AL Ghary Journal of Economic and Administrative Sciences

There is no doubt that knowledge throughout human history has always been a constructive source for human civilizations at all times and places since it opened human consciousness and evolved from the primitive level of life until knowledge became influential in the formation of its growing civilization, where nations and civilizations flourished and developed when humanity realized that knowledge must flourish, develop and grow, and thus knowledge became the main factor and engine for the development of peoples and has an impact on economic, social and political life and with the beginning of the third millennium became the third transformation At the level of maturity after agriculture and industry, as the fruits of knowledge have given their desired benefits to them, and the product of those efforts was the emergence of the information and communication revolution, so the size of the global market for information services in (2005) reached more than (7) trillion dollars.

Thus, "ICTs have been one of the greatest potential forces shaping the twenty-first century".

The researcher started from the pressure of conviction of the need to address the financial sector in the world in its total system and this modest effort represents the beginning of approaching an approach that needs more research in order to crystallize, as the ongoing international financial crisis has proven the intensity of interdependence between financial institutions and the mechanisms of work of financial markets in one country and across the world. Certainly, micro-research deepens knowledge through quantitative diagnosis of studied relationships and extent of influence, but there is an urgent need to compose the results of all these researches in a whole that corresponds to the reality of the financial sector and expresses it as a whole.

This study tried to look at the course of development of the financial sector in the world in the recent period through the indicators of capitalization and relative volumes of debt securities and bank assets, and the change in the relative roles of banks vis-à-vis other financial institutions and markets.

The establishment of the Cooperation Council for the Arab States of the Gulf reflected the special relations between these countries, and the Council represented a qualitative development in the field of joint Arab action, as it was the first Arab sub-collective organization to be established alongside the Arab League since its emergence in 1945.

The Council aimed to achieve the greatest possible coordination among its members, to reach economic integration, through the liberalization of intra-trade, the establishment of a customs union and a common Arab market, and work to unify the currency, because monetary integration is the highest stage of economic integration, which ultimately goes to complete political unity, as in the case of Germany in the nineteenth century, the United States of America in the same period, and finally the European Union at the end of the last twentieth century.

Wadi al-Salam in the center of Najaf is an important historical, emotional and religious landmark of Najaf, visited by Muslims on religious occasions from most regions of Iraq and even many countries of the Islamic world, as well as being an important tourist attraction that can be invested to promote and develop the national economy.

It is not difficult for the observer to notice the interest of officials in charge of tourism and investment in activities related to hotel and tourism marketing based on holy shrines and shrines of the righteous saints with a clear neglect of the Valley of Peace, as it suffers from chronic neglect and poor planning and investment in it, so that the burial matter was left to families or people practicing this profession despite its sanctity and importance in the Islamic religion as a humanitarian duty, and the lack of social justice in the construction of graves, there are large basements, next to ordinary graves, and there are graves. With high construction and large areas, in addition to ground graves and with limited space, in addition to the lack or lack of many services, whether related to funerals themselves or their companions, or visitors to the graves of Wadi Al-Salam at times of occasions such as holidays and non-

The current study focused on clarifying the relationship between creativity and outstanding performance on the one hand and between it and the process of reducing the phenomenon of administrative corruption on the other hand through the test of the model (Ettile & Okeefe, 1984) for organizational creativity and the model of Arther consulting company related to outstanding performance, which was presented by (Kotler, 2000) as well as deviations (organizational, behavioral, financial, criminal) related to the phenomenon of administrative corruption.

This study aims to identify organizational learning tools and their role in adopting innovative marketing skills An applied study on a sample of department managers in the Southern Cement General Company, and the study is based on a set of main assumptions represented in the organizational learning tools of all kinds (sustainability and support, comprehensive, anticipation, use) have a role in the process of adopting innovative marketing skills represented by (sense of problems, flexibility, originality, perseverance and acceptance of the challenge, the ability to communicate effectively) in the company under study, and to achieve the goal of these The study has built a hypothetical model that illustrates the relationship between its variables, and the study has relied on the completion of the vocabulary of the theoretical framework on foreign sources, references and literature related to the subject of the study, as well as the use of the Internet. While the practical aspect was accomplished by relying on the following methods and tools: (personal interviews, direct observation, questionnaire form). The data were analyzed using a set of statistical indicators and with the help of the statistical program (SPSS V.15), and finally this study reached a set of conclusions

The subject of competitive advantage is one of the modern topics in administrative literature and one of the most important topics of strategic management because of its great importance that contributes to the development of goods and services, finding specialized markets and identifying appropriate distribution outlets for all marketing organizations. Because competitive advantage is the basis around which the competitive strategy is formulated and the rest of the factors and variables interact to support this advantage and thus the emergence of the comprehensive competitive strategy of the organization. Based on the importance of the subject of competitive advantage came this research, which aims to study the strategies of competitive advantage in my company ((ready-made clothing company, textile products company)). In order to achieve the objectives of the research and cover all aspects of the subject, the structure of the research consists of three chapters devoted to the first chapter in clarifying the methodology used in the preparation of the research and include the identification of the research problem and the statement of its importance, objectives and hypotheses and describe its sample and statistical means, and the second chapter went in the presentation of the concept of competitive advantage and the statement of its strategies through three topics The first section develops the concept of competitive advantage and its strategies and the second section dealt with the importance of competitive advantage and included the third section competitive strategies, while the third chapter presented the results of the study Field through two sections The first section dealt with the research sample and its tools and means for the two companies in a comparative manner, while the second section was interested in presenting and analyzing the results of the field study and the third section was interested in analyzing the responses of the sample based on the research hypotheses, and finally we dealt with the most important conclusions, recommendations and proposals that came out of the research

The study aimed to present and analyze the structure of the state budget in Iraq for the years from 2003-2007 period after the fall of the regime because the general budget was not developed within the framework of serving the national public objectives as a planning tool social policy, the study started from the premise that the general budget in Iraq reflects the overall economic activity as the authority can not exercise its activity without spending and can not spend without access to resources where a set of conclusions were reached, the most important of which are.

The absence of general objectives through the budget, where there is no treatment for unemployment, as the reality speaks of unemployment of more than 40%, and the inflation rate was 76%, the scarcity of services, severe weakness in infrastructure, and the achievement of a market economy in line with the requirements of the International Monetary Fund and the World Bank, which still controls the economies of countries, including Iraq.

There are a number of recommendations, the most important of which is the adoption of a national development policy aimed at formulating programs that will achieve the goals, especially reducing unemployment rates suffered by the Iraqi people, working to diversify non-oil sources of revenues and raising the share of taxes.

Cost is one of the important foundations adopted by the customer and the product, as a criterion for distinguishing products. Since modern industries are characterized by variation and rapid development of their products, so forecasting the costs of products in advance to determine the profitability of the company, and the availability of the possibility of manufacturing products, makes the study and analysis of the cost of products is critical from the point of view of the management of the production facility and the consumer alike.

Cost is one of the important foundations adopted by the customer and the product, as a criterion for distinguishing products. Since modern industries are characterized by variation and rapid development of their products, so forecasting the costs of products in advance to determine the profitability of the company, and the availability of the possibility of manufacturing products, makes the study and analysis of the cost of products is critical from the point of view of the management of the production facility and the consumer alike.

Legislation is the official source of law, however, the briefing of all the minutes of legal life is not possible, whether for civil transactions or commercial transactions and play customary rules in the civil reality in general and commercial in particular a major role in the interpretation of the will of the parties, and can this mandatory force that is no less in practical life than the strength of legislative rules to outweigh sometimes as we will see through research, Custom is a way to enter into force the rules of conduct in the form of unwritten rules derived from people's habituation to a certain behavior to organize an aspect of their social life so that a rule arises from which the belief prevails in the need to adhere to it and custom in commercial matters is of particular importance because the majority of the rules of commercial law arose as customs and customs followed among merchants and then most of these rules were codified in legislative texts and that was the reason for the transformation of most of the customary rules into legislative texts and that Due to the lack of these texts in commercial matters and their inability to follow the development of life and its needs

The right of asylum enjoys great attention in international circles, and it is an internationally recognized human right, considering that refugees are people whose human rights have been seriously violated, or whose rights have also been seriously threatened.

International legitimacy has paid attention to the issue of asylum and refugees through the establishment of guarantees for human rights because of the increasing phenomenon of violation of the rights of individuals and groups, and as a result of this phenomenon of violation, refugees are pouring into countries with the aim of obtaining safe asylum, which creates a problem for those countries hosting them and additional burdens on their economy.

The main objective of protecting refugees is to protect the rights of refugees and to provide them with decent conditions, in addition to creating appropriate conditions so that the persecuted can exercise the right to asylum and find refuge in another country, and this is what the international community has emphasized on the issue of refugees, and has begun to address it through international conventions. and international protocols on refugee affairs

The crime is only a social phenomenon, accompanied by human society since its inception, and captured the attention of those in charge of managing the affairs of society from the men of thought and law in an effort to get rid of this phenomenon, and that juvenile delinquency is only a social phenomenon suffered by society because it is one of the serious problems, which threaten the entity, sustainability and development of human societies, and in the light of studies and research appeared the importance of caring for juveniles and distinguishing them with a special system to consider them victims of social conditions that led to drowning them because they are in dire need of guidance, care and treatment On this basis, the child must be taken care of from birth until he reaches adulthood, as the child is the desired fruit of married life.

The study of the criminal responsibility of doctors is of paramount importance in contemporary criminal policy, because the protection of the patient, his safety and health and taking into account his feelings and emotions claimed to be carried out by the doctor instead of neglecting them, and therefore the responsibility of doctors was tight if the doctor's act led to the deterioration of the patient's condition or arose from medical or surgical intervention the occurrence of death or leaving a permanent disability or prematurely aborting a fetus.

Comparative penal legislation has criminalized the abortion of pregnant women in general and increased the penalty if this crime is committed by a doctor, surgeon, pharmacist, midwife or chemist.