Adab AL Rafidayn

This research aims to identify the obstacles that the translator may face while translating Mosulli proverbs that contain metaphors into English. The research also aims to determine the best way to translate this type of proverbs to ensure access to a perfect and accurate translation. To achieve this purpose, translation samples are taken for thirteen MA students in the Department of Translation / College of Arts / University of Mosul. It is clear from these samples that the main obstacles facing these translators are: the translator's lack of English vocabulary equivalent to Arabic ones, the samples contain metaphors that makes translating them a difficult task for any translator, as they give an implicit meaning radically different from their apparent meaning, in addition to the failure of semantic translation in conveying the meaning of metaphoric proverbs and the necessity to use communicative translation instead of it in translating these proverbs.

This paper tackles the relationship between text typology and machine translation. In this paper , the study is restricted to only one direction of translation that is from Arabic into English. It aims at clarifying the different results of machine translation renditions due to different text types. In theory, the paper gives a theoretical background on the topic. Then, practically, in order to test the hypothesis of the research which says that text typology affects the degree of appropriates of renditions by machine translation ,six functionally different texts (two of each informative, expressive and vocative texts) have been rendered from Arabic into English by machine translation (Google translate). Then the percentage of errors in these renditions has been calculated for each text by comparing machine translation with professional human one. The study concludes that that text typology affects the percentage of errors in MT in that fewer errors are noticed in vocative types compared with expressive and informative ones.

Content-Based Instruction (CBI) is viewed as relatively a new approach to teaching English as a foreign or second language. CBI integrates teaching of the linguistic aspects and the subject matters as a core of the learning process. It focuses on the integration of the language skills.
This paper attempts to investigate the effect of implementing Content-Based Instruction on the students’ recognition achievement in teaching reading comprehension at university level. The sample of the study consisted of (50) second-year students studying in the Department of History, College of Arts, University of Mosul. The sample is divided in to experimental and control groups. Each has (25). After achieving co-equivalence between them, an achievement test has been conducted on them. It hypothesized that using CBI will better help students of History in: Comprehending vocabulary items, word knowledge, grammatical structures, reference, lexical relations, cohesion and coherence correctly and meaningfully at recognition level. The result obtained indicates that using CBI in teaching reading comprehension was found to be effective approach that helped to enhance the students’ ability at recognition level

Joseph Conrad was one of the greatest novelists of English Literature (Frederick R. Karl (2018), Victory was a novel which was released after a long gap of his previous novel the secret agent. This has been appreciated by the critics, teachers and general readers of the contemporary times of Joseph Conrad (Hatice Övgü Tüzün (2019) pp.56-68) . The novel was basically about a morally sensitive individual who was thrown into the corrupted world. The author described his character as the destroyer systems of hopes, of beliefs (Conrad 1995:175 Page). In this research we will talk about the most important themes in this novel. The significance of the proposed study was to reveal the dominant themes of Joseph Conrad Victory novel. Anyway, this work was expected to contribute to the studies in the English literature field. However, It was hoped to be of interest and value to researchers, university studies and those who were concerned with literary studies.

The present study aims to evaluate English curriculum for primary stage namely ''English for Iraq''. The study will provide evidence about strength and weakness points in the prescribed curriculum. So, the researcher will analyze the content of the English textbook for primary stage. Then, the researcher will make a comparison between the content and the prescribed objectives set for teaching English at primary stage.
To analysis the content of the English syllabus for primary stage, the researcher focuses on the three English textbooks for fourth ,fifth and sixth graders as it represents, the stages of focusing on the four linguistic skills (listening, speaking, reading and writing).
It is observed in this curriculum that it contains variety and frequent activities within a single unit without determining the type of aspects or items, which causes confusion to teachers and pupils as well. There is a single page containing lots of pictures that revolve around more than one topic, which affects negatively on pupils' ability of realizing the exercise.
It was clear from the analysis of the content that this curriculum focuses on the oral skill, more than the written one, and therefore the content of the curriculum applies and represents the objectives for which it was established.

The current research aims to investigate the effect of incidental learning strategy on EFL university students’ vocabulary acquisition and retention. In the light of these aims, the researcher has set two null hypotheses to be tested.
The researcher adopted the one-group experimental design for this research. Accordingly, a sample of 40 students has been intentionally chosen from among second year students at the Dept. of English/ College of Basic Education/ University of Mosul for the academic year 2019/ 2020.
The instrument has been prepared by the researcher to collect the data based on the dependent variables of this research; namely vocabulary acquisition and retention. An achievement test in vocabulary acquisition and retention was constructed by the researcher in the light of the behavioral objectives of the instructional materials. The validity and reliability of the instrument was verified and tested.
The collected data were statistically analyzed by using different statistical means. The findings of this research show that the incidental learning is an effective strategy in acquiring vocabulary.

Hedging is one of the skills that human beings need in their everyday life for successful communication. Hyland, (1998:1) defines hedging as “any linguistic means used to indicate either a lack of complete commitment to the truth value of an accompanying proposition, or a desire not to express that commitment categorically”. According to Schröder and Zimmer, hedging is used to refer to "the strategies of using linguistic means as hedges in a certain context for specific communicative purposes, such as politeness, vagueness, mitigation" (1997: 249). In Arabic Language, some researches conduct this phenomenon. Andrusenko (2015) translates the English categories proposed by Hyland (2005) into Arabic Language, Abbas' 2011 gives statistics of the use of hedges in Arabic and English in Academic writing, Al- Rassam (2004) identifies and classifies the linguistic devices and strategies used to express hedging in Arabic.
This study focuses on the influence of social variables such as topic, age and gender on the use of hedging in everyday interactions in Mosuli Arabic (MA henceforth).
The data consist of 300 authentic hedged utterances used by MA speakers of different ages in everyday interaction. The collected data consist of 150 utterances by males and 150 by females on different daily topics.
According to Verschueren, "using language must consist of continuous making of linguistic choices" (2000, p.55). As a model, this study adopts the Adaptation Theory proposed by Verschueren in which four angles of investigation are used to conduct any linguistic phenomenon.
The study reveals typical hedging expressions (forms) that are used in all topics by speakers of all age groups and of both genders. Nine types of topics of hedging are recognized in the corpus of this study. The study shows that hedging is a gender sensitive phenomenon as far as vocabulary, types, syntactic and pragmatic forms and topics are concerned. Additionally, it proves that there are similarities as well as differences between males and females in using hedging strategy. It proves that young-children, mid- age children and old- adults use hedging less than other life stages.

One of the most prominent theories which are concerned with figurative and non-literal language is metaphor. Some theories consider metaphor as a device in language, in contrast to the cognitive and conceptual metaphor theory by Lakoff and Johnson (1980a) in which metaphor is defined as understanding abstract concepts (target domain) in terms of more concrete concepts (source domain). This study investigates food metaphors in Iraqi Turkmani proverbs in the city of Telafer. It aims to reveal abstract concepts which are conceptualized or understood by concrete concepts of food related terms in Iraqi Turkmani proverbs, and to reveal the bases and motivations of these metaphors. The study assumes that various and different abstract concepts are conceptualized and understood in terms of food related terms, moreover, experience and culture are employed to serve as bases of metaphors. The study collects written and spoken data from books and native speakers of Telafer. The data is translated literally and non- literally. The study adopts Baker’s (1992) strategies in non-literal translation.
The first level of analysis commences by obtaining the correct interpretations of metaphors from adults and specialists. The second level of analysis is divided into two sections. The first section includes implicit metaphors for which two models are employed. The models are by Lakoff and Turner (1989) the “GENERIC IS SPECIFIC”, and Lakoff and Johnson (2003) “Metaphors We Live By”. These models are adopted to investigate food metaphor in Iraqi Turkmani proverbs. In the second section, which includes explicit metaphors, the model by Lakoff and Johnson (2003) is adopted. The study concludes that the ability of conceptual metaphor theory (henceforth: CMT) contributes to reveal various abstract concepts which are understood in terms of more concrete concepts. In addition, experience and cultural values play a role in motivating the metaphorical conceptualization.

This study deals with linguistic problems of subtitling English into Arabic that result due to the wrong doing of translation by subtitlers and translators in subtitling movies. It is an attempt to show out how English subtitled movies could be inaccurate and lack faithfulness and accuracy at the same time.
Subtitling English movies into Arabic selected in order to come out with a new trendy and controversial topic, moreover, this topic is falling under the translation scope that makes it easy to be beaten. This study aims at exploring, describing, and analyzing all aspects that are related to subtitling. It also tackled the problematic issues of subtitling from English into Arabic concerning linguistic problems that are faced by translators between two different languages. Micro-linguistic problems implied adopting the linguistic fields such as semantics, pragmatics, phonology, morphology, Syntax.
The problems that are displayed show how inaccuracy affect translation of the spoken English text in addition to the difficulty in capturing the right sounds of the uttered text, moreover, concentrating on the S.T structure that leads to many problems concerning the micro linguistic fields.
Concerning this research we hypothesized that there are significant linguistic errors related to micro-linguistic scope between English and Arabic that one may make them during translating between the two languages because of the translation loss of its quality due to the technical restrictions of subtitling and the capability of the subtitler with subtitling English films into Arabic despite the linguistic differences between the two languages as well as the absence of one-to-one correspondence between English and Arabic.
The models that are adopted through this study are Baker's model (1992) that implied the levels of word, above-word, grammatical and pragmatic plus Roach's model (1983) who did his best in his courses of phonetics and phonology to simplify it for us.

It is well known that language and culture are interrelated and language plays an essential role in the culture. Some scholars state that language supports the presence of culture and culture wouldn’t be possible without language, it is obvious that culture is reflected through language and culture shapes language and affects it. Translating Business Jargon into Arabic represents a real challenge for translators as this process requires specific qualifications and skills as well as good knowledge about the target field of translation in addition to cultural background knowledge. This research tackles the relation between language and culture as well as discussing factors affecting translating Business Jargon.
To achieve this goal, a test was given to 7 MA translation students in the department of translation, Collage of Arts during the academic year 2019-2020 and the test consists of 4 business phrases which include American business jargons ,each student translated 5 phrases and we select 5 different translations for each phrase to analyze these translations and determine the strategy adopted by the students in translating the business jargon ,also attempting to detect and analyze the students’ translation errors as well as reveal the reasons behind committing such errors.

This research deals with the situation of grammarians from the recitations.
It was common in old and new grammar lesson that the grammarians rejected some of successive Quranic recitation. They refused and criticized number of reciters, but those grammarians were criticized by other grammarians, at the same time.
In this research we try to show when the grammarians refused the recitation they did not reject it as a Quranic recitation, but criticized it as a proof that contradicts the Arabic speech.
In addition grammarians affirm that the recitation is a prophetic tradition and it exists with what was conveyed from the prophet Muhammad ( Blessing and peace be upon him) not by the opinion but in the same time, they criticized it for contradicting many Arabic evidences.

This research dealt with the movement of metaphor in Asim reading which is narrated by Hafs and which violated the steady base in all the Glorious Quran. Research is consisted of an introduction and preface, seven demands and Conclusion. Introduction has shown the importance of the subject and the reason for its choice. The seven demands were specialized in seven audio signs. The Conclusion contained the most important findings of research.

The scholars of the Quranic readings took great care of the Quranic readings because of its relation to the Quran in terms of its performance and recitation. They had prominent fingerprints in this field and important aspects of the reading lesson (the rulings of non-static and discourses) because they have a prominent presence in the Quran and in the books of the people of reading and its arguments and statement. This prompted us to provide the explanation of those provisions in a voice explanation, starting from the previous scientists decided to make use of what the scholars mentioned.

This research deals with one of the important aspects of the Andalusian poet Ibn Khafaga, which is the other / nature, as he is one of the most important poets of Andalusia who dealt with nature until it became a corner of his creative text, until nature reached - silent and vivid - the climax in the description and communication on his hand.
The other nature, and more so the Andalusian nature, is one of the factors that contributed in establishing the phenomena of creativity, innovation and renewal in Andalusian poetry in general, and the poet Ibn Khafaga in particular until the poet of Andalusian nature is not deserving of its spheres and speaking of its flanks, but that he concealed from their aspects of life that became a future with him of his ideas And his feelings, as he made them, are a space for many texts in his poetry, as well as a direct description, so that all of this brings together a picture of another important one which had a great role in explaining the poet's psychological / intellectual and creative experience.

The stylistic analyst is interested in studying the originator’s use of terms and their properties that affect the method, such as categorizing them into semantic fields, and studying these classifications and knowing what kind of words are mostly done by this semantic field, and stylist analyst also studies in this stylistic level the nature of the words and what they represent We have focused on reviewing the stylistic contrast in the context of the semantic level that it embodies (the science of articulation) in Arabic rhetoric. As for the research plan, it included two subjects, the first topic: the structure of the analogy, and included two requirements, the first requirement: the structure of analogous analogy The second requirement: similar structure Alastarah, and the second topic: the structure of metaphor, has also included two demands, the first requirement: the sender metaphor, and the second requirement: mental metaphor.

All praise be to Almighty Allah and peace be upon His messenger Muhammad, his kinship and his companions.
This paper studies the noble Hadiths (prophetic traditions) as mentioned in the six sahih (authentic books): Al-Boukhari's, Muslim's, Al-Nasaiy's, Al-Tirmithiy's, Abu-Dawwod's, and Ibn Majah's. the traditions under discussion are seven introduced by (ليس منا من ..) "No one is among us who…." . Those traditions tackle issues of Islamic doctrine, literature, adoration, transactions, besides other aspects of the glorious Islamic Shari'a (law).
The method adopted in this paper involves first referring the Hadiths to their resources. This is followed by a semantic analysis of the initiation expression of the Hadiths i.e. "No one is among us who…". Then each noble Hadith is discussed as a whole. Mention is made first of the above introductory utterance with its linguistic signification and its general meaning to be followed by the global meaning of the Hadith in question. The researcher has consulted, in the process, books on the interpretation of the noble hadith and referred to Qur'anic Ayas which tackle the issues in which the Hadiths in question is involved.
This all is concluded by mentioning the important remarks and difficulties encountered in presenting this paper.

Sufi literature was born within the literature of pure love. Sufis succeeded in reconciling divine love with human love. The expression of love and adoration is of a spiritual nature and in a flirtatious manner, inherited and pliant. The symbol of women and the personality of Lili is often found in Sufi literature to express divine love and divine beauty in the universe. And the desire to come closer to the beloved God.

The modernized cities contributed greatly to intellectual activity and the development of the scientific aspect of Andalusia, as we have not learned that the era of the emirate is a vehicle for the activity of intellectual movement, the era in which most of the modernized cities were founded, as many factors helped the scientific development in Andalusia in general and the modernized cities in particular, including encouraging princes and the caliphs on teaching and learning and the establishment of libraries, so scientists and writers appeared, some of whom specialized in science, and the others were interested in different sciences, and the updated cities of Andalusia had a large share of that.

The research deals with an issue of great importance; Especially in the context of the political and social changes that the world is going through. And this idea is the idea of the other, which has attracted the attention of thinkers, philosophers and historians
In this study, we deal with the issue of the Ottoman (other) in the literature of European thought. The issue of the Ottoman (other) has emerged on the basis of which many political and cultural attitudes towards the East in general.
The research deals with the development of the idea of the other in European culture, first in chronological manner, and then with an analytical approach. Through a selection of different samples that include historical and oriental writings.
The research aims, through this proposition, to reveal the payloads of this second, West / East. And its effects on the relationship between East and West in general.
Then the research aims to contribute to correcting perceptions about the other. In order to reach a state of stability, acceptance and human coexistence among peoples.

The research deals with the social aspect of the King Mansour Muhammad bin Taqi Al-Deen Omar’s life. The reseach mentioned AL-Mansur King’s wife, who is the daughter of the just King Saif Al-Deen Abu-Bakr and her name is Queen Khatoon and what her important role was in bringing the views between her husband and her father, especially in the political aspect and disputes between the Ayyubid kings after the death of Sultan Al-Nasir Salah Al-Deen, which prevented the city of Hama from the consequences of conflicts and wars in many occasions, and what is worth noting here in this respect is the great political skill of Al-Mansur King that made him holds the stick of compromise in those conflicts. The research, then, mentioned the Al-Mansour King’s children, which is required recipes the text which is mentioned by Ibn Nazif Al-Hamwi in writing Al-Mansouri history, mentioning all the sons of the king Al-Mansour, where he was unique from other historians in that text, then the research go on talking about the life of King Al-Mansour, before he assumed the King of the city of Hama annd his relationship with his father, Al-Mudhafar King, in the coming and traveling and his presence in many battles with him. An important point was mentioned by (Zambawar) in his book (Glossary of Genealogy and the Ruling Families), which is the presence of the name of Al-Mansur King on the railway Struck during his reign, which indicates his great standing and place among his fellow kings in his era, and it is worth noting that we have come from these instruments various models dating back to different dates

The research deals with the relation of Majd Al-Din Ibn Al-Atheer, the modernizer of the Zangid authority, whose association with it was through his father and then he assumed a number of administrative positions. Majd Al-Din was a model for Mosul scholars to deal with the Zangid authority, as well as to prove its loyalty to it and its ability to spare himself the consequences of the Sultan’s owners. The research was divided into several paragraphs, the first was his relationship with Saif al-Din Ghazi the second (565-576 AH / 1169-1180 AD), among which it touched on his position on Nur al-Din Mahmoud Zangi (544-569 AH / 1149-1173 AD) the owner of Aleppo, then his

The purpose of the research is to identify the commercial relations between Indian ports and Chinese ports during the domination of the Abbasid Caliphate over the Indian Sea region, and to reveal the depth of that relationship by addressing the factors that contributed to the continuity of trade communication between the ports of the two countries, and what had a mutual civilizational effect between the two countries, and the consolidation of political relations between them, was for the commercial communities and geographical proximity in addition to the raw materials and their impact on commercial communication and encourage the ruling families in addition their beating the means of transport and commercial dealing.

In the last quarter of the twentieth century, and over the first two decades of the twenty-first century, Iraqi universities became interested in writing about the life, biography, and role of Iraqi academic personalities in the fields of knowledge and human studies in general. In the field of historical studies, in particular, through theses and university theses, and attention was paid to the academic personalities who passed away and left our lives in her body, but they remained through their cognitive giving of what they wrote of studies and books, and what they provided for cultural and academic activities inside and outside Iraq. The University of Baghdad was the first in this field, and then the rest of the Iraqi universities joined in the departments of history in the Faculties of Arts and Education. Hence the choice of our research on one of the academic figures at the University of Mosul - College of Arts - Department of History, that is Professor Dr. Muhammad Ali Dahesh, as we discussed in this research the social upbringing of his personality, and we followed the stages of his studies until his graduation from the university

In the light of what has been mentioned in this research, it is obvious that the women, through the texts provided by the books of Al-Baldaniyat at the Abbasid era, significantly contributed to the economic aspect. This contribution included economic activity in all its various fields, and women played a prominent impressive role in all its agricultural, crafts and commercial aspects.
Despite the scarcity of texts mentioning this issue in the Al-Baldaniyat books, these texts referred to the women's economic contributions in a clear way that gives the outcome of this activity at the Abbasid era.
The study also found that there were many factors behind determining the size and type of economic contribution according to the economic and social class to which women belong. There is a large difference between high-class women and working women in the size and type of contribution in each field of economy in the Abbasid era. The same can be applied to the revenues of that contribution .This revenue greatly differs for each kind of women . Working women hardly get a revenue that meets their basic needs

The Arab-Islamic civilization and in its incoming all the material or considerable reasons of building a rich civilization, the power of the state in its various stages was formed through information that reflected its development, including the interest of the caliphs in the appearance of the state abroad through a public institution meant by the diplomat representation of the state abroad. Hence, the idea of the topic about the embassy in Islam to find out the nature of the work of this institution and its objectives and tasks, which have long been a symbol of the prestige of the state, the researcher tried and through the adoption of a stable approach to events to find out the meaning of the embassy language and terminology and then talk about the most prominent objectives of embassies in the Abbasid era, and the research relied on a number of sources and references related to the subject, perhaps the most prominent of which is the book of sand of kings and who is fit for the letter and Alsafara “The embassy” by Ibn Firaa (died in the second half of the third century/900s A.D) and Tareekh-Alrusul-wa-Almulook (The history of the prophets and kings) by Tabari on( 122 / 130 A.D.) and other, the most important reference to write on embassies in Islam is the author Muhammad Altabie, I've benefited from a lot of information. In conclusion, the art of research is an attempt by the researcher to show the aspect that relates to diplomatic work as confirmation of the prominence of this nation over other nations, as it has given an important place to this important administrative and political field as the front of the state and the work remains in it of lapses and shortages as long as it comes from the human as long as it remains perfect for God alone and for him praise in the first and afterlife.

It could be said that sociology passed many scientific stages implying the social aspects, for instance, it was ideological, by the aggravation of the cold war occurred between the west and socialist camps, to conciliatory direction with the beginning of the closeness between them at the early seventies. The social signs could be represented by the sociology of epistemology which has a third feature of being a research method.
We can find the idea of sociology became clear in the sociology of the scientific epistemology so, taking care of science appeared throughout the institutional support as has been shown by Robert Mirton in his research and this what the research tried to deal with beside a practical study on social scientific epistemology of Ibn Saed Al-Andalusi in his book taloagat Al-Omem (classes of nations).

This research deals with the economic and social cost of imported food in Iraq. The aim of the research is to determine the cost, the relevance and the direct impact on children in Mosul, since most of imported food enter the country without knowing their advantages and disadvantages because children are the most vulnerable group in the society.
The research sample consisted of 50 parents. The researcher adopted a randomized social survey and questionnaire as a method to collect the data.
The research found that there is a statistically significant relationship between the goods and food in markets and the diseases that infect children.

The phenomenon of drugs and addiction to it is a serious social and health scourge that threatens and undermines the chance of development and economic growth of country . This phenomenon has become at the present time economic social and health effect and destroy the infrastructure of society due to the serious damage it has left in all respects . This phenomenon has become universal . Including all the countries of the world , including ours , Iraq at the present time, and this phenomenon had dangerous negative repercussions on the abusive individual , his family surroundings , and society in general , directly or indirectly , as well as the losses that national economy is exposed to and wasting youth energies , whether by using it or by trading with narcotic substance and all of this causes visible and long time . In my research , I dealt with everything related to narcotics , their types , and their physical , psychological , and economic health effects , the methods of cultivating or manufactuacuring them , the size of the problem globally ,and the most important causes of their spread and the methods of treating them and reducing them and touched upon . The laws enacted by international law and in Iraq to limit the spread of drugs and drug trafficking Finally, the research included a list of the sources that it approved in the research and a summary in Arabic and English .

The study deals with the concept of information technology and the advantages and disadvantages of using it in the libraries and information centers. The study also mentioned the concept of university libraries and the challenges that face them in the light of developments the information technology and forms these technologies are using in libraries and information centers such as computers, automated systems, databases, compact discs, internet, in addition to search engines and evolution concept of Web 2.0, It also included the definition of the concept of the librarian and reasons for turning him to an information specialist and showing his functions and roles in the light of technological developments . The problem of the study was that some workers in the field of information and library science find it difficult to use and employ information technology and investing it in the face of challenges that face the work milieu especially the information milieu in this time is very complicated . The study has sought to define the forms of information technology Which turned the librarian to information specialist does effective role in overcoming this technology and exploitation it to serve beneficiaries. Descriptive method has used in this study . The study has based on several tools for collecting data from literature of the topic represented by paper and electronic sources . The study has reached to several results such as : that for this technology deep effects on university libraries whereas the defintion of work has changed in these libraries and appeared accordingly new services and functions as aresult of development that happened in information technology which have become necessarry alternatives and detail the work of libraries and raising the level of performance and productivity which by the workers in these libraries to by more openness and capableness on convoy these root ehanges in the library and in the technology invironment in which it operates as well as adepting with these capacities which impossed more of procedures and become due to them learing how to use and employ different forms for information technology and applications it in the library because they are involved persons in delivering information to those who need it in the right time .

The current research aims at setting a test to measure the evaluative abilities of the secondary stage students depending on Gilford’s theory, so the researcher got acquainted with the abilities set by Gilford (units, relationships, categories, systems, transitions and implications). Noting that each of these categories is divided into three sub-abilities (forms, symbols and senses). The researcher has prepared (100) items and when the researcher performed the apparent validity, the experts agreed to a percentage ranging from (87.5 - 100), she also made distinction where the test was applied on (400) students depending on the general distinction equation and (25) items were deleted for being undistinguished, also setting validity was calculated and applied on (100) students, (9) items were deleted since their correlation coefficient was unsigned statistically, also the researcher made the control measurements by retesting where it was applied on (3) students after finishing these measurements, the number of items were (66) items, the factorial validity of abilities was calculated and it was statistically singed and the test was ready to be applied, and the researcher made a number of recommendations and suggestions.