DIYALA JOURNAL OF ENGINEERING SCIENCES

Segmentation of Image plays an important role in image processing and application technology. Image segmentation has importantly contributed to many aspects of life like agriculture, medical image, and computer vision. Because of has the ability to decompose image that is making extract feature like object and edge of image easy. The algorithms of segmentation depend on two essential properties similarity and discontinuity. This paper proposed the segmentation of image based on discrete wavelet transform (DWT were used “Daubechies”) which its concerns with the exploitation of pixels in an image. In this paper, discrete wavelets are used with another type of technique like canny, R.G and thresholding to reduce the number of the segment and maintain the edge of an image, also in this paper presented description the interesting of discrete wavelets transform, canny& region growing.

Groundwater is one of the important water resources in the countries that have a scarcity in water resources such as surface water. Modeling of the Baquba shallow unconfined aquifer (Quaternary sediments) has been an attempt by transfer the conceptual model to GMS 10.0-MODFLOW2000 for solving the groundwater equations by the technique of finite-difference. Two types of boundary conditions have been applied (Neumann and Dirichlet conditions). The calibration of the model has been attempt based on adjusting two parameters hydraulic conductivity and recharge rate. The best matching between computed and observed head has been done. The results reflect that the sensitivity analysis shows that hydraulic conductivity and recharge rate are a more sensitive parameter, after calibration, six different scenarios have investigated to study the impact of the discharging rate on the groundwater state. In the five scenarios, the applying discharge rates in the current state and increased by (25%, 50%, 75% and 100%) successively above the current rate, while in the sixth scenario proposed agricultural land with drilling new wells. The stress period that has been applied in transit state extendedfrom (2018-2027) with ten-time steps. The unsteady-state model simulation results for these scenarios clarify that the annual maximum drawdown values have been observed for the next ten years according to the five scenarios are equal to (11.426, 11.938, 12.246, 13.631, and 14.05) m respectively, while the annual maximum drawdown value recorded in the proposed scenario (current rate with the rates of the new wells) equal to 11.87m. As well as this increases in discharging rates indicated that the possibility of drilling new wells within the study area without any mining of aquifer. The results of the model reflect that the maximum values of the drawdown for the two regions of (Kanan and Buhriz) are very large, and according to this reason the management program is very important for dealing and manage the groundwater extraction in these regions.

This paper presents a color image steganography scheme based on discrete wavelet transform (DWT) and YCbCr color space. The cover image is initially transformed from RGB color space into YCbCr and the Cb component is utilized for hiding a secret grayscale image. Two-level DWT is applied to the selected component to obtain the horizontal sub-band HL2 which is used for the embedding process based on the singular value decomposition (SVD) of the secret image and the obtained sub-band HL2 of the cover image. Structural Similarity Index Measure (SSIM) and Peak Signal to Noise Ratio (PSNR) are measured for evaluating the performance of the proposed scheme. Simulation results show that the proposed steganography method is reliable against several attacks without degrading the visual quality of the cover image. Further, comparative results for the proposed method in YCbCr and RGB color spaces show that the YCbCr space is more efficient in secret image retrieval.

The current research studies the corrosion behavior of Low Carbon Steel 1020 AISI welded joint by means of TIG welding method using mutable DC current and constant voltage .Before the welding process,shot peening by steel balls for certain welded joints is applied to the sheet metal, and then welding under the same welding conditions without shot peening. A number of corrosion inspection samples have been prepared with the measurements of (15 * 15 * 3 mm), according to ASTM (G71-31). Microstructure,residual stress has been tested and the corrosion test has been conducted electrochemically in 3.5 per cent NaCl solution for all samples. Corrosion rate was computed by means of the Tafel equation. The results show a rise in corrosion rate in some welded joints compared with other welded joints and base metal due to the variationinheatinputfromtheinputcurrentforeachweldpasses.Shotpeeningprocess contributedtolowercorrosionratecomparedtoweldedjointswithoutshotpeening,due to the residual compression stresses produced by shot peening process. The best results obtained when number of welds passes and welding current are decreased to get suitable heat input.

In urban design and planning, there is often a great role for urban morphological indicators of cohesion and organization of the urban form to raise the efficiency of the performance of dealing with the built environment. Here, the research problem can be summarized in the fact that the growth of Al Kut city center and its accompanying commercial streets (as a case study) had a negative impact on the shape of the city, especially with poor compliance with laws and regulations governing to this growth. For this reason, the research assumed that adopting the Urban Morphological Indicators represents a solution to this negative phenomenon. The quantitative and qualitative analysis was adopted in conducting the field survey of the case study. To verify the research problem, a questionnaire was designed directed to the experts to answer the effective and verified morphological indicators to control growth in commercial streets. The SWOT method was adopted in measuring and analyzing results related to indicators (Spatial Configuration, Regularity, Urban articulating, Visual identity) according to four classifications (strengths, opportunities, weaknesses and threats). With the aim of morphological control of urban growth in the commercial streets of the city center.The research hypothesis was verified through an expert questionnaire designed to answer the effective and verified nature of morphological indicators for controlling growth in commercial streets. The most important conclusions and recommendations lie in enhancing strengths and opportunities, investing in them, activating, developing and strengthening weaknesses and threats and transforming their impact into a positive impact as much as possible.

Friction crush welding applications(FCW) provides versatile applications in sheet metals welding. In this work, different tool rotational speeds (220, 410, 920, 1500 rpm) and feed rates (20, 43, 80,150 mm/min) were used to weld oxygen-free copper sheets with flanged edges. Evaluation of Cu-Cu joints was performed successfully using optical microscope, vickers hardness and tensile test. The results showed that the microstructure was significantly influenced by welding parameters used. Different defects were recognized in the welding zone. The highest hardness of 63 HV and tensile strength of 105 MPa were obtained at tool rotational speed of 1500 rpm and feed rate of 115 mm/min

Finite Element Approach is employed in this research work to solve the governing differential equations related to seepage via its foundation's dam structure. The primary focus for this reason is the discretization of domain into finite elements through the placement of imaginary nodal points and the discretization of governing equations into an equation system; An equation for each nodal point or part, and unknown variables are solved. The SEEP / W software (program) is a sub-program of the Geo-Studio software, which is used by porous soil media to compensate for the problems of seepage. To achieve the research goals, a study was carried out on Hemrin dam, which located in the Diyala River 100 km northeast of Baghdad, Iraq. Thus, one cross-section is selected for different elevations (minimum, normal and maximum or flood design elevations) to compute the seepage of water, pore water pressure and phreatic line. By theoretical analysis appeared that when the water reservoir was connected to the flood level, a problem may occur in the downstream face of the dam lead to seepage failure. A set of solutions checked by using the Geo-Studio software has been suggested in this research to solve this problem. In addition, and by analytical approach SLOPE/W (a sub-program of the Geo-Studio software) are used to assess the stability of the downstream slope and calculation factor of safety.

Built Heritage is a significant division of cultural heritage. Thanks to their economic, symbolic, social, and cultural values, Built Heritage performs an essential task in achieving cultural distinction and promoting local identity. The paperfocuses on the growing role of HBIM in the field of the Built Heritage due to the benefits of BIM systems, which are characterized by the creation of digital information models with multi-dimensions. These dimensions give HBIM an essential task in the representation of Built Heritage that defined by multi-criteria. The study seeks to determine the approaches of utilizing BIM techniques in the Built Heritage area to classify the current trends of the studies that dealt with the research problem. Also, it aims to analyse HBIM techniques that employed in the discipline of Built Heritage, highlighting the procedures and methods used in these studies and researches, underlining the integration of HBIM with other technologies (e.g. Virtual Reality-VR, Augmented Reality-AR, Artificial Intelligence techniques -AI), and determining the potential of the HBIM system in these fields. The research is established on academic studies and researches analyses that have adopted the HBIM system in the sector of the Built Heritage to present a set of conclusions for current and future use of this technology

Building Information Modeling (BIM) technique is one of the modern techniques that have become widely used in many areas of the construction sector, including energy management. This work aims to study the effect of sun path analysis in improving energy performance, analysis and evaluation of the energy performance based on the tools provided by BIM technique, and comparison of simulated electrical energy results with real electrical energy consumption. The criteria of this study applied on one Iraqi project at Diyala University. The results illustrate that BIM very useful to perform various analyses helped to find different strategies for improving the energy efficiency of the project such as sun path analysis and Green Building studio (GBS) tool based on BIM technique useful tool to energy analysis where the result illustrate most electricity consumption goes for cooling space with consumption around (63871) kWh in August month as well as most fuel consumption for the purpose of space heating with consumption around(187846) MJ in December. GBS tool based on BIM technique is an effective tool that can help designers and architects in energy performance assessment as well as calculate energy costs in the early design stage,also it helps in finding the best solutions that contribute to improving energy efficiency in the early stages of the project life cycle.

Drilling machines (TBM) used for civil engineering work in large towns to significantly reduce the harmful effects of expenditure on the earth's surface. The tunneling process complicated due to the dependence of this relationship on construction technology that lead to undesirable consequences such as damage to adjacent structures, so the use of the finite element method has become common to simulate construction stages model using the Hoek-Brown ,the methodology includes using the finite element method by constructing the model to predict the behavior of stresses during the tunnel construction stages and to collect the required data so that it is appropriate to the requirements of the region and to analyze the parameters of the numerical model entry and comparing the natural condition of the rocks during the various tunnel construction stages. During tunnelingdevelopment, vertical stresses at the top and bottom of the tunnel are reduced while horizontal stresses are increased. Three vertical sections are selected to test the TBM tunnel 's impact on nearby rocks. The first section (x = 0) passes through the center of the tunnel. The second section is near the side edge of the tunnel whereas the third section is more or less selected than the edge of the tunnel. Progression of TBM is reflected through one to five phases. By conducting an axial symmetric FE analysis, the results of math measurement showed major changes in stress that occur in rock regions near the tunnel boundary mostly affects closeness to rocks. This increasing pressure decreases as you step horizontally away from the tunnel and the seams achieve exceedingly small values for lengths greater than 12 m from the edge of the tunnel.

Piled raft foundations usually supporting bridge piers, offshore platforms, marine structures and others are required to resist not only static loading, but also lateral cyclic loading that developed from different sources of loadings. An experimental study was carried out to investigate the effects of spacing and cross-sectional shape of pile on the behavior of laterally loaded piled raft models (1×2), (2×1), and (2×2) having a length to diameter ratio (L/D=40) with the spacing to diameter ratio(S/D) of 3, 5, and 7 embedded in layered soil with partially saturated clay soil. The results indicated that the increase in the lateral resistance in the group of square piles compared to a circular pile under pure loading conditions within the group 1 × 2, 2 × 1 and 2 × 2 are about 16%, 20% and 23% respectively. In addition, the results show that the increase in pile spacing lead to decrease lateral displacement under the same periodic load applied. The performance of all models improved using S/D=7 dueto reduce the interaction of pile-soil-pile in the group

High performance concrete beam subjected to repeated loads is different from than the one subjected to static loads. Due to loading and unloading process crushing was caused by repeated loads in some part of concrete. Behavior of concrete under static loads was influenced by adding steel fibers, which amended many properties especially concrete tensile strength. These improvements are studied in this research under them effect of repeated loads, by testing simply supported high performance concrete fibrous reinforced beams with dimensions (1400x150 x 300) mm and percentages of steel fibers (0.5%) its design according to ACI544.4R-8[1]. The references is reinforced with normal stirrups while the other reinforced with different longitudinal shear steel plate. Repeated and static loads were applied to the beams through two points and for many cycles up to failure. All the results show low in ultimate strength under repeated load and increase in number and width of cracks. The results present that ductility under repeated load was less than under static load and the deflection under repeated load was higher than deflection under static load