Tikrit Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences

Warts are epithelial proliferations on the skin and mucous membrane caused by various types of HPV. They can decrease spontaneously or increase in number and size according to patient's immune status. Cimetidine and zinc sulphate have important effects on the immune system and are used as immunomodulators in the treatment of various diseases. To compare the efficacy of cimetidine and zinc sulphate in the treatment of multiple and recalcitrant warts. The study was conducted in Tikrit Teaching Hospital, during the period from September 2010 to the end of May 2011. Forty patients with multiple warts were divided into two groups: one took 40 mg/Kg/day of cimetidine, and the other 10 mg/Kg/day of zinc sulphate for two months. All patients were examined clinically, then interviewed and detailed questionnaires were completed for each of them. Review was performed monthly, observing number of the warts and side effects of the medication. After one month of treatment cure rates obtained were 60% in zinc sulphate-treated group, and 15% in cimetidine-treated group. After two months of treatment cure rates obtained were 80% in zinc sulphate-treated group, and 25% in cimetidine-treated group. Adverse effects reported by the patients treated with cimetidine included nausea, epigastralgia and pruritus. Adverse effects reported by the patients treated with zinc sulphate included nausea, vomiting and diarrhea.

Objectives: this study was undertaken in order to show the effect of age on the auditory system. Design: case –control study. Setting: Al-Jamhory teaching Hospital-Advisory clinic department-hearing and speech unit in Mosul during the period from first of January till the end of June 2011 A.C. Subjects and methods: twenty - four subjects aging between (18-25) years(group1) and one hundred subjects aging between (45-75) years (group 2) were subjected to a pure tone audiometric assessment. The resulting data was statistically analyzed. Results: The auditory threshold in old age subjects was higher in all the frequencies suggestive of sensorineural hearing loss. Conclusions: old age subjects have a sensorineural hearing loss when evaluated with a pure tone audiometer in all frequencies comparing with the young age subjects

Background: Glycemic control and prevention of secondary complications are the most important goals of using pharmacologic treatment of diabetes mellitus (DM).The administration of antioxidants such as melatonin and zinc may improve tissue responses to insulin and increase the efficacy of drugs, e.g. metformin, which act through this pathway. This project was designed to evaluate the effects of melatonin and zinc on the oxidative stress status in type 2 DM patients poorly controlled with metformin. Patients and methods: A placebo-controlled, double-blind clinical trial was performed in which 46 type 2 diabetic patients were selected and allocated into three groups. These groups were treated with single daily oral doses of both 10 mg of melatonin and 50 mg of zinc acetate alone: in addition to the regularly used metformin or placebo, given at bedtime for 90 days. Plasma Malondialdehyde (MDA); plasma glutathione (GSH); and plasma zinc and copper levels were measured before initiating the treatments (zero time) and after 30 and 90 days of treatment. Results: Daily administration of melatonin and zinc effectively normalizes the impaired antioxidant status, and significantly elevates serum zinc levels after 30 and 90 days compared to placebo treated group; the addition of this treatment regimen in combination with metformin improved the tissue responses to this oral hypoglycemic agent. Conclusion: the combination of melatonin and zinc acetate, when used alone or in combination with metformin, has a significant decrease in lipid peroxidation and improvement in antioxidant status , and this effect can be related to several mechanisms in type 2 DM patients

Objectives: to evaluate the effectiveness of small group teaching in the radiology undergraduate training program and to assess the type of examination and the examination scores. Materials and methods: 5th year medical students in college of medicine of Hawler medical university for the academic year 2007-2008 included in this study and the effectiveness of the program assessed by a written and practical test at the end of the course. Results: 100 students enrolled in this program. The effectiveness of the program was assessed by administering a written and practical testing. Conclusion: the importance of small group teaching and objective assessment of the students are stressed and implementation of new examination scores suggested

Diabetic retinopathy is not only the major cause of blindness in people with diabetes, but also in working-age adults in the Western world. There are 2 types of diabetic retinopathy: macular edema and degeneration, caused by leaky vessels in the retina; and non-proliferative leading to proliferative retinopathy, caused by the formation of new vessels in ischemic retinal vessels (1 ). Taurine is believed to play a role in treating a number of conditions, including congestive heart failure, high blood pressure, diabetes, and retinal damage(2). Dietary taurine supplements used to improve the retinal functions, while topical taurine drops (Bestoxol) role in the management of diabetic retinopathy is not well established (2). The aim of this study was to assess the role of topical taurine (Bestoxol) drops in improving vision in patient with diabetic retinopathy. Cross section, randomly selected study involved (100) patients with diabetic retinopathy with different stages, the ophthalmological examination was done including visual acuity assessment pre and post topical BESTOXOL drops usage for one month. The statistical analysis was done with SPSS version 11. The results of study showed that high percentage (64%) of the selected sample mentioned an improvement in the quality of vision on one month usage of topical Bestoxol and most of them describe this improvement as an increasing field of vision. Visual acuity assessment determined that 41% of patients have an improvement in the vision at least one line of Snellens chart, and 23% of patients have different levels of retinal improvement. This study concluded that topical BESTOXOL, which is topical taurine, is a useful drug to be used in diabetic retinopathy patients

The inhibitory effect for human plasma and erythrocyte cholinesterase activity by six drugs already known as an enzyme inhibitors (Cimetidine, Ciprofloxacin, Donepezil, Sildenafil, Erythromycin, and Chlorpheniramine) was tested in vitro. The affinity toward the cholinesterase system was evaluated by using different concentrations of the investigated drugs. The cholinesterase activities were determined by using the modified electrometric method. Each drug showed different ability to inhibit cholinesterase activity depending on its concentration and its selectivity to the either plasma or erythrocyte cholinesterase; only Donepezil and Chlorpheniramine showed higher inhibitory effect. Ciprofloxacin showed moderate inhibition of cholinesterase but still statistically insignificant. Cimetidine, Sildenafil and Erythromycin showed little inhibitory activity although they have a good inhibitory effect on the liver enzyme system Cytochrome P450 (CYP450 ).

A new series of a hybridized 4-(N- substituted) aminoantipyrine derivatives with amide linkage backbone aminoantipyrine, series (A),compounds [13a- g] and secondary amine linkage, series(B), compounds [l4a-20a] were prepared through systematic sequence coupling reaction of 4-aminoantipyrine (4-AA) and well established active nitrogen bases moieties of phthalimide,piperidine and substituted aniline derivatives with chloroacetylchloride of actively different chlorine functions. . The antibacterial activity of some selected products was reported.

Giardia lamblia is a flagellate protozoon which causes giardiasis. The infection is limited to the small intestine and/ or the biliary tract. It may produce a wide range of gastrointestinal symptoms especially in children; which include vomiting, flatulence, diarrhea and malabsorption syndrome. Entamoeba histolytica causes amoebiasis in human beings which is an infection of the large intestine; it may invade the host tissues. It may produce acute amoebic dysentery which is accompanied with blood, mucus and tenesmus; chronic and asymptomatic amoebiasis or extra-intestinal amoebiasis. This study was carried out from second of May to thirties of November 2008 to show the relationship between Giardia lamblia and Entamoeba histolytica infections with some biochemical parameters and anthropometric measurements among 348 children aged 2-13 years old in Kalar General Hospital. Stool examination was done by direct method using normal saline and lugols iodine solution. Biochemical parameters (total protein, albumin, globulin, zinc, copper, and iron were estimated by spectrometry. The nutritional status were determined by measuring weight for age (WFA), weight for height (WFH) and height for age (HFA) according to National Center for Health Statistics (NCHS). The overall prevalence of infections was 48%. The infection rate of E. histolytica 31.6% was higher than G. lamblia 16.37%. Total serum protein and albumin concentrations were decreased significanly in G. lamblia (7.15 mg/dl, 4.91 mg/dl) and E. histolytica (6.48mg/dl, 4.76 mg/dl) infected children compared to non-infected (7.49 mg/dl, 5.02mg/dl), while total globulin concentration increased significantly in G. lamblia (3.41 mg/dl) and decreased slightly in E. histolytica (2.22mg/dl) infected children compared to non-infected (2.56 gm/dl) ones. Serum zinc and iron element concentrations decreased significantly in G. lamblia (79μg/dl, 54μg/dl) and E. histolyrtica (78 μg/dl, 68 μg/dl) infections compared to non-infected (96μg/dl, 87μg/dl) respectively, while copper level decreased slightly in G. lamblia (110μg/dl) and significantly in E. histolytica (65 μg/dl) infections in comparison to non-infected group (125μg/dl). G. lamblia and E. histolytica infections were more prevalent in underweight children (low WFA), and stunted children (low HFA), whereas in wasted children (WFH) had no relation with both infections.

Osteoporosis is a systemic and metabolic skeletal disease characterized by reduced bone mass .It is a growing health problem in men as well as women. The objective of this work is to demonstrate the role of sex steroid hormone, estrogen (E2), in maintaining bone mass. Spine bone mass density (BMD) was measured using Dual Energy X-ray Absorptiometry (DEXA) for (111) subjects and patients with osteoporosis and serum levels of estradiol were measured . The results show a highly significant(p<0.001) correlation between serum level of estradiol and spine BMD in young , middle age , and elderly men .The present study concluded that estrogen is important in maintaining BMD in men .

In this study, an attempt has been made to measure the amount of glucose excreted in urine regarding the duration of T2DM. In order to achieve that 302 T2DM patients have been included and then classified into 3 groups according to duration of illness.T2DM patients have been tested for random blood glucose, urine glucose concentration and serum creatinine while glomerular filtration rate (GFR), tubular glucose load (TGL) and urine glucose excretion (UGE) have been calculated. Then an analytical tests were applied to analysis these parameters and comparing the results of different groups according to classification of this study. The maximum transport of glucose (TmG) , and UGE till the TmG (splay region) are varied between T2DM patients. In order to evaluate the validity, ANOVA test for groups variance, and linear regression were applied. According to this study the TmG increased and the UGE till the TmG decreased as the duration of illness increased.

Intramedullary spinal epidermoid cysts are rare, with only few cases having been reported in the literature. A case of a eighteen months-old male child who presented with chronic progressive qaudriparesis and urine incontinance . Magnetic resonance imaging of the spine revealed an intramedullary epidermoid cyst at cervicomedullary at level c2-c3. Near-total excision of the tumor was performed. Histopathological report confirmed the diagnosis of epidermoid cyst. The patient showed progressive recovery.

Acute diarrhea is a very common disease in developing countries and is the first cause of death in children under two years old. diarrhea associated lactose intolerance is a clinical syndrome of abdominal pain, diarrhea nausea, flatulence, bloating after ingestion of lactose containing foods that cause symptoms vary according to the amount of lactose consumed. 170 hospitalized patients admitted at Tikrit Teaching Hospital were divided into three groups 70 on lactose free milk, 50 on cow milk and 50 on breast milk to see the effects of lactose free formula on bowel motions, hydration state, stool consistency, and duration of hospitalization. The study showed that (77.14%) of those on LFF having four motions on 2nd day which indicating a significant decrease in bowel motions. Also the results revealed that (45.71%) of those on LFF were discharged after two days of hospitalization. The effects of LFF on state of hydration revealed that (67.14%) improved in the hydration status on the 2nd day of hospitalization. Results were concluded that LFF having a beneficial effect on acute diarrhea in children under two years

Hypertension and diabetes mellitus is a common medical diseases affect both female and male and associated with different types of complications like cardiovascular diseases, renal disease, and arterial diseases. Data was collected from May to the end of 2010 in baiji hospital from 100 cases in age from 40- 70 years (50 cases suffering from hypertension and 50 cases from diabetes). About the measurement of physiological parameters like (blood urea, serum creatinine, blood pressure and heart rate it was found that in cases of hypertension the blood urea and serum creatinine increase above the normal in 4 cases while in diabetes cases only in 2 cases. The measurement of blood pressure in these two group is increase above the normal in 33 cases of hypertensive cases and within normal in 17 cases while in diabetic cases there is 4 cases with increase in blood pressure and 9 cases with decrease blood pressure, about the measurement of heart rate, its increase above normal value in 14 cases of hypertensive patients and 8 cases in diabetic patients, and decrease below normal in 10 cases of hypertensive patients and 4 cases in diabetic patients. In hypertension cases there are 20 cases (40 %) complain from recurrent attack of chronic urinary tract infection and 15 cases( 30%) complain from hydronephrosis and protein urea and 4 cases( 8%) from chronic renal failure, other cases its normal, while in diabetes mellitus there are 37 cases(74 %) developed protein urea and 2 cases ( 4%) complain chronic renal failure and other cases its normal. Regarding the ischemic heart disease, there are 21 cases ( 42%) of hypertension complain from recurrent attach of ischemic heart disease, 6 cases ( 12%) complain from peripheral artery disease and 3 cases (6%) complain from heart failure, other cases its normal, while in diabetes mellitus there are 10 cases( 20%) complain from peripheral vascular disease, 3 cases(6%) from coronary heart disease, and one cases( 2%) from heart failure. About the family history of these diseases there are only 15 cases (30%) of hypertension with a family history of disease, while in diabetes mellitus there are 35 cases (70%) with a family history of diseases.

Objective:To assess the effects of long-term antiepileptic monotherapy (carbamazepine or sodium valproate ) on the levels of some immunological parameters ( immunoglobulins IgA, IgG, IgM , immunoglobulins G subclasses IgG1, IgG2, IgG3, IgG4 and complements C3, C4 in adult epileptic patients. Subjects and Methods: Eighty –one adult epileptic patients were included in this study , 43 on carbamazepine monotherapy and 38 on sodium valproate monotherapy , with 50 apparently healthy subjects age and sex matched taken as a control group . From both patients and control group 10 ml venous blood sample were taken and immunoglobulin serum levels (IgA, IgG, IgM) , immunoglobulin G subclass (G1, G2, G3, G4) and complement C3,C4 were assessed using kits ( Fitzgerald Industries Int. USA). Results: There was a significant reduction in IgM and IgG2 in epileptic patients on carbamazepine and a significant reduction in IgM, IgG2 and IgG4 in epileptic patients on valproate in comparison with controls. Conclusion: Carbamazepine and sodium valproate as long-term antiepileptic monotherapy have some effects on the immune-system parameters in adult epileptics.