Tikrit Journal for Agricultural Sciences

A field experiment was conducted in the Grdarasha Research Station-College of Agricultural Engineering Sciences- Salahaddin University-Erbil-Iraq, to evaluate the susceptibility of four varieties of cowpea crop to infestation by pea blue butterfly, Lampides boeticus L. based on the infestation percentage on different growth stages of the plant including flowering stage, pod stage and the number of holes made by the pest larvae also were calculated. As well as estimating the nature and extent of damages due to pest insect were described. The varieties of cowpea used in this study were Polaris, Japan cowpea, Italy cowpea, and Safal variety. The RCBD design was used for implementing the experiment. The results showed that, the highest percentages of infestation, on the flower stage and pod stage were recorded on the cowpea variety Italy which reached 46.33% and 51.30%, while the lowest percentages were on the Safal variety which were18.52% and 24.86%, respectively, more over the highest number of holes made by the larval stage of the pest insect was recorded on variety Italy 1.99 holes/ pod, and the lowest number was recorded on variety Japan which was 1.24 holes/ pod.

The performance of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) in calcareous soil is challenging due to a lack of sufficient nutrient availability for the plants. Thus, the objective of this study is to determine the effect of the combined application of biochar and mycorrhiza fungi on wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) growth and performance in calcareous soil. The experiment of this study consists of sixty-four treatments (two levels of mycorrhiza, two types of manures, and four levels of biochar) using a factorial and completely randomized design (CRD) with four replicates. The results showed that Cattle 1 t.h-1+Mycorrhiza treatment produced the maximum plant height (68.50 cm), the weight of the shoot after drying (3.95 g), and root length (39.95 cm) after harvested, however Poultry 3t.h-1+Mycorrhiza record percentage N in seeds (1.62%), percentage protein in seeds (9.34%), the weight 1000 seeds (49.23 g). In contrast, Poultry 1 t.h-1+Mycorrhiza produced the minimum plant height (45.00 cm), percent N in seeds (0.73%), percent protein in seeds (4.24 %), the weight of the shoot after drying (1.97 g), the weight 1000 seeds (38.18 g), and root length (27.25 cm). This indicates that Cattle 1 t.h.-1+Mycorrhiza has a higher effect on the performance of wheat compared to Poultry 1 t.h-1+Mycorrhiza among other treatments. In conclusion, the findings showed that combinations of biochar and mycorrhizal fungi have a significant effect on the growth and performance of wheat plants in calcareous soil. Therefore, Cattle1 t.h.-1+Mycorrhiza can be used by farmers to improve their wheat performance in calcareous soil in Iraq.

This investigation was implied to assess the effect of adding different rates of biochar and ash (0, 5, 10, 20 g L -1 casing layer) at the casing layer on production and quality indicator (total yield, biological efficiency, earliness of pinhead and fruit body appear, dry matter and protein content of fruit body) of common mushroom (Agaricus bisporus). The experiment was considered as a double factorial in a complete randomized design. Each treatment replicates three-time. There were significant variances between the four rates of biochar and ash. The highest total yield (2030.7 g 10 Kg-1 compost) was obtained using biochar 20 g L -1 casing layer that was high rate compared with the 2009.5 g 10 Kg-1 compost for the control treatment also lowest total weight in this parameter (1951.1g 10 Kg -1 compost) was obtained from biochar 5 g L -1 . The best protein values (26.871%) were observed in a biochar 20 g L-1 casing layer compared with the lowest rate 17.7115% which was the control, and the second value (25.085%) was observed in an Ash 20 g L-1 casing layer compared with the 18.920% for the control which was the lowest value. These studies will help to determine suitable casing layer conditions and the appropriate alternative casing materials for the cultivation of A. bisporus.

This study was conducted during the period between 23th September 2021 to 1st July 2022, in the nursery of Duhok University, Kurdistan region, Iraq. Aiming to evaluate effect of the Shade (0 and 50) %, Gibberellic acid (0, 250, and 500) mg.l-1 and three levels of NPK fertilizer control (0, 0, 0), low (150, 100, 75), and high (300,200,150) mg.l-1 on the growth and development for Myrtle (Myrtus communis) plants. This experiment was performed by use randomized complete block design (RCBD). The best results include the following: 50% shade significantly increased the plant height (36.21) cm, leaf area (4.41) cm2, total chlorophyll (57.41) spad, vegetative dry weight (14.62) gm, plant growth index (9230) cm3 and number of premier tricussate shoots (14.37) branch/plant compared with 0%. spray with 500 mg.l-1 GA3 significantly increased plant height (35.58) cm, number of branches, leaf area (2.84) cm2, total chlorophyll (57.28) spad, dry weight (13.67) gm, plant growth index (8098) cm3, number of premier tricussate shoots (14.37) branch/plant. Also used NPK fertilizer caused significantly increase in all these traits, the best interaction treatment among the three factors include 50% shade with 500 mg.l-1 GA3 and (300,200,150) mg.l-1 NPK that gave the highest significant values for the plant height (43.53) cm, leaf area (4.53) cm2, total chlorophyll (64.57) spad, vegetative dry weight (20.27) gm, plant growth index (15580) cm3 and number of premier tricussate shoots (20.67) branch/plant compared with control (0 shade, 0 GA3, (0,0, 0) mg.l-1).

The study was aimed to assess the impact of adding eggshells as calcium sources in broiler diets on carcass traits, meat quality, and chemical composition, three hundred one-day-old broiler chicks were randomly designed CRD. Each treatment included five replications and each replicate containing twenty birds. The dietary of first treatment was control (0% eggshell) the second and the third treatments were eggshell powder as a replacement for limestone at 50% and 100%, respectively. .The chickens were fed a basal diet during the starting and finished periods. Ten broilers were chosen randomly from each treatment group and slaughtered at age 42 days to evaluate meat quality. The results showed that no significant differences (p< 0.05) between treatments regarding pre-slaughter in live body weight, carcass weight, and percentage of each carcass cuts weight, as well as immunological organs such as the spleen and bursa. However, a substantial difference in dressing percentage was observed. Except for pH, yellowness, and chroma, no significant differences were noticed in drip loss, cooking loss, lightness, redness, color, tenderness. Meanwhile, the bird chemical composition treatments had no significant differences in moisture, protein, and ash percentages. However, there was a considerable change in fat %. Except for broilers' pH, yellowness, and chroma, the substitution of eggshell powder for limestone resulted in comparable carcass characteristics, chemical composition, and meat quality. However, there was a significantly differ in fat %. Except for broilers' pH, yellowness, and chroma, the substitution of eggshell powder for limestone resulted in comparable of some carcass characteristics, chemical composition, and meat quality.

Afield experiment was conducted out during Autumn agricultural season 2021-2022 at research station of soil sciences department and water resources, Agriculture collage, University of Tikrit. This study was established to investigate the effect of ground fertilizer with chelated iron and Zinc on growth characteristics of cauliflower (Brassica oleracea var.botrytis) in gypsum soil. It was carried out using randomized complete block design (RCBD). Two factors were included in this study, first factor was micronized chelated iron (Fe-EDDHA) added in three levels (0,4,8) Kg per ha-1, namely (F0, F1, F2) respectively, concentration of iron in this product was 6%. Second factor was micronized chelated Zinc (ZnEDTA) added in four levels (0,1,2,4) Kg per ha-1, namely (Zn0, Zn1, Zn2, Zn3) respectively, concentration of zinc in this product was 19%. Results showed that adding chelated iron to the ground in recommended quantity (Fe2)led to a significant increase in stem diameter (52.95 cm), number of leaves (27.21 leaf plant-1), plant height (80.81 cm), leaf area (66307 cm2), and relative chlorophyll (1.01 mg g-1). Results also showed that the addition of ground chelated zinc twice the recommended amount(Zn3) led to a significant increase in stem diameter amounted to (53.66 cm), number of leaves amounted to (27.15 leaf plant-1), plant height reached (82.42 cm) and leaf area reached (67224 cm2). Results of the research showed that interaction between chelated iron and zinc led to a significant increase, treatment (Zn3Fe2) excelled in stem diameter (54.06 cm), number of leaves (28.60 leaf plant-1), plant height (86.20 cm), leaf area (72830 cm2), and relative chlorophyll (1.08 mg g-1).

To determine the hydraulic properties of several soils with varying clay and gypsum contents and treatments with peat moss and polymer, a laboratory experiment was done. Gypsum ratios varied from 410 g kg-1 to 46 g kg-1, while clay ratios ranged from 0 to 435 g kg-1. Two soils were employed, one having 410 g kg-1 of gypsum and the other containing 435 g kg-1 of clay. Peat moss and a polymer were used to treat the five soils. Three soaking and drying cycles were performed on soil that had been treated with conditioners by packing it into plastic columns that were 5 cm in diameter and 25 cm high with a bulk density of 1.3 mcg m3. The experiment's goal was to improve the ability of gypsiferous soils to retain water. The moisture characteristic curves were computed using the connection between the volumetric moisture content () and the matric tension, which ranged between 0.1 and 1500 kPa. The results revealed that the values of for the study's soil and treatment methods decreased as matric tension increased, and the discrepancies were more pronounced at low tensions. With rising gypsum and falling clay, the values of decreased. As gypsum was raised from 46 to 410 g kg-1, the values of the available water reduced from 0.276 cm3 cm-3 to 0.191 cm3 cm-3. The addition of peat moss (1%), polymer 1 (2%), and a combination of the two clearly increased the amount of water that was accessible while also changing the amounts of clay and gypsum in all treatments.

A field experiment was carried out at agricultural field in al-Alam districtSallahiddin Governorate during 2020-2021 season to study the Creation of genetic variations in the flax crop as a result of gamma rays. The study factors included four levels of gamma rays, which were 0, 9, 18 and 27 Gy and six genotypes of the flax crop, which were Sakha1, Sakha2, Sakha3, Giza8, Syrian and Poloni, use a completely randomized block design with split plot system and was used three replications, traits studied were Duration to 50% flowering and Duration of days to maturity, Plant height, Leaves ratio, Number of vegetative branches, Number of capsules Number of seeds, 1000 seeds weight, Plant yield and seed yield.The results of the study indicated that gamma rays had a significant effect on all studied traits, comparison treatment gave a lower value from the number of days to flowering 50% of plants and days to maturity (110.24) and (155.05) days, respectively, while the plants irradiated with the level 9 Gy recorded a significant superiority in the percentage of leaves (21.46) %, while the non-irradiated plants outperformed in the rest of the studied traits. the genotype Sakha1 gave the highest average mean in characteristics of number of vegetative branches (3.63) branch plant-1, number of capsules per plant (54.35) capsule plant-1, individual plant yield (2.22) gm plant-1, and seeds yield (433.63) kg ha-1. As for the interaction, it was significant through the non-irradiated Sakha1 genotype, which gave the highest value of the characteristics of the number of capsules per plant, the number of seeds per capsule, individual plant yield and total seed yield (62.22) capsule plant-1 9.96 seed capsule-1 (2.89) g plant-1 (578.60) kg ha-1, respectively.

This study was conducted to explore the benefit of adding synthetic and natural antioxidants nutritional additives in drinking water to increase broiler resistance to heat stress in the hot summer climate on productive performance, and physiological status. A total of 600 chicks of broiler (Ross-308) were distributed into ten treatments, each treatment with three replicates of 20 chicks. The treatments of study are: T0: (Positive control: drinking water without adding-DW)- without heat stress, treatments exposed to heat stress: [T1: (Negative control: drinking water without adding-DW, but exposed to heat stress), T2: (100 mg BHT/1 L DW) (BHT – butylhydroxytoluene: synthetic antioxidant), T3: (100 mg vit E/1 L DW) (synthetic antioxidant), T4: (200 mg saffron/1 L DW) (natural antioxidant, T5: (200 mg curcumin/1 L DW), T6: (100 mg saffron+ 50 mg BHT/1 L DW), T7: (100 mg saffron+50 mg vit E/1 L DW), T8: (100 mg curcumin+ 50 mg BHT/1 L DW), T9: (100 mg curcumin+ 50 mg vit E/1 L DW)].
Data of the study analyses and display that the synthetic and natural antioxidants nutritional additives had significantly decreases in the temperature of body parts surface (head, back, under wings, cloaca), general body temperature, mortality%, Malondialdehyde (MDA), heat shock proteins (HSP-40 and HSP -70), Corticosterone hormone concentration in the blood serum and heterophiles: lymphocytes (H/L) ratio. However, body weight, body weight gain, Production index (PI), feasibility (economic profit), water intake (WI), Glutathione Peroxidase (GSH-Px), super oxide dismutase (SOD), total antioxidant capacity (TAC), Newcastle (ND), Infectious bursal (IBD) diseases and Infection bronchitis virus (IB), so feed conversion ratio (FCR) had significantly improved in the all treatments of water additive in the treatments of positive control T0 compared with the negative control T1. Whereas, feed intake had non-significant differences among all treatments of the study. In all traits of the study natural antioxidant additives: saffron and curcumin additives seen superiorly.

A comparative anatomical taxonomic study was conducted for (4) species and (8) cultivars belonging to the genus Juglans belonging to the family Juglandaceae, naturally grown and cultivated in northern Iraq, in (16) sites distributed over (5) governorates (Nineveh, Dohuk, Erbil, Halabja and Sulaymaniyah), These four species are (Juglans regia L., J. microcarpa Berl J. australis Gris .and J. nigra L) and the eight cultivars of the common walnut species Juglans regia L are(Denmarki, Afghani, clustered, lobed-3, Kirmashan1, Yahoodi Horaman1,and Horaman2) The study included two main aspects, namely the chemical separation of wood cells( Maceration), and the mechanical separation of wood cells using the Macrotom device. We found that the naturally grown species in northern Iraq, which is J. regia L., has long fibers compared to the other studied species, which gives it preference in wood industries, and due to the possession of trees of various species and cultivars of walnuts. Because the trees of species and cultivars of walnuts possess rather long container elements, they are suitable in various wood industries, and the results showed the variation of species and cultivars in the characteristic of the pitting type. Hence, it was found that this characteristic is of great importance in Identification the wood of the studied walnut species. With regard to the anatomical study of the mechanically separated wood cells, and after reviewing the research and sources, it was found that there is no anatomical and diagnostic study of the three aspects of wood (cross-section, tangential and radial) for species and cultivars of walnut at the level of the Iraqi country, as it is being conducted for the first time in it. The results also showed that the quantitative and qualitative characteristics of walnut trees growing in northern Iraq are of great diagnostic importance. Northern Iraq based on the evidence of Panshin and DeZeeuw (1980) to diagnose the wood of this studied species.

The study was conducted to evaluate the compatibility and efficacy of decise and rosemary oil R.afficinalis with B. laterosporus against the larvae of the cotton spiny boll worm E.insulana. The results showed the compatibility of decise and rosemary oil R.afficinalis with B. Laterosporus a significant increase in the numbers of bacterial colonies As it reached 18.26 and 30.43 bacterial cells / ml with the insecticide for the recommended concentration and below the recommended and 3.47, 25.21, 34.78, 47.82 and 59.13 bacterial cells / ml with corona oil for concentrations (1000, 2000, 3000, 4000 and 5000) mg / L The interaction of bacteria treatment only at a concentration of 1.9 ×1010 insecticide at a concentration of 400 mg / L, and rosemary oil at a concentration of 5000 mg / L gave the highest mortality rates of 63.33, 66.66, and 53.33%, respectively, after five days of treatment, followed by the same concentrations above. With a mortality rate of 70.00, 80.00 and 63.33%, respectively, after seven days of treatment, while no mortality rate was recorded for the treatment of bacteria and rosemary oil at a concentration of 1.9 × 106 and 1000 mg / L after one day. The interaction of concentration mixtures of the insecticide with the bacteria at 400 mg/L, the insecticide with oil at 400 mg/L, and rosemary oil with the bacteria at 5000 mg/L gave the highest mortality rates of 90.00, 93.33, and 76.66%, respectively, followed by a concentration of 400 mg/L of the pesticide with the bacteria. And 400 mg / L with oil and 5000 mg / L for oil with bacteria, which amounted to 70.00, 73.33 and 66.66%, respectively, while the lowest percentage of mortality was at concentrations of 200 mg / L for the insecticide with bacteria and oil and 1000 mg / L for the extract with bacteria, which it reached 6.66, 10.00 and 0.00%, respectively. The results of the compatibility showed that decise and rosemary oil, R. officinalis, gave a significant increase to the numbers of B. laterosporus. while the results of insect mortality rates increased with the duration of exposure within seven days for each of the treatments and their mixture, and this gives good efficiency of the insecticide and oil with bacteria towards E.insulana insect, which is included in the modern trends of integrated pest management.

Standardized methods for fecal sample collection and safe long-distance transportation for DNA extraction are yet to be identified. Chickens and quails’ samples were collected at 2weeks of age of birds housed in single cages. The samples were randomly divided into four groups and subjected to three treatments: storage in 75%(Group I) and 100% ethanol(Group III), freezing at −20°C(Group II), and immersing in 100% ethanol for 3 weeks followed by drying the samples for more than 60 days and transporting them to another country (Group IV). Our objectives were to quantify the DNA concentration and amplify a fragment of the gene from each sample successfully using the primers mcb398 and mcb869 through DNA barcoding. All samples were successfully amplified and PCR products were measured. The DNA relative density of Group I samples ranged from 97.9 to 293 and averaged 155.0 ± 92.5. In Group III with a mean value of 359.4 ±242.1. For chicken samples preserved at −20°C, the relative density ranged from 80.4 to 560 and averaged 220.6 ± 227.1. The mean values for the DNA relative density showed an increasing order from Group I to Group II and Group III. Statistics showed no significant differences between Groups I and II (P≤0.05) and between Groups III and II. Therefore, our data showed that the method of preserving samples in absolute ethanol and then drying them at room temperature or up to 45OC achieves the best results. This method is inexpensive and safe for long-distance transportation and at airports.

To investigate the effect of potassium fertilizer sources and level on sesame growth and yield in two different gypsum soils, two experiments were applied throughout the summer of 2022. The experiments included three factors, which were sources of potassium, potassium sulfate (KK2SO4) and potassium chloride (KKCL), potassium levels, 0 (K00), 75 (K75), 150 (K150), and 300 (K300) kg ha-1, and levels of gypsum in the soil, 6.02 (Soil06.02) and 15.87 (Soil15.87) %. Completely Randomized Block Design (CRBD) with three replications was used to apply the experiments. The results indicated that KK2SO4 significantly impacted plant height (18%), plant dry weight (8%), branch no (11%), capsules no. (5%), 1000 seeds weight (13%), yield (13%), and oil percentage (9%) compared with KKCL. Similarly, potassium at K300 was significantly higher compared with the other potassium levels. Also, gypsum Soil15.87 significantly impacted plant height (11%), dry weight (11%), capsules no. (5%), 1000 seeds weight (19%), yield (11%), and oil percentage (12%) compared with gypsum soil with 6%. The interactions between the two study factors and among the three study factors effected significantly all the study traits. These results will be beneficial for sesame production and management in the Salahaldin area, Iraq.

The study aimed to find out the effect of molecular substitution of some plant sources, namely oatmeal and chia, instead of animal fat, on the manufacture and preservation of low-fat burger patties stored by freezing at a temperature of (-18 ± 2 C) during the storage period for a period of (60) days and follow-up of their characteristics during the storage period by (1, 30, 60) days during which the chemical characteristics were monitored, which included (pH, peroxide number, and percentage of free fatty acids), As well as following up the physical tests (cooking yield, shrinkage and water holding capacity) and comparing the manufactured burger with the commercial Mersin burger available in the market. The study was conducted on four treatments of veal burger product, the first treatment was control (without replacement), the second treatment was the replacement of animal fat by (50%) with oatmeal powder, the third treatment was the replacement of animal fat by (50%) with chia powder, and the fourth treatment was a commercial beef product. The results showed a significant decrease in the peroxide values and the percentage of free fatty acids for the replacement treatments compared to the control treatment and the commercial Berger treatment as for the physical properties, the characteristic of the ability to water holding capacity, as well as the characteristic of the cooking yield, and the decrease in the shrinkage rate in diameter during cooking increased in the replacement treatments compared to the control treatment and the commercial burger. The results showed a clear and remarkable improvement for all the studied traits.

Four soils were selected from northern Iraq, within the ranks (Mollisols, Inceptisols) from the provinces of Dohuk, Erbil and Sulaymaniyah from different agricultural fields from the root zone (0-0.30 m). Their physicochemical and mineral properties were estimated to study thermally isotherm adsorption by the calm flow method of soil columns using an electrolytic solution. At concentrations of (3) mmol charge.L-1, containing Ca, Mg, K, and Na ions in two repetitions at a constant temperature of approximately 298 ± 2 K. equilibrium leachates were collected in which the ions were estimated according to the coefficients. The results indicated that the reactions ranged from medium alkaline to medium acidic. (6.7- (7.8), unaffected by salinity (1.44 - 0.29) dS.m-1 with an ion exchange capacity between (22.43 - (33.9 Cmolc.Kg-1) and is calcareous soil due to its high content of total carbonate minerals (-112) g.kg-1 .In addition to the calcareous origin material, and it has a high clay content (304-534) g.kg-1 with the predominance of smectite, chlorite, Ilite, kaolinite and Ilite clay minerals, the nature of ion exchange using the kinetic entrance of adsorption showed a clear effect of the porous fats and the contact time of the electrolyte solution on the adsorbed quantities depending on the type of soil. Show the mathematical description of the process of arranging the kinetic equations according to their validity as follows: Power > First order > Parabolic > Elovage > Zero order.

The research aims to estimate the economic efficiency and estimate the amount of waste and deficit in the use of production resources for potato varieties grown in the fall season 2021 within Baghdad governorate using the DEA data envelope method, The research relied on cross-sectional data collected randomly, including 181 farms, The results of the technical efficiency according to the stability of the capacity returns showed that the Redlove variety achieved the highest average efficiency (0.97), while according to the variable capacity returns the Paradise variety achieved the highest average efficiency (0.98), while the Ghalia variety achieved the highest average efficiency (0.99) according to the capacity efficiency, The results also showed that Redlove and Fuji cultivars achieved the highest average economic efficiency of (0.91, 0.90), respectively, Among the results of the study is also the existence of an excess in the use of production elements, foremost of which is the element of seeds, The study recommends the necessity of benefiting from the experience of potato farmers in cultivating the crop, especially cultivars (Redolph Hamra, Paradiso and Ghalia), and directing farmers towards the use of productive elements in the quantities that achieve economic efficiency and their components, and not to waste in the use of these elements.

The aim of study to temporal and spatial variation of agricultural drought and desertification using Spectral Indices and Landsat Images. A time series of satellite images (TM and OLI) were coducted Latitudes (34°52'29.386" - 34°42'54. 584") N and longitudes (43°26'15.703" and 43°31'22.753") E and the area study is (33.98) km2. The (18) eighteen of satellite images were selected and then image processing was carried out using ERDAS imagen Ver 15 and ArcGIS 10.6. The spectral indices (Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI), Land Surface Temprature (LST), Vegetation Condition Index (VCI), and Vegetation Health Idex (VHI) were calculated. The regression and correlation coefficient between rainfall and spectral indices were determined using SPSS programm. The result show that VHI at 1990, 2000 and 2010 are sever drought class and its area 63.66, 57.63 and 63.85% respectively. In addition, the simple linear regression and correlation coefficient were positive between a rainfall and spectral indices reach ≥ 0.70. The years 1998, 2008, 2013 and 2022 were suffering from sever drought and desertification compared with 2006, 2016 and 2019, respectively.

The research was conducted at the Al-Khalis Al-Kubra cattle station in Diyala Governorate and the central laboratory of the College of Agriculture - Tikrit University on a sample of 63 Holstein cows (dairy) for 748 days, with the aim of extracting the genetic material and identifying the genotypes polymorphism of the gene (FADS2) and the relationship of these genotypes to the characteristics of milk production and its components, as well as the study of the distribution ratios of its structures in the herd, the frequency of the obtained alleles, and the calculation of the chi-square value (χ2). Where the distribution percentage of genotypes of the FADS2 gene in the studied bovine sample was 25.40, 60.32 and 14.28 for genotypes AA, AG and GG respectively, the frequency of allele A was 0.56, while the frequency of allele G was 0.44 according to the analysis of the FADS2 gene in the study stream. The effect of FADS2 genotypes on the percentage of milk composition was significant (P<0.05), where cows with AG hybrid genotype achieved the highest rates in (non-fat solids, protein, lactose) (7.79 ± 0.15), (2.85 ± 0.06) and (4.19 ± 0.09) respectively, while cows with other genotypes gave the lowest averages for the mentioned traits. It can be concluded from the study of genetic variation of the FADS2 gene that it is possible to develop plans for genetic improvement in milk-producing cows.

This study aimed to isolate bacterial species from people suffering from diarrhoea and diagnose them. In this study, 43.3% of the aqueous extract of the Aloe vera plant was fermented by the locally isolated Lactobacillus plantarum bacteria, and the presence of phenolic compounds before and after fermentation was determined. The antioxidant activity was estimated using the ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) method, and the inhibitory activity against bacterial isolates causing diarrhoea was also determined. The results showed that Salmonella bacteria are the most frequently isolated species, and the pathogenic bacterial species causing diarrhoea were Salmonella, E. coli, shigella, and Proteus. The lactobacillus bacteria isolated and diagnosed from local dairy samples were Lactobacillus plantarum, used to ferment the Aloe vera plant extract. The phenolic compounds identified and estimated in Aloe Vera extract were Chlorogenic acid, Caffiec acid, Cinnamic acid, Gallic acid, Coumaric acid, Vitexin and Syringic acid. The highest antioxidant activity of the Aloe Vera extract after fermentation was at 44.11%, compared to the non-fermented quote, which appeared at 22.17%. It was also shown that the inhibitory effect of fermented Aloe vera extract was higher against pathogenic isolates than the non-fermented extract.

The study aimed to estimate the technical, Allocative and economic efficiency of the yellow maize crop in Kirkuk Governorate - Hawija based on the data envelope analysis (DEA) technique. Its percentage in the community is for (70) farms, and using the program (Deap) to analyze efficiency according to the data envelope method. DEA data envelope analysis in two directions according to the concept of stability and change of return to capacity, which allows estimating technical efficiency and capacity efficiency, and using the same method, specialized efficiency and economic efficiency were extracted. The production process now has an 85% technical efficiency rate on average. The standard rate technical effectiveness obtained (95%) taking into account the change in return to Scale. The results showed that a certain percentage of farms had reached Allocative efficiency (AE) at a level of (100%) varied depending on the cost function variables,they are (4) farmers, and the average rate of economic efficiency (EE) ((82%), and the study concluded that the farmers of the yellow corn crop do not achieve reaching the optimal size of production, and this means that there is a drift from the optimal size of the crops of the study sample. In the light of the results that have been reached, the study recommended taking advantage of the efficiency indicators obtained through the data envelope model