofilm from E. cloacea , E. coli after adding A. maurorum extract was decreased and the absorbance value reached 0.66±0.01,0.66±0.005 respectively after being treated with A. maurorum extract.
Conclusion:
Biofilm formation is one of the virulence factors that helps microorganisms resist the environment in which they exist and resist antibiotics. Therefore, medicinal plant extracts are used as an alternative, which have been shown to inhibit the growth of some pathogenic bacterial species.
Key words:

Abstract In recent days, a wide variety of tools have appeared for performing educational data mining (EDM) . The current education systems show that there are several factors affecting students’ performances. First and foremost, students need motivation in order to learn and this motivation results into their success. The prediction of student performances is an important field of research in Educational Data Mining, particularly through the application of different data mining techniques. The majority of EDM research focuses on prediction algorithms. The current work presents a review of the data mining predicting algorithms and tools that have been adopted in EDM. It also provides insight into the algorithms and powerful data mining tools that most widely used in student performance prediction. This will mainly be of use for educators, instructors and institutions, increasing the students’ levels of study.

Background:
Currently, there are approximately 4.95 billion people who use the Internet. This massive audience desires internet shopping, information exchange, social networking, and other activities that have grown dramatically in recent years. Therefore, it creates the need for greater confidentiality and privacy. In recent days, fraud via the Internet has been one of the key impediments to the dissemination of the use of business apps. Therefore, the three important security concerns actually occur daily in our world of transparent fashion, more accurately: identity, authentication, and authorization. Identification is a procedure that permits the recognition of an entity, which may be a person, a computer, or another asset such as a software programmer.
Materials and Methods:
In security systems, authentication and authorization are two complementary procedures for deciding who may access the information resources across a network. Many solutions have been presented in the literature. To get more performance on the authentication algorithmic, researchers used parallelism to increase the throughput of their algorithms. On the one hand, various approaches have been employed to enhance the security of cryptographic systems, including increasing the number of rounds, utilizing substitution tables, and integrating other security primitives for encryption and message authentication.
Results:
Recent studies on parallel message authentication and hashing algorithms have demonstrated that GPUs outperform other parallel platforms in terms of performance.
Conclusion:
This work presents a parallel implementation of message authentication techniques on several platforms. It is studying and demonstrating works which discuss authentication, hashing, and their implementation on a parallel platform as a main objective.

In this research, the concepts injective and projective semi modules have been generalized to generalized-injective(projective) and essentially-injective semimodules, also the relationship of these concepts with almost-injective(projective) semimodules have been discussed. The semiring having the properties that every quasi- injective semimodule is injective and every almost self-injective semimodule is injective have been defined. Some results between these concepts have been obtained like, every almost-injective is generalized-injective semimodule, the definitions, where a semi module is indecomposable have been discussed. Dually for almost-projective semimodule. Also obtained that, the direct sum of two quasi-injective Ȑ-semimodule is quasi-injective when Ȑ is QI-semiring, this fact has been expanded to AQI-semiring.
Conclusion: In this paper, several generalization of injective and projective semi modules have been defined and some concepts with related to almost injective(projective)semimodules have been presented, also the concepts QI-semiring, AQI-semiring defined, some relationship between these concepts and almost injective(projective) semimodules discussed.

Background: -
Thyroid hormone synthesis is necessary for the growth, development, and healthy function of all body organs. Because thyroid malfunction causes a considerable shift in lipid levels, It is well known that thyroid hormones influence how lipid and lipoprotein metabolism is regulated. An essential regulator of intermediate metabolism are thyroid hormones. The purpose This study's objective was to look at the relationship between thyroid dysfunction patients' lipid profiles, hypothyroidism, and hyperthyroidism ..
Materials and Methods:-
In this study, the EIA method was used to evaluate the levels of T4, thyronine, and TSH in a sample of 50 patients and 50 healthy individuals. When assessing TG, LDL , TC ,and HDL , A fully automated biochemistry analyzer was employed.
Results:-
According to our research, HDL values are much lower in hypothyroidism cases compared to hyperthyroidism and control subjects, whereas TC, LDL, VLDL, and TG levels are significantly greater. When compared to control persons. Serum levels of, TG, TC, LDL, and VLDL are much lower in hyperthyroidism patients On the basis of a clinical examination of thyroid hormone., we found T4,T3 in serum sample wear higher than in control in hyperthyroid group while TSH wear low. In hypothyroid sample we found on the contrary .
Conclusion:-
In this research we found a significant correlation between thyroid dysfunction and lipid profile

In this work, we discussed certain relationships between the idea of Rad_g-lifting modules and many other related types of modules, explained these relationships and provided criteria that make these modules comparable to Rad_g-lifting modules.
CONCLUSION
It has addressed to the concept of Rad_g-lifting and other related types of modules and analyze the relations between these different kinds of modules like g-local, ⨁-g-supplemented, g-supplemented, sgrs-modules, sgrs^⨁-module, (〖P_g〗^*)-modules etc. The necessary conditions have been set to achieve equivalence between them and thus obtained equivalent definitions to the Rad_g-lifting definition within certain conditions.

The research aims to analyze and determine the effect relationship between investors' tendencies and the profitability of shares of companies in the financial markets. between the optimistic, the pessimistic, and the rational, which have a different effect on stock profits, or they do not have an effect, and this is related to the extent of the homogeneity of these beliefs, and then their impact on the prices and returns of traded shares. The importance of the study comes from the importance of the variables of the study, in which the independent variable of the study was the inclinations of stock investors, and the dependent one is the earnings per share. For these companies, the statistical tools of multiple regression, serial correlation, AR1 model, and the random walk model were used to analyze the relationship between variables. The results of this study show that there is a correlation relationship for some indicators of the independent variable with the dependent variable, and there is an effect relationship for some indicators of the independent variable with the dependent one, and that the Iraq Stock Exchange is not efficient, and if there is efficiency in some tests, it is in the weak form of efficiency. The most important recommendations of this study was the need to study the correlations and relationships between the indicators of the inclinations of ordinary stock investors and the efficiency of the financial market and follow up their impact and the reflection of this effect on the volume of trading, fluctuations in prices, returns, interest rates and other environmental and economic factors.

Background: Frequently, hypertension (high blood pressure) or its disorder occurs during pregnancy, and it remains one of the major causes of maternal and fetal mortality and morbidity associated with pregnancy, as well as the risk of pregnant women with hypertension during pregnancy to cardiovascular disease later in life. However, contrary to the general hypertension guidelines, the reasons for this report include the benefit of normalizing treatment of high blood pressure in pregnant women and potential risks related to decreased prenatal chorionic perfusion, and exposure of the uterus to antihypertensive drugs. This approach is based on a review of previous reports and literature and includes a taxonomic review of the types of blood pressure during pregnancy, the physiological changes in pregnancy that affect blood pressure disorders, the immediate and long-term consequences of hypertension, and the pathophysiology of pre-eclampsia that are related to the disturbance of proteinuria in the body, and the goals of hypertension treatment may reduce meternal severe effects without increased risk of pregnancy loss or neonatal care at a high level. The critical need to investigate the social and economic variables that contribute to the inequities in maternal health care is discussed in our final discussion on the field's research future.
so it is necessary to know the pressure and treat it immediately. Failure to treat high blood pressure can lead to maternal morbidity and mortality, especially during childbirth, or the loss of the fetus significantly.
Therefore, in this mini review, we will try to discuss high blood pressure in pregnant women and determine the goals of treatment and preeclampsia caused by high blood pressure.
The aim of the review is a quick scientific summary of this disorder that has become common at the present time.
Conclusions : Medical consultation should be done in order to improve the health of the mother, as well as the use of optimal medication and pre-pregnancy management in women with or threatened with high blood pressure, and we consider it necessary to inform them of the increased risks to her health and the health of the fetus.
Strategies must be in place to predict those most at risk and to determine optimal drug therapies to minimize adverse pregnancy outcomes

This research focuses on the effects of the internal public debt, whether direct or indirect, in Iraq, and in view of the rentierism that characterizes the Iraqi economy, and in financial crises, especially when prices drop, it remains interested in its budgets to finance the increasing public spending through the internal public debt ,The greater the size of that debt, the greater the public spending, and the role of the internal public debt in the money supply in Iraq comes through the government financing the public budget deficit through some internal public debt instruments, especially bonds and treasury transfers. The researchers reached the existence of such a relationship in Iraq, but it was in a state of fluctuation, due to the presence of other variables that prevent it, and to achieve the goals sought by the researchers, the research included three sections, the first focused on a review of the most important concepts for the research variables, and the second was about analyzing Those variables, and in the last section included an analysis of the relationship between the internal debt instruments and the money supply in Iraq for the period (2016-2020).

This scientific article aims to propose an established infrastructure of a LoRaWAN technology network in the city of Mosul as an initial starting point for this pioneering technology in the field of wireless communication and IoT technologies and then suggests advertising the proposed model to all cities of Iraq as a national project aimed at developing the capabilities of wireless communications in the field of IoT technologies based on what is known as Low Power Wide Area Networks (LPWA). This article deals with the high capabilities and distinguished characteristics provided by this technology and how to employ and construct, with a study of the scientific and research value as well as the economic feasibility, and calculations of the total expected costs of the construction and installation of this model in the city of Mosul in order to cover both sides of the town and also, to study the possibility and effectiveness of covering the geographical area of wireless broadcasting, and concludes with the most essential recommendations. In addition, a reference supplement to the websites of the most important international institutions and companies that have introduced this technology within their production and industrial solutions has been included.

The current study aims to compare a number of financial failure models, namely Altman, Sherrod, Kida, Zmijewski, Majewska, and Spring, to analyze the risks of financial failure, and apply them to Wal-Mart Retail Company, a company listed on the New York Stock Exchange since 1972, and demonstrate their importance to the risks of failure. The financial that assists the financial manager in managing it skillfully, which is reflected on the institution itself, as well as on the economic development of all sectors; Therefore, the study aimed to define the most important models of financial failure and to find out their truth and the extent to which they sense the risks of financial failure, and do the models used in the study, the research sample, indicate the risks of expected financial failure to the same degree? Providing information about these models to financial managers, and how to apply them and develop their skills in risk management. One of the most important findings of the study is the lower Z score for the years (2019, 2021, 2021) compared to all previous years and models, although the Z value was outside the failure zone. However, the margin of safety has decreased, which indicates that the company was affected by the Corona epidemic.

Background : Scabies (Sarcoptes scabiei var. hominis) is one of the parasitic diseases that is often ignored. It results in problems that trigger an allergic and inflammatory immunological response. Cytokines are crucial to the development of disease and its pathophysiology. This investigation looked at how scabies risk and a variation in the gene IL-6 affected IL-6 production.
Materials and Methods : The goal of the current investigation was to determine the level of IL-6 by ELISA and its linked with IL-6(-174 G/C) polymorphisms in 60 scabietic patients and 30 healthy individuals.
Results : In contrast, the IL-6(-174 G/C) CC genotype and C allele carrier frequencies were highly significant (P0.05) in the patients who had their first infestation. The results showed a significant increase (P0.05) in the IL-6(-174 G/C) GG genotype and G allele in the re-infestation group of patients compared to the healthy group. According to IL-6 genetic variations, low serum levels were connected with the CC genotype.
Conclusion : IL-6(-174 G/C) Scabies susceptibility and polymorphism were related, providing evidence for the hereditary basis of the illness.