AL Ghary Journal of Economic and Administrative Sciences

Energy, with its various sources, plays an important and fundamental role in the progress and advancement of countries and contributes to the well-being of the human being. With the occurrence of industrial development in the modern era, the demand for its various sources, especially the traditional ones, increased, which led to their depletion, in addition to their negative effects. Therefore, thinking about alternative energy sources began, and perhaps the most important of them is renewable energy sources, as solar energy is considered from its cedar, because it is one of the cleanest sources of energy at all and for the multiplicity of options for converting it to other forms of energy, most notably solar photovoltaic energy. Studies and research have made efforts to increase its efficiency by increasing the generation rate and reducing production costs, so that the world has witnessed an increase in the rate of demand for the establishment of solar photovoltaic power stations in recent times.

Therefore, the Iraqi government sought to fill the deficiency in the national electrical energy network by using renewable energy, including solar photovoltaic energy as one of the proposed solutions.

To encourage the private sector, it was necessary to address such a topic and prepare a study that fits with the size of the problem that must be addressed in accordance with the available data from the data and statistics that the researcher intended to obtain. Accordingly, we assume from the outset that the results and indicators of feasibility are positive and that the objectives for which the project was established are achieved. It is represented by feasibility study for a project to establish a power station using solar panels.

As for the scientific approach adopted by the researcher, he adopted the descriptive method and the method of analyzing quantitative indicators to calculate the data of the technical feasibility study of the proposed project. Through the application of these criteria in the financial and economic feasibility study of the project, it was concluded that simple commercial profitability criteria confirm that the project needs a suitable period to recover its costs, and that it achieves high profits during its expected life, which puts the investor in a safe from the risk of loss. As for the discounted criteria, they indicated that the current value of its cash flows is of a positive value, which confirms the economic acceptability of the project and that it is profitable and the investor must accept it. Also, the criteria for economic profitability indicated that the total added value that the project will add is due to the national income with appropriate returns, making it economically acceptable and the focus of society's attention.

By reviewing the results of the study and analysis of the research, it became clear that all the results of the evaluation criteria were positive, and in fact that this encouraging result is due to the urgent need for such a project

The study aims to analyze the relationship between the crude oil markets and the financial markets, as we will track this relationship by shedding light on the analysis of the impact of oil revenues on the indicators of the Iraqi stock market, represented by (the general index of stock prices, the trading volume index, the number of shares index and the market value index The study concluded that the sensitivity of the Iraqi economy to fluctuations in crude oil prices and revenues that occur from time to time has a clear impact on the indicators of the Iraqi stock market, as the rise in crude oil prices and revenues had a positive impact on the macroeconomic variables and indicators of the performance of the Iraqi market for securities. As for the decline in crude oil prices, it has negative effects on macroeconomic variables and indicators of the performance of the Iraqi stock market ,The study also recommended that the government should take precautionary measures to limit the impact of fluctuations in oil revenues resulting from fluctuations in oil prices on the performance indicators of the Iraqi stock market.

As a result of pursuing expansionary spending policies, Iraq has gone through a number of challenges that caused the financial deficit in some years of the period (2004-2019), which required searching for means to finance that deficit. In this context, the research objectives centered on analyzing the Iraqi federal general budget deficit and the components of the debt. The internal year in Iraq and an analysis of the relationship between them for the period (2004-2019), including the research on two sections. The first focused on the conceptual framework of the public debt and the general budget deficit, while the second came to focus on analyzing the development of the relationship between the internal debt and the budget deficit in Iraq for the period (2004-2019). The research reached a set of conclusions, the most important of which was the impact of some components of public debt, especially internal debt, on the Ministry of Finance, thus creating a cumulative deficit.

This paper analyzes and measures the relationship between some macroeconomic variables (monetary base, public debt, foreign reserves denominated in US dollars) in fiscal discipline in the Norwegian economy during the period 2004-2020, and we have used the ARDL model, as well as another set of tests.

The researcher concluded that there are causal relationships between some economic variables and the general budget deficit, some of which are consistent with the logic of economic theory and others contradict the logic of economic theory as a result of a number of reasons mentioned in the body of the thesis. A study of the characteristics of those economies. The researcher recommended a set of recommendations, the most important of which is the need to maintain coordination and transparency in the work of existing economic policies, and thus maintain financial discipline.

The research aims to know the impact of the change in the real interest rate and its repercussions on the gross domestic product in Iraq for the period 2004-2020, with a statement of the basic concepts of each of the interest rate and GDP and the relationship between them. The research finds a number of results, including: the interest rates in general, including the real rates, are inversely proportional to the investor’s desire to invest. As a result, the volume of production increases, and the volume of GDP rises as a result. In the event of an increase in the interest rate, it will reduce the desire to make investments and thus reduce the size of the country's GDP.

Many researchers and governments, especially in various countries, have been interested in studying the relationship between the public budget deficit and international foreign reserves and to know what is the effect of increasing or decreasing those reserves on the public budget deficit, and how to maintain it. The research aimed to study and analyze the relationship between the public budget deficit and international foreign reserves in Iraq, and through some indicators, the research found a positive impact of increasing international foreign reserves on the public budget deficit in Iraq.

This research aims to identify the reality of strategic intelligence in the security institution and to know the extent of its impact on outstanding performance, through research variables to be a conceptual framework represented by (strategic intelligence and its role in achieving outstanding performance). This was done through an exploratory study of the Najaf Governorate Police Command affiliated with the Iraqi Ministry of Interior, which resulted in the field visits carried out by the researcher to identify the problems that the security institution suffers from during the performance of his work, especially about the implementation of field and administrative plans. This research aims to identify the impact of strategic intelligence in achieving outstanding performance. The study focused on a sample of workers in the security establishment, in pursuit of the objectives. The study population consists of (1365) and the number of distributed questionnaires was (325) and the number of questionnaires retrieved (was 316). As for the number of excluded and invalid questionnaires (14), here the number of valid forms for statistical analysis became (302). The questionnaire was designed based on several solid international standards, with the dimensions of strategic intelligence (foreseeing, vision, partnership, organizational thinking, motivation) and the outstanding performance variable representing (leadership, human resources, operations, customer satisfaction, and organizational culture), to reach developmental outcomes

The study aims to determine the impact of smart leadership in achieving strategic success, the research was applied in the General Directorate of Education in Najaf Governorate, a random sample of (101) members of the upper and middle management was selected. A questionnaire was adopted for collecting the Data. The research used a set of statistical methods in data analysis such as correlation coefficients, regression and structural modeling. The research reached a number of conclusions, the most important of which are: Strategic success is one of the most critical goals for public sector organizations, that wich requires the elements that achieves it through the smart leadership.

This study aims to test the direct impact of the Intelligent quality management system in the green operations strategies in the Kufa Cement Plant.

The main problem of the study is the low level of the implementation of green operations strategies in the Plant, due to a defect in the application of the intelligence quality management system. Many questions emerged about the availability of these variables, and the relationships between them.

To achieve the goal of the study, the descriptive analytical approach was adopted by designing a questionnaire and distributing it to the managers and engineers who working in the Plant, the number of them (168) individuals.

The number of valid questionnaires for statistical analysis were (157), which analyzed according to the Partial Least Squares Structural Modeling method by using SmartPLS v.3.3.2 program.

The results showed a direct positive significant effect of Intelligent quality management system on strategies of green operations. And Intelligent quality management system is applied, but not the good level in Plant, therefore the need to focus more on the application of the process mining algorithm in order to data mining of quality control and come up with new knowledge that benefits quality practices.

The current study aims to test the relationship of the spiral of knowledge with organizational diffusion in the Medical City Department/Baghdad, as well as diagnosing the level of interest of the Medical City Department in the study variables and their sub-dimensions. The study adopted the descriptive, exploratory, and analytical approach to fulfill the requirements of the study, as the study was applied to a sample of consulting doctors in the field Subspecialty, represented by specialized surgical teams (cardiac surgery, neurosurgery, kidney surgery, gastrointestinal surgery, oncology surgery, gynecological surgery, pediatric surgery, diagnostic laparoscopic surgery), so the sample was a quota, and the researcher distributed (146) questionnaires to them, He was able to retrieve (109) questionnaires, and upon separation, (101) of them were valid questionnaires for surveying their opinions about the variables of the study. He used a number of statistical programs (AMOS V.25 - SPSS V.26 - SMART PLS V.3.3) to analyze the primary data with the adoption of tools Descriptive and inferential statistics to test the data and study hypotheses. The statistical analysis showed a number of results, the most prominent of which was the presence of a statistically significant effect of the knowledge spiral on organizational diffusion in the Medical City Department.

This research aims to know the impact of financial risks (credit risk, liquidity risk, capital risk) on the rate of return on assets for private commercial banks. 10) Banks belonging to a community consisting of (43) banks for the period from (2011) to (2020), The independent variable of financial risk (credit risk, liquidity risk and capital risk) was measured using the financial ratios of credit risk (total loans / total assets) and liquidity risk (liquid assets / total assets) as well as capital risks (share price / earnings per share). One), as for the dependent variable, it was measured by dividing (net profit after taxes / total assets) and after addressing the theoretical side of the research, the research presented the applied side in order to reach a set of conclusions, and by relying on multiple linear regression, the research found an effect Significantly significant indicators of financial risk in the return on assets, The researcher recommended a number of recommendations, including the research sample banks, the conscious use of financial risk indicators, which include credit risk, liquidity risk and capital risk by analyzing market trends and knowing interest rate changes as well as knowing the behavior and tastes of customers and the extent to which they avoid fluctuations in returns that are likely to be exposed It has the bank and benefit from this analysis in order to improve the work of the bank and use it for its benefit.

The current study sought to determine the nature of the correlation and impact between entrepreneurial agility and strategic positioning in a sample of general trade companies in Dohuk Governorate. This study was conducted based on deductive logic; To achieve its goal, three main hypotheses were formulated, stating that there is a significant correlation between entrepreneurial agility and strategic positioning. There is a significant impact of the dimensions of entrepreneurial agility on strategic positioning. There are significant differences among the surveyed companies regarding the variables of the study depending on the personal characteristics of the individuals studied. To test the validity of the hypotheses, a questionnaire was prepared and distributed to a random sample of managers in general trade companies in Dohuk Governorate. (167) valid questionnaires were obtained for analysis, which were analyzed through a set of statistical methods based on (SPSS V26) program. The study reached a set of conclusions, including that entrepreneurial agility in the companies studied contributes, through its three dimensions (radical innovation, preventive measures, and proactive) to achieving strategic positioning through the adoption of four strategies: differentiation, cost leadership, perceived quality, and business diversification. The study also concluded with a set of recommendations, including the need for managers in the surveyed companies to enhance the dimensions of entrepreneurial agility in them, and not to be satisfied with the minimum benefit, but rather to make the maximum benefit from what these dimensions offer because this will not only help them in strengthening their strategic positioning, but also in several Other aspects include constantly pioneering behavior, creating new and unique opportunities, and achieving outstanding entrepreneurial performance.

The study aimed to know the innovation in the management of electronic human resources with its dimensions (operational, relational, and transformational) in the Asiacell Telecom Company. Asiacell Communications was the field for the study, and a sample of (351) individuals was chosen, which was withdrawn from the researched company to represent the study population of (2891) individuals. Employees (351) electronic questionnaire, and after checking it, the researcher found that it is valid at a rate of (100%) and was adopted for the purpose of statistical analysis and using the statistical program (Spss-v.26). And it was a good degree, as well as a significant effect of innovation and electronic human resource management in the company under study, and the study was concluded with a group One of the most important recommendations is directing the company’s management towards investing opportunities to integrate individuals’ knowledge and experiences with each other on an ongoing basis within the company to develop the skills necessary for work, as well as focusing on the areas of electronic human resources management and providing everything that can enhance these areas and achieve long-term growth and expansion for the company

The aim of the research is to identify the role of taking responsibility in promoting organizational sustainability in the Kirkuk Health Department, and accordingly, the current research problem has been formulated by asking the following main question: What is the role of the voice of responsibility in promoting organizational sustainability in the Kirkuk Health Department. A sample of (280) workers from various addresses that were withdrawn from the Kirkuk Health Department was chosen to represent the research community, which is a homogeneous community of (1148). And using the statistical program (SPSS v.24), and the research relied on the descriptive-analytical approach as its method, the most important findings of the research were the existence of two correlation and impact relationships between the research variables in the research organization in question, as well as reaching a set of conclusions and recommendations, the most important of which was that the organization’s management The health care surveyed does not have a clear interest in encouraging human resources, which is one of the activities that work to seize and anticipate opportunities inside and outside the organization in order to maintain the context of the service process that involves ambition and striving to achieve excellence in controlling how to change in the future, and that the most important recommendations were on The management of the Kirkuk Health Department contribute positively towards dialogue and cooperation within the health institution in line with work requirements according to different points of view.

The issue of corporate financial failure has received a great deal of attention in financial management, as financial failure is the result of accumulated errors for a period of time preceding bankruptcy. Most cases of financial failure occur in developing countries or whose economies are in a transitional phase, where they face insolvency, low liquidity, and lack of cash flow. Linking cases of financial distress to the high level of leverage of companies that have no future plans to deal with this problem. On the other hand, cases of financial distress occur even in a developed and prosperous economy due to wrong administrative decisions to finance their projects through debt instead of equity. From this standpoint, our study came in an attempt to identify the role of financial flexibility through three indicators, which are (assets, debt capacity, and net cash flow) as an independent variable, in reducing financial distress as a dependent variable. In order to achieve the objectives of the study and answer its questions, the study was tested in the market. Iraq Securities, specifically industrial shareholding companies, as the sample size reached (10) companies, and financial analysis was used to measure the indicators of the study variables using the (EViews-9) program.

The aim of the research is to identify the effect of the technology strategy in improving the quality of petroleum products in the Southern Refineries Company in Basra. Through the Khoironi et al., 2018 model), which includes six dimensions (performance, features, compatibility, reliability, durability, perceived quality), the questionnaire was used as a basic tool for collecting data and research information. The researchers used a set of statistical methods for the purpose of verifying the accuracy of the research data. And testing its hypotheses from descriptive and inferential analysis methods, and many conclusions were reached through the research, the most important of which was the company’s interest in the research community in applying the dimensions of the technology strategy in the field, which contributed to improving the quality of petroleum products. South Refineries Company The importance of clearly and accurately formulating the technology strategy because of its role in improving the quality of the company's oil products.

This study aims to identify the impact of effective leadership with its dimensions represented by (achieving organizational goals, making objective decisions, motivating employees, empowering employees, building a work team, and resolving organizational conflicts) in crisis management, represented by its dimensions (detecting warning signals, preparing and preventing, and containing damage). , activity recovery, learning). The study adopted a quantitative methodology in analyzing the data, and used a scientifically controlled questionnaire as a data collection tool consisting of (89) items. The Najaf Health Department was a field for implementing the study. The sample size for the quantitative analysis was (112) of senior and middle administrative leadership in the Najaf Health Department. The study included the community of the Health Department, represented by its health institutions, which amounted to (9) hospitals and (20) twenty centers and dispensaries. The study used various statistical methods to analyze the data by adopting appropriate statistical software (SMARTPLS23SPSSV.). The study came out with a set of conclusions, the most prominent of which is that the six dimensions of effective leadership variables individually have a significant impact on the crisis management variable, with varying impact values, through achieving the objective goals of employees that are positively linked to the crisis management process. The study also recommended that the Department of Health Najaf Al-Ashraf needs to create an electronic base specialized in collecting information related to the external (global) environment to view the latest developments, as well as holding educational and awareness conferences and seminars to increase awareness among working individuals and prepare them to confront crises.

The study aimed to determine the level of influence of social curiosity on the strategic superiority represented in its three dimensions (areas of influence, competitive pressure and competitive formation) of leaders in private universities in Kirkuk (Al-Qalam University College, Al-Kitab University, Imam Jaafar Al-Sadiq University, peace be upon him). To achieve the goal of the study, the descriptive analytical approach was used to describe the study variables. The questionnaire was relied on, which is the main tool for data collection, which was developed by the researcher based on contemporary literature and was subjected to tests of validity and reliability, as it was prepared in line with the objectives of the current study and was answered by The sample members accepted, and by (135) valid questionnaires that were analyzed, out of a total of (180) questionnaires distributed. Great importance for the variable as a whole, and a set of recommendations were presented, most notably the need for the management of the surveyed universities to pay great attention to the variables of the current study because of their importance in the performance of their work and their superiority over their competitors.

The current research provides a theoretical and applied framework that examines the relationship between resonant leadership and its effect on strategic consequences. The main importance of the current research follows from the scarcity of studies that attempted to clarify the relationship between the variables under study. From the perspective of resonant leadership, the researcher tested the effect of (mindfulness, hope, compassion) on the strategic consequences across three dimensions, namely (organizational structure, availability of time and resources, organizational culture), And depending on the intentional sampling method. (125) questionnaires were distributed to the staff of the Presidency of the University of Kufa, and the number of questionnaires valid for statistical analysis was (117) questionnaires, with a response rate of (93.6%) of the questionnaires retrieved, and the number of invalid questionnaires was (8) questionnaires at a rate of 6.4%)). The researcher tested the research hypotheses. Analyzed by the ready-made software package (Smart PLS), SPSS v25 program and Excel 2016), in the theoretical side, the literary review of previous studies showed the existence of a knowledge gap between resonant leadership and strategic consequences. As for the scientific side, and in light of the results, the study reached a set of conclusions, the most important of which is that resonant leadership has an impact Directly on the strategic consequences in the presidency of the University of Kufa. The majority of the applied results proved correct the assumptions proposed, and on the basis of which a set of conclusions and recommendations were formulated.

Our current study aimed to know the main organizational role of culture as an independent variable in its impact on organizational socialization, and to clarify the relationship and influence between the variables of the study in light of the previous contributions of each variable from a group of researchers and to test this relationship. In order to achieve this purpose, the researcher has designed a hypothetical scheme that shows the nature of the relationship between the study variables .

The practical side of the study was applied in the Maysan governorate , which represents the local authority in the governorate and to which many state institutions are linked. 44% of the sample members are employees who have not been appointed for one year, and the total number of valid forms for transfer was 209, after the researcher distribut 230 forms and 219 forms were retrieved, 5 forms were lost and 6 forms were not completely filled out. The overall response rate was 90.8%.

In order to test the main and sub-study model, the coefficient of correlation coefficient (pearson), coefficient of reliability, coefficient of correlation coefficient (pearson), coefficient of reliability, coefficient of correlation coefficient (pearson), the researcher relied on a set of ready-made programs for statistical analysis, namely (spss v program .23)) and (Amos v.23) and (Microsoft Excel 2010).

The study reached a set of conclusions, the most prominent of which was the existence of a positive statistically significant correlation and effect between organizational culture and organizational socialization. Following the conclusions, the researcher presented a set of recommendations, the most important of which was the call of the administration in the Maysan governorate office to allow the dissemination of democratic culture and high flexibility in the administration and to listen to the employees’ opinions, aspirations and suggestions.

In view of the great development taking place in the world today with regard to investment decisions, which increase the intensity of competition, financial institutions have realized the importance of these decisions and their role in achieving the goals of individual investors. And what is its relationship to financial ignorance. To achieve the above, the researcher took a regular sample of 101, and the researcher adopted the questionnaire as a tool for data collection after its validity and stability were confirmed, and the SPSS and AMOS programs were used to extract digital indicators for the purpose of analyzing them. As for the most important conclusions reached by the researcher in his research, there is a positive, statistically significant effect and correlation between financial ignorance and investment decision among individuals investing the research sample.

The current study aimed mainly to test the effect of task-oriented leadership and its role in achieving sustainable production, as a serious attempt to bridge or reduce the knowledge gap in explaining the nature of the relationship between these variables by analyzing the nature of the relationships between them by surveying the opinions of a selected sample from the Maysan Oil Company. To achieve this goal, the questionnaire was used as a main tool to collect the required data by distributing it using a purposive sampling method. The researcher distributed (317) questionnaires to the oil company employees, and all of them were retrieved and analyzed using a number of statistical tests available within the two statistical programs, SPSS V23 and AMOS. V23 The study then reached a set of statistical results, represented by the presence of a positive and significant effect of task-oriented leadership, and there also appeared to be a positive and significant effect of sustainable production.

The current study sought to identify the activities of the two technologies of product life cycle costs and sustainable reverse engineering as an integrated model that helps to reduce costs and develop the current product design model according to customer requirements by the sum of the weights of the relative importance of each component based on the relationship between the customer's requirement and the function of the component.this research aimed to demonstrate the knowledge bases of the two technologies of product life cycle costs and sustainable reverse engineering and their importance in achieving competitive advantage

This study aimed to identify the impact of accounting disclosure of environmental information in financial reports under international accounting standards, as well as to study and determine the degree and nature of disclosure of environmental information in the financial reports of sample companies. Because of the importance of environmental information in making decisions about setting plans and goals and drawing policies that aim to protect and sustain the environment, as it represents the comprehensive container for the elements of natural wealth, a proposed model suitable for environmental disclosure was built to measure the environmental impacts in the Iraqi industrial companies, the study sample.

The research aims to show the knowledge bases of the technology of cleaner production technology, the knowledge bases for the dimensions of sustainable development and the extent to which the dimensions of sustainable development are affected by the cleaner production technology.

In order to achieve the goal of the research in the research sample of the General Company for Cement / Kufa Cement Factory, the cleaner production technique was applied, costs were rationalized and the dimensions of sustainable development were achieved, and the inductive approach was used represented by the theoretical side, and the deductive approach was used to present the scientific aspect.

The researcher reached several conclusions, the most important of which is that the use of the cleaner production technology reduced environmental risks by reducing emissions and waste generation and providing an environmentally friendly product, as the costs in the past (before application) for one cement bag were (6107.5) dinars, and became (after application). ) (2486.2) dinars, and in general, the plant produced per ton at a cost of (114949.216) dinars, and it was supposed to produce at a cost of (42883.28) dinars, and this represents a major shift in terms of reducing costs.

The research aims to identify the risks of some financial instruments and their reflective range on the companies’ performance listed in the Iraqi Stock Exchange, the sample was represented by some banks listed in the regular market, which are (The Iraqi Commercial Bank, Bank of Baghdad, Islamic Bank, Middle East Bank, Investment Bank of Iraq, National Bank of Iraq, Sumer Commercial Bank) for the period (2011-2020), and the study relied on a set of statistical methods such as the regression analysis method and the structural modeling method in arriving at causal relationships and determining the level of influence between indicators. The research concluded that the effect of cash flow risks is the most influential in The companies’ performance listed in the Iraqi Stock Exchange

This study aims to use the binary logistic regression model to analyze the stock performance of the companies listed in the Iraq Stock Exchange during the period from (2019-2021) The study sample included (30) companies and from different sectors in the Iraq Stock Exchange. The internal variable is considered as an independent variable and the performance of the stock is a dependent variable. The ratios were, in order, as follows (share turnover rate), (issued shares), (listed shares), (transactions), (value traded), (sessions) included. It was noted that there was a slight effect of some determinants such as the determinant of the value of trading transactions and the number of shares listed in the market, which were directly related to a weighting relationship with achieving good performance in the shares. Hence, the recommendations that came with it, it is preferable to resort to logistic regression when it is difficult to stand on a general trend, or there is high volatility in relatively long periods of time

The research aims to demonstrate the impact of bank deposits on investment in securities during the period under study (2005-2019), as deposit management is a complex process that requires awareness and full understanding of new investment opportunities in emerging markets, especially when investment options and multiple alternatives are available. Therefore, banks must Making the right investments in these deposits, the effect of the relationship between the research variables was measured using the statistical program (SPSSV.26) and the use of the simple linear regression model, in addition, the research under study was summarized to a number of conclusions, most notably that the Iraqi economy suffers from weak infrastructure as well On the instability in the economic and security conditions, which led to the weakness of investments in it, and the researcher also found that there is no significant effect of deposits in investments in banks, the research sample. As for the most important recommendations, the government seeks to provide the appropriate investment climate and the nature of banking work by improving the legislative environment that prevents banks from investing in industrial or real estate projects; Unless there are special approvals and requirements for it.

The research aims to know the role of the strategic mind of decision-makers in enhancing the entrepreneurial performance of small and medium enterprises, and thus motivating them to pay attention to mechanisms, methods and foundations of strategic thinking related to these projects, which contributes to finding tools and options for senior leaders in government organizations to enable them to solve the problems of pressure resulting from them by the demand to provide Job opportunities for youth and the unemployed who turn to government employment as one of their priorities in the search for work..

The study seeks to clarify the concepts and implications related to the strategic mind and its dimensions for the purpose of highlighting the pioneering performance of Babylon Governorate, the study community through analyzing and explaining the pilot projects implemented by this province.

The field research was used and applied to the study sample represented by the leaders and officials of the Babylon Governorate Court as the highest executive authority of the local government in the province, and data was collected through a questionnaire distributed to officials and decision-makers, which amount to (84) forms suitable for measurement and analysis. In addition to some official documents and interviews to complete the study data and to collect information on the subject of the study.

A number of statistical methods were used to analyze and manipulate data to determine the correlation and effect between variables. The study found that the strategic mind has a positive impact on entrepreneurial performance.

This paper looks descriptively and analytically at how two groups of variables, macroeconomic and institutional, affect voter turnout in parliamentary elections. The research was based on hypotheses that high inflation, unemployment and institutional variables increase voter turnout, while high average per capita GDP discourages participation. To verify these hypotheses, panel data was used between 2001 and 2020 for a sample of (11) Arab countries. The study concluded that fixed effects models are very suitable for describing the relationship between macroeconomic and institutional variables and voter turnout, and there is a strong effect of the unemployment rate on voter turnout and a less strong effect of inflation, while the effect of per capita GDP is almost non-existent on voter turnout. Therefore, the diversification of the macro economy affects the voter turnout. However, this relationship remains complex and multi-layered. Voters tend to vote when inflation rates are high, and to stay home when unemployment rates are high. This, in turn, can have perverse incentives for politicians who may become more concerned about economic inflation as the negatively affected, the majority, will turn out to vote, while those who benefit from the economy will stay home and reward the government. Clearly, there are overlapping variables that affect voter turnout in any given election. As for the institutional variables, control of corruption has a greater impact on voter turnout, followed by government effectiveness, then political stability and absence of violence. The research also found that the macroeconomic and institutional variables in certain time period have an impact on voter turnout to participate in the elections of the next time period. The research also found a discrepancy in voter turnout rates among the sample Arab countries. Finally, there is an interaction between macroeconomic and institutional variables, and this interaction is reflected in the impact on the voter turnout.