Al-Anbar Journal of Veterinary Sciences

This research aimed to assess the hypolipidemic effects of an extract from Eryngium caucasicum in a Rat model of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus produced by Streptozotocin.
Forty adult male Wistar rats were divided into five groups, with a total of eight rats in each: (1) healthy control rats, (2) diabetic rats with no diabetes, (3) diabetic rats given insulin, (4) diabetic rats given 200 mg/kg orally for 30 days of Eryngium caucasicum extract, and (5) diabetic rats given 300 mg/kg orally for 30 days. Injecting Nicotinamide and Streptozotocin intraperitoneally caused diabetes. Fasting blood sugar, hepatic enzymes, and lipid profiles were determined from blood samples taken after the trial. The levels of HDL were increased significantly in G3, G4, and G5 compared to G2. The insulin group and the group given 300 mg/kg of Eryngium caucasicum substantially reduced LDL cholesterol compared to the G2. It should be mentioned that the diabetic control group had higher TC compared to the healthy control group after rat diabetes induction (P = 0.020). Compared to the G2, G3 treated with insulin and groups treated with extract at dosages of 200 as well as 300 mg/kg body weight had a substantially lower TC (P < 0.01). Serum TG was improved when insulin and Eryngium caucasicum extract were administered at 200 and 300 mg/kg dosages, respectively (P < 0.05). Serum ALT and AST levels were shown to be elevated after STZ diabetes induction as compared to the G1. Even though diabetic rats' ALT and AST levels were enhanced by insulin and all 2 plant trial dosages, 200 and 300 mg/kg. In summary, our findings suggest that the antidiabetic, hypolipidemic, and hepato-protective properties of Eryngium caucasicum, when administered to an animal model of Type 2 diabetes mellitus, may vary with dosage.

This investigation aimed for isolation and molecularly identify of Salmonella species from local chickens and their eggs. A total of four chicken flocks located inside Baghdad's urban limits provided the 100 cloacal swabs and 100 egg shells used to isolate Salmonella spp. These were cultured on basic medium, then subcultured on XLD then biochemical tests were done for identification of bacteria. PCR was done for confirmation of the results by using the three genes flic, rfbsp,and rfbsg. After t confirming he presence of Salmonella spp., the Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion assay was used to determine susceptibility of antibiotics in all of the isolates (16). The antibiotics that were included in the test were from Bioanalyse in Turkey and included the following: Trimethoprime & Sulphamethoxazole (25 µg), Azithromycin (15 µg), Florfenicol (30 µg), Gentamycin (10 µg), Ciprofloxacin (5 µg), Ampicillin (10 µg), and Tetracycline (30 g). The current results showed that Salmonella spp. was isolated from cloacal swabs at 15% while from egg shell the percentage was 2% and the total percentages of isolation was 8.5%. The genes flic and rfbsg had been were also found in all isolates. The investigation found the following antibiotic resistance rates among the isolates: Azithromycin (82.3%), Florfenicol (70.6%), Trimethoprime- Sulphamethaxezole (70.6%), Tetracycline (64.7%), Ciprofloxacin (58.8%), Ampicillin (52.3%), and Gentamycin (35.3%) Salmonella spp. was isolated significantly from cloacal swabs compared to eggshell which was characterized by multidrug resistance.

Serratia rubidaea is a zoonotic opportunistic pathogen that causes respiratory tract infection, septicemia, and encephalitis in humans and animals. The current study aimed to estimate the immunological response (IgG, IL-6by ELISA test and Delayed Type Hypersensitivity (DTH)-Skin Test and histopathological lesions (intestine, liver, kidney, and spleen) by using twenty-four Swiss mice divided into three equal groups (8/each).The first group(G1) as control negative given PBS (pH 7.2) 0.1ml S/C, the second group(G2) immunized by killed whole cell antigen Serratia rubidaea (KWCA SR) (1.2 ×109CFU ml) S/C and the third group(G3) immunized by sonicated whole cell antigen Serratia rubidaea (SWCASR) (1000 μg/ml) S/C. A booster dose was given after 14 days of immunization to the G2 and G3 the same as the immunizing dose. At 21 and 28 days of immunization, IgG and IL-6 concentrations were increased significantly (P≤0.05) in the groups G2 and G3 compared to the negative control group. DTH-Skin Tests of G2 and G3 groups showed increased induration diameter after 24 and 48 hours. and a decrease at 72 hours. Histopathological lesions showed mild to moderate changes in immunized groups compared with the positive control group in all organs. In conclusion, it was found that KWCASR and SWCASR induce humoral (IgG) and cellular immune responses(IL-6,DTH), which reduce the pathological lesions in the immunized mice.

This study was planned for molecular detection of Feline panleukopenia virus from the clinical cases in India. A total of 90 faecal samples from the cats at different ages, breed and sex which showed clinical features such as diarrhea, persistent vomiting and hemorrhagic enteritis in clinics, Tamil Nadu, India in 2020 to 2023 were collected. The faecal samples were processed and the filtered samples were used for DNA extraction and PCR. The molecular study done by detection FM gene. After PCR assay, the results showed that out of 90 samples, 62 samples were positive for FM at 695 bp. The current study showed that the prevalence of infection in females was higher than those of males at age less than 1 year. The cats at local breed showed a percentage of 48.4 which exhibit no differences from foreign breed 51.6 %. In conclusion, the prevalence of FPL infection was high at all breeds and female cats at age less than 1 year.

Inclusion body hepatitis is caused by an infection with fowl adenovirus and is documented all over the globe. The current research aimed to first isolate fowl adenovirus in embryonated chicken eggs by allantoic sac inoculation and then use PCR to identify the virus. Seventy-five samples suspected to be infected with fowl adenovirus were collected from various locations around Iraq, including Diyala, Tikrit, and Karbala. The age of the hens in which infection was detected varied from 25 to 45 days. For two passages, prepared samples (0.1ml) from infected livers were injected into embryonated chicken eggs (nine days old). The pathological alterations were not observable at the time of the first injection; nevertheless, the second passage revealed congestion, subcutaneous tissue haemorrhage, and embryo's death. After collecting the allantoic fluid from the two passages in the biohazard safety equipment, viral nucleic acid (DNA) was isolated. It was followed by viral detection using conventional PCR by amplification of the Loop1 gene, which yielded a positive result for the presence of fowl adenovirus. The results show that chicken embryos are sensitive methods for detecting fowl adenovirus and molecular instruments like PCR offer higher accuracy and sensitivity.

This work aimed to determine the effect of A. galli on the histological changes in the liver and lung of two distinct lines of laying chickens and study the resistance of each line. In this study, fifty laying hens 8 weeks of age were used, (25 of which were Lohmann brown-classic and 25 of which were Lohmann lsl-lite). Each line was divided into two groups: the infected group (N=15) these chickens were infected with a single dose of 500 embryonated eggs through oral inoculation, and the second group control group (N=10) was given normal saline. After 8 weeks the chickens were killed to examination the histological changes. The results showed a histopathological lesion of the liver of the Lohmann brown-classic infected group showed fatty degeneration, blood vessels congestion and the fibrin and inflammatory cells in the lumina of the dilated veins these inflammatory cell infiltrations include eosinophil, while Lohmann lsl-lite showed congestion of blood vessels, as well as lymphocyte infiltration of the inflammatory cells. The lung of Lohmann brown-classic showed congestion in inflammatory cell blood vessels and infiltration with alveolar congestion and eosinophils inflammation and necrotic patches, whereas histopathological changes of the lung of Lohmann lsl-lite showed eosinophils proliferation within an alveolar wall, deterioration of their lumina as a result of haemorrhage. While the control group of two-line showed normal liver and lung. Concluded that the A. galli had an effect on the histological structure of the liver and lung, additionally, Lohmann lsl-lite was more affected and less resistant compare to Lohmann brown-classic.

A morphological and histological study was conducted on the liver and gallbladder in the Iraqi pin-tailed sandgrouse Pterocles alchata. Which were collected from the local market in the city of Baghdad, there were 8 samples and their ages ranged from 11 months to a year ،the organs were extracted for the purpose of Study after the animals were anaesthetized by inhaling Chloroform. The study showed that the liver is located at the upper part of the thoracic cavity; its weight is (0.14±7.63) gm, its length is (0.13 ±35.13) mm and its width is (0.68 ±31.00)mm. The liver consists of two large parts: The right lobe with a length (0.13±35.13) mm, and the left lobe with a length (0.3 3±28.50) mm and is characterized with a reddish-brown colour. The gallbladder is located at the visceral side of the right lobe of the liver, its length is (0.38±12.38) mm and its width is (0.31 ±5.88) mm. Further, it appears in oval or pear shape and has green colour; it consists of the head, body and neck. The liver parenchyma consists of hepatocyte cells arranged in the form of cords known as hepatic cords arranged radially towards the central vein, spread within the parenchyma of the liver portal area, surrounded by connective tissue. Besides, it includes the hepatic portal area, branch hepatic artery, bile duct lymphatic vessels, which are scattered within the connective tissue surrounding the portal area. The gallbladder consists of the mucous tunic consisting of elongated columnar cells with basal oval nuclei located, below them is the lamina propria, then a layer of smooth muscle fibers arranged to form the tunica muscularis, followed by the tunica serousa or adventitia, which consists of loose connective tissue.

The present study was designed to investigate the normal histological features of the stomach at the prenatal stage from ten healthy pregnant rabbits at the third period of pregnancy. The stomach appeared as J-shaped situated at the left part of the abdominal cavity. It found in the front part entirely within the rib. The non-glandular region act as a reservoir, the septa prevented ingesta reflux into the esophagus. Histologically the stomach in both periods composed of four tunics', which were mucosa, tunica submucosa, tunica muscularis and tunica serosa. The stomach also has different regions cardiac, fundic and pyloric regions, glands in the cardiac region were coiled branched tubular gland and almost present of the mucous cells with a few chief cells. In the fundic region the glands in this part were long and simple tubular. There are four secretory cell types: mucous cells, chief cells, parietal cells and endocrine cells, glands in the pyloric region were branched coiled tubular glands which opened at the pits of the pyloric part. The mucous-secreting cell always persists, the pyloric sphincter muscle found as thickened muscle in the pyloric duodenal junction. With PAS stain reaction gave a positive reaction for Cardiac and pyloric glands secretion which indicates the present of neutral mucopolysaccharides. In conclusion, it was found that the histomorphological features of the stomach in prenatal period embryos at the third stage of pregnancy of rabbit it was changed according to the age and food intake after birth.

The aim of conducting this study was to evaluate the use of added natural zeolite (clinoptilolite) in common carp fingerling (Cyprinus carpio L.) breeding ponds and to demonstrate its effect on biochemical blood parameters and liver enzymes, This study was conducted for 12 weeks with an initial weight of the fish reachin (25 ± 1) gram, The study divided into Seven treatments, each treatment was divided into 3 replicates, in each replicate (10 fish), the first treatment (control treatment) Without adding zeolite, Zeolite was added to the rest of the treatments in two ways, the first way was (add inside the filter) in proportions (5,10,15) g/L for the second, third, and fourth treatments, respectively, In the second way, add zeolite (inside the rearing ponds with plastic mesh bags) in proportions (5,10,15)g/L for the fifth, sixth, and seventh treatments, respectively, The results of the study showed The fifth treatment recorded the highest values for biochemical blood parameters (CHO, NHDL, Sugar, Cortisol) when compared to the rest of the experimental treatments The results of the study showed The fifth treatment recorded the highest values for biochemical blood parameters (CHO, NHDL, Sugar, Cortisol) when compared to the rest of the experimental treatments, The best ratios for adding natural zeolite (Clinoptilolite) were (5, 15) g/L zeolite in the biofilter and (10, 15) g/L zeolite in the fish tanks, as these ratios gave the best values for the blood biochemical indicators of the common carp that were used in the experiment (CHO, T.G, NHDL, sugar, protein, albumin, ALT and cortisol) compared to the rest of the Studied standards.

The study aimed to evaluate prevalence data risk factors from January to December 2022. Total infestation rates higher in goats 57.02% and in buffaloes 54.06% with no significant differences followed by sheep 50.43% and the lowest rate was recorded in cattle 40.37% with significant differences. The highest infestation rate in winter was 60%, 56%and 79% recorded in sheep cattle and buffaloes respectively while the lowest infestation rates 40%, 22.22% and 43.64% in the same animals respectively in summer compared with goats recorded the highest rate 65% at p≤ 0.05. Sheep and cattle recorded no significant infestation rates between age groups compared with goats and buffaloes which recorded higher infestation rates in age group more than 3 years old 71.76% and 64.09% respectively. Results of sheep, goats and buffaloes recorded that females were more infested than males 68.97%, 76.60% and 61% respectively compared with cattle 66.66% in males. Higher infestation rate 55.71% indoor feeding system in sheep compared with goats which recorded 69.16% in outdoor feeding system. The highest infestation rate was in Al-Shura 55% and the lowest in Nineveh Plain 40%; in goats the highest infestation was in Bazwaya 88.33% and the lowest was 47.3% in Gojjali 47.3%, in cattle the highest infestation rate was in Izhilila 50% and the lowest in Orta Kharab 25%, while in buffaloes the highest infestation rate was recorded in Hawy Al maslagh 80% and the lowest was 36% in Hammam Al-Alil (Tomb of the slave). The study identified two lice species in sheep Linognathus spp. and Damalina ovis, while in goats; Linognathus spp. and Damalina capri. Lice species Damalina bovis was recorded in cattle while Haematopinus tuberculatus was recorded in buffalo.

Staphylococcus aureus bacteria is cause of dangerous food poisoning through contamination of raw milk; therefore, this study aimed to determine the prevalence of S. aureus in raw milk sold in local markets of Baghdad city and the antibacterial activity of chitosan, trisodium citrate and acetic acid against the pathogenic bacteria, the antibacterial susceptibility profile of isolates was performed by using (13) antibacterial agents using Kirby–Bauer disc diffusion technique. the results showed that (3) samples out of 25 samples (12%) were isolated from raw milk, all isolates were positive to the experimental tests characterized as S. aureus depending on the cultural, biochemical, serological and molecular examinations. The PCR technique used to verify the positive isolates by targeting the (nuc) gene, the molecular size (181 bp), the antibacterial activity was done by broth and agar dilution method with detection the bacterial counts. the Initial counting (mean) log CFU/ ml of isolates was 4.623 CFU/ml. The minimum inhibitory concentration of chitosan and acetic acid against Staphylococcus aureus by macro-broth dilution method was 20and 1,25 mg /ml respectively, while trisodium citrate had no inhibitory activity against the exanimated bacteria. The antibiotic susceptibility profile for positive isolates showed that all isolates were resistant to (ampicillin, methicillin, Cefixime and Cefoxitin),in conclusion comparing the effects of the three antibacterial agents against S. aureus causes contamination of cow raw milk sold in Baghdad city, 1.25 mg/ml of the acetic acid was found effective with higher antibacterial activity, followed by chitosan 2 mg /ml, while trisodium citrate showed no antibacterial effect.

The purpose of the current study was to study the impact of dietary supplementation of various levels of vitamin E and inorganic selenium (Sodium selenite) on daily egg weight, egg mass and egg production, accumulative egg per hen per week, final body weight gain for males, and feed conversion in both males and females of Japanese quail birds (Coturnix coturnix japonica). The study was conducted in the nutritional laboratory at the Veterinary Techniques Department/ Kalar Technical Institute /Garmian Polytechnic University in the Iraqi Kurdistan region for eight weeks from Apr 15 2021 to Jul 15 2021. In this study 128 birds (12 weeks old) were employed, they were raised in a cage system, measuring 50 width inches x 60 lengths inches × 60 height inches. Four supplemented dietary treatments from the experimental birds were designed as different levels of food regimens, and then each treatment was subdivided equally into eight replicated cages. The used experimental diets were: 0 = the basal diet (control) with no additions, T1 = 1.0-gram vitamin E and selenium mixture/kg diet, T2 = 1.5-gram vitamin E and selenium mixture/kg diet, T3 = 2-gram vitamin E and Selenium mixture/kg diet. As a result of this study, egg production (HD%/week), egg accumulation (eggs per hen per week), egg mass (gram per day), feed intake (gram per day), and feed conversion ratio (kilogram feed per kilogram egg) were altered significantly (P<0.01). Whereas, egg weight (g) and final body weight (g) for males were not significantly impacted (P>0.01). In conclusion, it was shown that vitamin E and sodium selenite were effective supplementary nutrients for enhancing the reproductive performance of Japanese quail hens, so it is recommended to use this diet in different poultry farms in order to increase some productive and reproductive features levels.