Kufa Journal of Arts

Epic literature is about acrobatic, warlike, heroic actions and sacrifice for the homeland. Epic is a basic culture that emerges from myth, grows and bears fruit, so that those who believe in mythical culture perform their duty and avoid others. In fact, Shahnameh by the sage Abul-Qassem Ferdowsi is a personal identity for the Iranian people and a report on classical stories and a description of the courage and individual and social sacrifices of the Iranian people. Throughout the ages, war is a social phenomenon and human civilizations have been in harmony with human life. One of the manifestations of the true epic is war motivated by revenge, which has always been done with the aim of reconciliation and establishing security. At the end of each story in Shahnameh, Ferdowsi cited the victory of the Iranian army as evidence of the king\\'s full awareness, the awareness of the army commanders, their sacrifice and the popular support, as it leads to reconciliation and security throughout the country. Shahnameh is not only a book of war, but it is a report card for moral and human peace for all humanity at all times and places.

This study examined the significant deterioration in the road network system in Najaf Governorate, especially after the entry of large numbers of vehicles, especially heavy-duty freight vehicles, with the increase in demand for construction raw materials, economic activity, and trade exchange movement, which led to the significant destruction and damage of the road network and its continuous need for periodic maintenance operations at the level of all its types. Therefore, preserving it requires taking the necessary measures to reduce the damage caused by vehicles with excessive axle loads to the road infrastructure that requires large capital in design, construction, and maintenance, which made it a network with little effectiveness, efficiency, and low capacity, in addition to environmental impacts and traffic accidents. Therefore, this study came to address this reality, and put the results reached and the solutions before the parties concerned with the phenomenon studied, in order to take them into account and upgrade the transportation network system and provide paved, level, and damage-free roads and avoid transportation problems, especially if they rely on technological applications and modern smart systems to reduce these problems.

Undoubtedly, the integrated system embraces the entire hierarchy of existence; an ontological system with cognitive, cosmic, anthropological and value dimensions down to the deepest layers. The great group is in constant and directional movement, it depicts the cosmic order in all material and transcendental dimensions, and creation is based on the order, every phenomenon has a special place in specialization, the movement of the moon and the sun, the passage of night and day, the change of seasons, months and years everything depends on the order. Even creation is anything special. More precisely, the existence of the order in cosmology and cosmology is the same order of evolution, and the reflection of this order in the form of laws and regulations of salvation in all religions that establish the order in the individual and social life of man in the field of ethics and worship, and perhaps it can be called the order in theology. Therefore, we have tried to present a relatively clear picture of the semantic meaning of the order in the ontological, ethical and worship place in the religion of Tao, with an investigation of the term \"Tao\"

The books of the Arab-Islamic geographical heritage are the best evidence and witness to the productions of the previous Arab geographers and travelers, as they show the great role they played in the field of studying the world and recording the various observations about all the places they reached. For the authenticity of those observations, especially since they represent the valuable structure of the Arab-Islamic civilization, it was necessary to stop at one of its pillars represented by the personality and production of the book (The Image of the Earth) by Ibn Hawqal al-Nusaybi, who lived in the second half of the fourth century AH and died after the year (367 AH), especially with regard to the Iraqi cities, for which he devoted a whole chapter in his book (seventeen pages) that began by determining the location of Iraq, then touched on its most important rivers and resources, after which he discussed its cities, as he determined their geographical location, in addition to the most important natural and human geographical characteristics that distinguish those cities, relying on more than one scientific method. He used the regional method in his review of the regions in his book in general and the chapter on the cities of Iraq in particular, in addition to his reliance on the descriptive method in describing the geographical phenomena of each city.

One of the most significant damages that may befall the administrative system in any government is the spread of bribery among workers and employees within that system. A \"bribe\" is given in order to bypass a right or acknowledge a falsehood, which is called, in Islamic teachings, \"Saht\" and eating forbidden money, and it is also considered equivalent to disbelief in God Almighty. In this article, which was written according to a descriptive-analytical research method, the study included: indicators of the spread of bribery in one of the systems, the most important factors affecting its spread, and the negative consequences of its spread among workers and employees of the administrative system, with attention to the teachings of Imam Ali (peace be upon him) and the book Nahjul Balagha. The results of the research indicate that the most important factors in the spread of bribery are: weakness of faith, attachment to worldly life, greed, fraud and forgery of bribers, failure of the heads and officials of the system to meet the needs of subordinates, and neglect of accurate supervision of their work. The most important results of bribery are the loss of people\'s rights, injustice, aggression against them, the spread of unfairness in governance, and the loss of blessings from money. The methods of preventing and combating the spread of bribery are as follows: educating society, constantly emphasizing to managers and directors to avoid accepting bribes, managers fully meeting the living requirements and essential needs of workers and employees, as well as managers\' supervision of the work of their employees, and finally, dealing decisively with both parties to the bribe.

Imam Ali (PBUH) is an unparalleled personality in his time and in subsequent eras, the leader of eloquent speakers and orators. His personality and works have received a great deal of studies and research, but despite all these efforts, Nahjul Balagha has not received its due attention and study. This article deals with an analytical study of the sermon: \"The Right of the Governor and the Right of the Subjects,\" to clarify the rights of people and social justice in Islam; which the rulers of Islamic societies have moved away from, and do not play their true role in applying and implementing these behaviors that were outlined by the Qur’an and Nahjul Balagha. Through this research, the researcher reached the following results: The Imam delivered this sermon, which indicates the beginning of Islam, to clarify his right to the caliphate and thus to the obedience of the people; after Ali\'s people rebelled against his obedience following the Battle of Siffin. The second, Imam Ali (PBUH) is the legitimate caliph who assumed the caliphate after the killing of Uthman; and his authority comes from God, the source of all authority, in the theocratic system. Third, reforming the country and striving for social reform that includes all classes of society and adopting practical solutions to their problems is the basic goal upon which the approach of the Commander of the Faithful (PBUH) is based. Fourth: Ali (PBUH): The best sociologist in history, the most eloquent of eloquent speakers and the most articulate of rhetoricians. He was constantly present, his sermons were not limited to a certain time or generation.

Semiotics looks at the text as a major sign that crystallizes from the meeting and harmony of minor signs. These minor signs represent the pulse and vitality of the text when they move according to a mechanism and according to a process that allows them to be included within diverse, different, contradictory, and also different contexts, ranges, and systems. The sign moves in the entity of the text and overlaps and interrelates in systems. Thus, semiosis does not represent the sign itself as much as it is the effect that this sign produces in light of its movement and fluidity within systematic and contextual paths. Semiosis is that crystallized action as a result of a circular, three-way relationship between the semiotic representative, the semiotic subject, and the semiotic interpreter. In this research, we try to interrogate the indicative action of semiosis as an artistic literary and aesthetic phenomenon, in light of the sound systems and the interrogation of the suggestive connotations of these systems and their rhythmic ranges. Semiosis is diverse in its forms and many manifestations in the poetry of (Adeeb Kamal El-Din). The choice fell on Semiosis (the sea) has a special effect and a psychological, semantic and spiritual impact on the poet’s poetry. It is a distinctive mark and semiosis is indicative and open to many features, landmarks and interpretations. The sea is a deep aspect behind which many of the poet’s emotions, wishes and ambitions are hidden.

The scientific movement and intellectual activity in the fourth century were not limited to a specific doctrine or sect over another, but rather all sects were in a constant movement of research and writing in various sciences and drawing from the works of their scholars. The result was that many authors whose works flooded scientific libraries, and their schools were filled with students of thought and other sciences. Therefore, many Shiite scholars excelled over the years, and took their turn in teaching in the aforementioned mosque, which made the Abbasid authorities monitor the Buratha Mosque for fear of the influence of its teachers on the rest of the Islamic sects, and the spread of the Imami doctrine, which they believed was a threat to their religious and worldly authority. They had no choice but to demolish it and level it to the ground, as happened during the reign of Al-Radi Al-Abbasid. Then, Bajkam ordered its reconstruction and expansion in the year (328 AH/939 AD) to be a mosque for the Sunnis, and wrote on its front the name Al-Radi Billah. Then it was returned to the Shiites during the Buyid era (375 AH/985 AD) and became their headquarters.

This research, entitled (Applied Ethics in Islamic Politics in the Era of Imam Ali (PBUH) by Malik Al-Ashtar as a Model), deals with the management of political rule in Islam and how politics is mixed with Islamic ethics as a practical application practiced by Imam Ali (PBUH) and called for by his governors, including Malik Al-Ashtar in his famous era? The usefulness of the research is achieved in the origins of political theory in Islam and its characteristics that the Imam (PBUH) referred to in this era.

The research was directed to address one of the most important topics specialized in air travel programs, which plays an active role in developing tourist seasons and the importance of services provided by airlines as a means of transportation. The research aims to shed light on the group of services offered by airlines and the extent to which they fulfill their obligations towards their audience, which are groups of passengers on board their air fleet. (100) hundred questionnaires were distributed to a specific group of passengers who used the service on board Iraqi Airways, the subject of the research. The results were also analyzed within the Likert scale (consumer preference) using frequencies, arithmetic averages and percentages. The research reached a set of important conclusions and recommendations to benefit from them in improving air transport services in the company under study.

One of the greatest phenomena and greatest blessings that God has bestowed upon existence is the issue of differences in life forms, colors, shapes, bodies, industries, and others. Perhaps the greatest forms of differences are those that occur between people, and a challenge in their thoughts, but without reaching the stage and level of disagreement that turns into a curse on people. This study did nothing but stand on the most prominent historical narrative text reported from the Prophet Muhammad, peace be upon him, in specifying the virtue of differences between people in areas of life without it going beyond differences in one thought to reach the reprehensible disagreement. This research also dealt with studying the chain of transmission of the hadith reported from the Messenger of God, peace be upon him, in terms of investigating its men, and standing on their descriptions among scholars of criticism and modification. The research also strived to interrogate the text of the hadith, and stand on its implications; and know the extent of its harmony with reality; in order to benefit and benefit from it. The research also tried to correct the rational understanding of the meaning of difference, after standing on clarifying its meaning, and its distance from the meaning of disagreement. One of the most prominent findings of this study (which is the conclusion) is that the hadith (the difference of opinion among my nation is a mercy) was reported from the Messenger of God, Muhammad, peace and blessings be upon him, in the sources of the majority, without a chain of transmission, while it had a chain of transmission in the hadiths of the Imami Shiites. It became clear that this hadith...

The issue of breaking away from all dominance over knowledge is the main concern of every thinker who tries to be independent and look at the world, the self, and society with a vision that possesses its neutrality or claims to the truth, without influences or pressures. However, this does not mean at all that external influences are always negative. They may contribute and activate in reaching the truths and activating research into them. Can we rely on the self in return and in complete isolation? The latter may be exacerbated by its centrality, which modernity has magnified, another problem with the problem of the outside of the self. Accordingly, the problem here is: How can we be liberated despite the existence of the tendencies of the self, society, identity, and time? And how can we achieve an independent, free understanding that is aware of the state of complexity in which we live? For today\'s problem is the problem of understanding the world and society, and the nature of each of them? Self-understanding is the prelude to all understanding. In contrast, “the misunderstanding is daily, widespread in all places, and even universal (global). It generates misunderstanding that provokes anger, bitterness, hatred, panic, insults, and violence. In this case, the enemy has become unclean after being demonized and a vile villain.” This idea is what confronts us with the most dangerous intellectual task: How can we live in a better situation? If understanding is the way, how can that understanding be in a way that is more beneficial to the interests of humans and their current universal tendency? We will try as much as possible to learn about Edgar Morin’s approach to understanding through the strategy of complex thought and the science of crises he presented to solve the problem of understanding the self and various identities.

The aim of the current research is to analyze the content of children\'s literature in reading books for the primary stage for the first three grades in each of (Iraq, Lebanon and Egypt). In order to achieve the research goal, a standard for children\'s literature was prepared consisting of (25) paragraphs distributed over three areas (stories - songs and memorizations - and theater). The field of stories included (12) paragraphs, the field of songs and memorizations (5) paragraphs, and the field of theater included (8) paragraphs. The three books were subjected to a content analysis methodology with (245) pages for reading books in Iraq, (424) pages for reading books in Lebanon, and (819) pages for reading books in Egypt. After verifying the validity and reliability of the analysis tool, which amounted to (0.98), the standard was applied using repetition and percentage for all areas. The researcher reached the following results: Reading books in Lebanon excelled in addressing children\'s literature in all its types, including stories, songs and plays, followed by reading books in Egypt, and reading books in Iraq came in third place.

The caliphate of Imam Ali (PBUH) witnessed important and great reforms that the Imam (PBUH) announced at the beginning of his government. His reforms were administrative, economic, judicial and doctrinal. The research focused on the doctrinal reform that the Imam (PBUH) focused on, on the right of the People of the House (PBUH) to the imamate, and that the imamate is an essential and pivotal issue in Islam and is not established for anyone except by a divine text, either directly or through the Prophet (PBUH) or through the previous Imam after he had specified it for the subsequent Imam.

The Karbala incident is an important point in the convergence of Islamic sects and monotheistic religions that seek freedom for man, as many poets, while absorbing the greatness of Al-Hussein (peace be upon him) and being affected by him, wrote their feelings and recorded them in the history of Ashura literature. This study, which relied in its plan on the descriptive-analytical approach, monitors the reflection of the Husseini lights in the religious poems of the poets Haidar Al-Hilli and Shahryar, who take it as a means to express what they want to say, and may flee to it to express through it the lived reality as a symbol or a mask. It dealt with studying their poems and revealing the differences and similarities between them and the special features in the artistic images they used in praising and mourning Al-Hussein (peace be upon him) and studying the invocation of this revolutionary personality. One of the results of this study is that the Husseini lights and his revolution were reflected in their poetry; They were inspired by the revolution of Al-Hussein (PBUH) in their struggle against the unjust rulers and encouraging the nation to resist and defend the religion. In this way, their poetry mixed enthusiasm with emotion, especially in their elegies. Al-Haider tended towards historical and enthusiastic trends in his elegies, and from this standpoint he tries to stimulate feelings and stir emotions towards the Karbala incident, while Shahryar, although he refers to these values ​​and concepts in Persian and Turkish, has a more weeping and elegiac outlook.

The scientific interest in Islamic change is increasing to establish its rules and urge adherence to its controls. We must take the right path, by arriving at a scientific approach and correct and clear rules on the basis of which Islamic change is planned. The truth is that the need for such an approach and these rules has become more important and urgent today than ever before. Hence, today we are in dire need to benefit from the Holy Quran and the prophets (may God be pleased with them) and their approach in the reformative change process, in order to change and reform the conditions of Muslims, and lead them towards Islam and goodness, and deepen the roots, relationships and Islamic systems in Islamic society, and spread light and guidance in it instead of darkness and misguidance. In this research, we can benefit from the stories of the prophets and messengers (may God be pleased with them), as they came in the Holy Quran, then pause before the biography of the Seal of the Prophets and Master of the Messengers, Muhammad (may God be pleased with him), as he led the greatest process of change in human history, ancient, modern and future, to reach a number of facts, or The Sunnahs related to bringing about change on the basis of Islam. There is something common between all the change processes led by God’s prophets and messengers (may God bless them), and therefore it must be taken into account in every change based on Islam.

The importance of documentation is no less important than other sciences in human society - not to exaggerate - but it is the most important science and the most needed by nations, and how could it not be when it records all sciences and without it, no science would be proven and no information would be transmitted between nations. Hence the importance of this research, which sought primarily to clarify the factors that affected it, including social, political and cultural factors. Documentation is not a new issue in Arabic literature. It existed in the pre-Islamic era, and in the beginning of the United States in a specific and primary form. With regard to the issue of documentation and the method of its development, pre-Islamic poetry went through two important stages of its writings, the first is documentation and the second is documentation. Documentation is simply writing without paying attention to the text, collection or arrangement. It indicates that pre-Islamic poetry was written in newspapers or the like of different types and for various purposes. As for the documentation stage, it is the extensive and advanced writing that includes the stages of collection, classification and arrangement, which are advanced stages in writing. Documentation began to develop in the Umayyad era and after it little by little. Therefore, the researcher sought to compare the pre-Islamic and Umayyad eras in the issue of documentation, the fundamental change that affected Arab society at that time, and the signs that followed it. In this article, we used the analytical-descriptive method. We explained in it the method of documentation in the pre-Islamic era, the development that accompanied this issue, and the factors influencing it as well.

The phenomenon of metaphor in the process of accurate and correct understanding of the verses of the Quran is of great value and importance; through it we can discover the true meaning of the Lord and protect and preserve ourselves from intellectual deviation. Since the third century AH, the term metaphor has been introduced and writings and works have been written about it since then until now. The word metaphor from the point of view of linguists is derived from the word \"jawz\" or is a source of meme. It means passing or crossing, or it was said that it is a place name meaning a place of passing. From the point of view of rhetoricians and fundamentalists, it is considered a word that is not used in its true meaning. Metaphor in this sense was not introduced in the time of the Prophet and his companions, but interpretation, explanation or metaphorical justification was employed in their speech. Although most intellectuals in the fields of literature and science have accepted metaphor and consider it one of the masterpieces of the Holy Book and considered it an indication of the miracle of the Quran, there are the Zahiris, Wahhabis and Salafis, especially Ibn Taymiyyah, who denied the use of metaphor in the speech of the predecessors and considered it an innovation of the modernists after the third century AH.

The research aims to identify the changes that have occurred in the concept and methods of research in geopolitics, as it is a branch of geography characterized by dynamism. Therefore, the classical stage briefly addressed the most important research methods in it. In the second section, I addressed the modern methods that geopolitics has become more complex due to its adoption of a multidisciplinary approach that converges geography, economics, demography, and technology. As for the post-modern stage that appeared after 1990, geographers developed a new approach to geopolitics, which is the critical approach that aims to reveal the geographical assumptions in geopolitical discourses. The emergence of the contemporary post-modern concept of geopolitics in academic discourse stems from the fact that the need to create a new type of interpretation and application of new methods, which will create the possibility of interpreting or understanding the existing models of social and cultural. However, all these changes in geopolitics do not mean the superiority of one stage over another, but rather mean that the change is linked to the change in the geopolitical context at the global level.

The research study (The aesthetics of the absolute and the restricted in Islamic photography) and the researcher adopted the research methodology, as the first section was devoted to explaining the research problem, and the second section its importance and need for it and the aim of the research and its limits and definition, while the third section focused on the terms included in it. The research problem dealt with the topic of the aesthetics of the absolute and the restricted in Islamic photography, which was reflected in the works of Islamic miniature artists by representing artistic forms within the limits of the infinite and the limited restricted in the images of society and its customs in the Islamic era, where art was based on the visual documentation of the activities of the human spirit since the beginning of ancient civilizations and up to this time. As for the fifth section, it focused on the research procedures consisting of the research community and the selection of its sample of three artistic miniatures that represented the research sample. The last section included the research results, conclusions, and the most important recommendations and suggestions. This is what the research came with in addition to the Arabic references and the English language summary.

Since ancient times, humankind has been in a constant state of movement. Some people move in search of economic opportunities and new horizons. Others move to escape armed conflict, poverty, food insecurity, persecution, terrorism, or human rights violations and abuses. Still others move due to the negative effects of climate change, natural disasters, or other environmental factors. Many move for a combination of reasons. In the face of this great situation, which carries within it many tragedies due to the difficulties and real risks that migrants endure, the international community must pay attention to this situation, organize it, and transform it from a mere human tragedy into a positive situation that serves everyone.

This research aims to study the climate geography to know the indicators of climate change in the climate elements (temperature, wind, humidity) in the city of Diwaniyah for the period from 1970 to 2015, as well as to estimate the expectations that will occur in these elements for the period from 2016 to 2030. In order to achieve this goal, the data of the meteorological station in the city of Diwaniyah for the period from 1970 to 2015 were relied upon, and statistical methods were adopted by using the Excel program to calculate the time series and the general trend line and the coefficient of change that was calculated for the above-mentioned elements. The researcher concluded that there is a clear fluctuation in the above-mentioned elements around the average, and it was found that there is a positive trend in these elements. The research ended with some results and recommendations.

To achieve the research objective, the researcher selected the students of Shatt al-Arab Girls’ Secondary School affiliated with the Directorate of Education of Babylon Governorate for the academic year 2018-2019. Using the random drawing method, the researcher selected Section (A) to represent the experimental group that will study rhetoric according to the summary, with (35) students, while Section (B) represented the control group that will study rhetoric according to the traditional method, with (35) students. The researcher conducted a parity between the students of the two research groups.

The subject of this research is one of the subjects that are closely related to the Holy Quran and the study of the phenomenon of language development that some have adopted in our contemporary era to raise the banner of inability to reach the intentions of the owner of the historical text due to the distance of time and the occurrence of change and development in man and society. This research belongs to linguistic studies and verbal discussions in linguistics in particular and other related sciences that have made language and words their focus; The subject addresses the issue of (metaphor) and its role in semantic development by following examples of some words in the Holy Quran and tries to answer the questions raised about the research issue. The research aims behind this to clarify the role of (metaphor) as a manifestation of semantic development in the Holy Quran in terms of the transfer of the meaning of some words from their linguistic meaning to a new meaning brought by the Holy Quran. All of this has been addressed according to an inductive, rational, analytical approach, by trying to extrapolate some of the words mentioned in the verses of the Wise Remembrance and the opinions of linguists and interpreters regarding this field and what scientific logic requires.

The research seeks to determine the effect of empowering workers on contextual performance in the men\'s clothing factory in Najaf Al-Ashraf. Empowering workers was determined by its four dimensions, which were freedom of choice, self-efficacy, motivating workers and influence. The dimensions of contextual performance were determined in citizenship behavior and job commitment. The hypotheses were tested using the (SPSS) program. The most important conclusion reached by the research is that there is an effect for each of the dimensions of freedom of choice and motivating workers on contextual performance in the men\'s clothing factory, and that there is no effect for each of the dimensions of self-efficacy and influence on contextual performance in the men\'s clothing factory.

This paper deals with the nature of evil in Jean Genet’s play The Maids. The play caused a lot of controversy among French cultural associations during that period. Evil is a universal reality that cannot be ignored, especially when it comes to human past, childhood and environment. In fact, this is what the paper attempts to prove. Evil, which is a major theme in the play, drives the two maids to get rid of their mistress, and then they find themselves struggling in an endless vicious circle devoid of humanity. Therefore, hatred brings them a fatal death that resembles a poisoned drink and a black ending. Keywords: The maid – the mistress – evil – representation – hatred – existence – obsession – crime

Verbal abuse is a very influential category and can affect the degree of student motivation and student participation in the class. A questionnaire was designed and distributed to thirty high school students, sixteen males and fourteen females in several high schools in Najaf Governorate. The results showed that the degree of verbal abuse in the selected schools is very low and teachers are fully aware of the rules and regulations of teaching in high schools. It is not zero but very rare and it has been observed that the degree of verbal abuse leads to a deterioration in students\' motivation. Data analysis shows that 70% of male students prove that their teachers never behave badly with them. 18% of them stated that their teachers behave badly sometimes. The discussion shows that female students were exposed to bad behavior from their teachers more than boys. 59% of them never faced this type of misbehavior, and 26% of the selected female students were exposed to this bad behavior sometimes.