political issues

The interest in the future, a phenomenon of the times when it involves expanding the horizon of those responsible for future planning in all areas.
Future studies has emerged as a field of different fields of knowledge is increasing interest in it, especially in the developed countries and entrenched role in the decision-making process both at the state level or at the level of the civil community institutions .
This has seen the field had yet successive developments in methodologies, methods and applications until it became a prominent place among the other fields of knowledge ...

The system of political decision-making in Japan tends to be what might be called the "vast majority" which is located between the "vast Ltd." and "full consensus" under the parliamentary democratic system. Accordingly, the political decision-making Japanese, associated forces become aware management of change and development, and have had all the elements early on and until the present time, enabling it to build a nation-state coherent possessed of the elements of integration and harmony, making it operate efficiently and effectively in order to achieve the goals that won the acceptance of the community and its consensus.

The research aims to identify a pattern to organize new wars after the Cold War, the new wars is a combination of war, crime , human rights violation and the collapse of legitimacy.
The violence privatization played a role in the end of countries monopoly for violence Instruments, and appeared an irregular armed groups who aim to control the citizens in a country through Killing the violators, forced displacement and using intimidationInstruments .
The concept of violence privatization in the new wars accompanied with great powersand Warring States Refrain to finance those wars, But supported fighting groups who financed itself Using looting, robbery, shaking down citizens, kidnapping, and the black market to be able to instill fear, hatred, ethnic conflict, national conflict, religious and sectarian conflict, .
So the research has included the concept of privatization and the characteristics of the post-Cold War, the relationship between the old and new wars and perception an approach to the new war through a simulation model of the war in Bosnia and Herzegovina.
Finally, the research concluded that the new wars are a combination of two wars , first represent the State identity concerned of war, and the second represents the cosmic identity ,as well as it is a combination of partial identity , multiculturalism and suppression of civic values.

That national unity in any society , is a basic necessity and a requirement no matter how measured in light of the extent of harmony and progress of society and its ability to achieve a state of accord between the groups and its different sectors , it is agreed that the political system is in charge of the first and the basis for the achievement of national unity through nature relationship is being built with the community . The fact that national unity is based on the pillars of the key determinants of political culture here can be seen in the context of this research as one of the important pillars in achieving national unity . And here comes the role of political culture , which represents the total perceptions and attitudes , knowledge and values that define the nature of the relationship between the individual and the political system and shape , contribute according to their quality of access to the case of an agreement on universal values of society as a whole to achieve national unity or to the case of value conflict and thus cracked national unity . Here we stand on the types of political culture , political culture , as a follower of variables , could affect the national unity as an integral variable through the basic types . The culture of political contribution or participation , which is described as high levels based on the status of the agreement or public accord between the individual and the political system and the individual is fully aware of the political process and has the ability to influence the democratic process in the light of this kind of culture clearer and more established and therefore, the culture political participation here contributes positively in building national unity , while the political culture under or limited or conventional have their role in building national unity, weak or ineffective because of the nature of the relationship between the individual and the political system and the lack of attention to the political process and the conviction of not being able to influence the the course of that process , as well as the political system does not reflects the role of society and the individual nor his political rights is reflected negatively on building national unity and the situations of conflict and lack of agreement on common values , especially if linked to the non-recognition of political rights while neglecting social and cultural rights and economic and encourage affiliation sub- narrow Last without work to create loyalty and includes a comprehensive national sub-groups within the framework of the national community .

There are many answers to intractable to questions about the nature of the problem majority in many communities Statistics do not understand the behavior of each other and this applies to international economic relations and how ignorant edges what is going on in the mind and the minds of other nations and nationalities and denominations? After life involves about differences and intersections to the level of conflict and the wars what you leave behind the destruction of mankind.
The varying strength and capacity of the countries of the world, as well as the vast difference in the techniques of life which was and continues to be an obstacle to the convergence of ideas, and that in the light determines misunderstanding and failure to appreciate the behavior of the other to the level of acceptance or conviction, so that the multiplicity of ideas will reach out inevitably lead to controversy and Philosophy intersecting in understanding the other, whatever the circumstances that paves the convergence, the ideological interests of the forces of actors in international relations are imposing their projections on the ground and in line as fits their goals and interests

The change or transformation is a natural and observable phenomenon , it includes all walks of life, wither relationships of human to nature and to other people the close relationships between political transformation and Political power shows that its impossible to study this phenomenon in isolation from the political system, since it is difficult to find two models political transformation identical completely, and therefore the search of political transition in any political unit without the knowledge of the specificities of its political system is inefficient, but that does not negate the notion that understanding the political transformation on country may help to explain similar a political phenomenon in another state . The in resent phenomenon of " political transition state " is associated with one of the most complex phenomena in contemporary political phenomenon not only from the inability to predict the location and the time of occurrence of the transition , or of elements of nonmainstream total by virtue of the specifics of political units, but in terms of its shape and degree ( partial and comprehensive) and style (peaceful or coups) and dynamics (gradual or suddenly) and mikanezmath and objectives of the (rang) and its implications , and what it may involve risks, especially for the people divided .

The wave of changes in the international arena for what after the disintegration of the Soviet Union , and the end of the Cold War , formed one of the key factors and fundamental review of the trends in Turkish Foreign Ministry with its regional environment , and re-insert a new area in the accounts of the strategy , a region of Central Asia Bdoulha six ( Kazakhstan , Turkmenistan , Kyrgyzstan , Azerbaijan , Uzbekistan , Tajikistan ) and realized that Turkey need to maintain the status and position of regional and international through its investment links historical , ethnic and religious with which the peoples of this region since the length of time is not new , as it extends relationships and links Turkey with the peoples of this region to the ancient times , Turkey is a state geographicly is in vicinity of the countries of this region. Faced after its independence more challenges due to the rivalry between regional powers (Russia , Iran and China ) and international powers ( the United States and Israel ) , especially in the Caspian Sea region , and the wealth ( oil and natural gas ) , which seeks to be a share of these high net worth inherent in this area , and the content of primary resources , industrial as well as it seeks to gain more influence stratigically in the countries of Central Asia , which makes this region fray between the various regional and international powers that it deems to be a window of opportunity , and the scope and scale in the context of the relative weakness to this vital region .
After receiving the Justice and Development Party the government in Turkey in 2002, it occurred significant shifts in Turkish foreign policy , which Turkey sought from which to play the role of an active and influential role on the regional and global level , and through the employment of cultural factors and ethnic between Turkey and the Central Asian states , which have had a still larger role in the activation of economic relations dramatically .
Turkey is seeking to take advantage of the economic fortunes of the Caspian Sea , which took occupies rank high in the priorities of its foreign policy toward these countries Malth him , and Turkey appears more active and movement of many other countries in this area , furthermore , it support its position in this area , especially in the field of energy cooperation between the countries bordering the Caspian Sea , and the establishment of an extensive network of pipes carrying points and natural gas from the Caspian Sea via Turkey and the consuming nations other , as well as that of all the forces competing regional and international organizations with interests in the Central Asian states , and seeking those forces to achieve the greatest as much to achieve the ambitions of economic , political and security .

Iraq has close relations with the countries of the African continent, and then these relations have no blemish. So, it has tried to build close relations with most African countries either through supporting and backing of most of the countries that were suffering from a policy of oppression and racial discrimination, through its participation in the conferences held in order to address that policy, or through helping them unconditionally, as well as supporting the African liberation movements in order to achieve independence.
In spite of the geographical distance between Iraq and the African countries, Iraq was able to achieve economic cooperation with those countries, particularly on the commercial level through contracting several economic agreements, as well as its cultural cooperation and participation in conferences which were organized by the Arab League and the Organization of the African Unity.
In spite of the activation of Iraq's mechanisms of cooperation with most countries of the African continent, but such cooperation is still characterized by limitations, perhaps because of the distance between African nations and Iraq. Nevertheless, that does not prevent forming committees to carry out the task to develop the cooperation between the two sides, as some countries are working to provide a suitable grounds to promote cooperation with Iraq.
ملخص

The terrain of citizenship is changing in response to global forces and bringing in its wake new governance demands. Globalization creates new opportunities for co-operation on an international scale at the same time as it poses extraordinary challenges to established forms of solidarity and social protection. Can the polarizing, disintegrating effects of globalization be offset through new approaches, developed at an international level, that reaffirm the basic political, social and economic rights of all people.
Educational institutions exist to achieve public purposes. One of those purposes is to develop citizenship. In the twenty-first century citizenship includes global citizenship. In an era of Globalization effective citizenship includes the knowledge, ability and disposition to engage peacefully and constructively across cultural differences for purposes of addressing personal and collective needs and of achieving sustainable human-environmental interactions, this requires internalizing Global Values. A universal commitment to global values, including to universal human rights and tolerance will be essential to prevent the civilizational conflict predicted by Samuel Huntington.
Addressing these challenges of globalization will require making citizenship education and the development of global values an explicit objective of efforts to improve quality throughout the world, critically examining theories and evidence about the effectiveness of various approaches to developing citizenship and global citizenship and supporting activities aligned with this public purpose. This public purpose should support the development of a political culture that fosters the rule of national and international law and respect of human rights, the development of understanding to support trade and economic and peaceful bilateral and international diplomacy as the preferred means to solve international disputes, the development of the capability to understand and address the serious environmental challenges facing humanity and to collaborate across national boundaries in the creation of sustainable forms of human-environmental interactions and in the development of the skills to promote rationality in deliberation and action, and to advance science and technology as means to improve human health and well being. At present, however, many education systems and reforms are insufficiently focused on quality, or focus instead on a very narrow and self-referenced definition of quality.

Arab region has seen since 2010, a number of political and social changes rapidly and which carried between aspects of different possibilities and questions about the nature and form of the State in accordance with the historical context and the context of which originated in the state in the Arab region. Perhaps the most prominent secretions that accompanied these changes is the escalation of disputes and conflicts between groups and several categories within the state and escalating demands and diversity of expression of the failure of that country and their political successive contain forms of disputes and conflicts between groups and different categories that quickly turned by those internal and external changes to the political demands in light of the collapse of some political regimes as a result of revolutions and popular uprisings..Based on the foregoing, the study aims to address the nature and evolution of the internal conflicts in the Arab countries and their impact on the future of the state in terms of the shape and nature of power and its relationship with its community through analytical vision and setting scenes possible in the event of continuing Problems and constraints of building a modern democratic state., And is the most prominent of those scenes and assumptions: First: scene continued form of the state unified with the reorganization of the nature of power and governance. Second, the transformation scene in the form and nature of the state and power.Third, the retail scene and disintegration of the state.

The political parties are the most important factor in the study of political development with its various dimensions , particularly the case of political stability, which is the biggest evidence of that development, as it reflects the dimensional-societal summation of any society and any political system, and it is considered a prerequisite for the functioning, organizing, and modernizing of political life ,Which requires the linkage mechanism between stability, and the institutionalization of the political movement , In this regard, the Turkish experience is one of the prominent models in the Middle East, which has known multi-party system within the Context of continuous but unstable democracy,While Turkey has succeeded to a remarkable extent in the course of electoral democracy over half a century, But it has failed to uphold the fundamental political and civil freedoms of liberal democracy,Which caused the country in partisan conflicts, chaos and disorder, However, the last decade has seen various developments in this area, especially in terms of mediation-interests systems so as to enhance Other structures of political systems that have experienced as a result of partisan factor – mainly- abreast and Consistent progressReflected in the escalation of stability indicators, But this progress is still needed to achieve a wide leap of transformation and sustain the democratic path, a task that rests primarily on the political parties as described as \"makers of democracy.\"

The American party system characterized with dominance of two party . Republicans and democrats only who compete effectively for presidency , representatives , and senate . but that not prevent third parties from emerge and compete . but why third party candidates have no chance in win for presidency or congress ? one of the major reason lie in American electoral system based on in winner-take-all (or plurality-take-all), the candidate with the largest number of votes wins, even if the margin of victory is extremely narrow or the proportion of votes received is not a majority. Unlike in proportional representation, runners-up do not gain representation in a first-past-the-post system. In the United States, systems of proportional representation are uncommon, especially above the local level, and are entirely absent at the national level. In Presidential elections, the majority requirement of the Electoral College, and the Constitutional provision for the House of Representatives to decide the election if no candidate receives a majority, serves as a further disincentive to third party candidacies.

The emergence of the Kurdistan region of Iraq as a reality constitutional rapidly with gaps and formulations are open in the Constitution resulted in the emergence of the problem of lack of agreement on the administrative border of the region, causing the conflict and the intersection of power and authority between the federal government and the Kurdistan Regional Government .
Research has shown that the problem of the dispute over administrative boundaries internal to the region or the Kurdish region in Iraq with post- historical , the division of the national existence of the Kurdish among countries in the region following the First World War had been masterminding and international consensus ( the Allied victors of the modern Turkish state ), which is outside the influence of Iraq , but before the emergence of the modern Iraqi state , which bore the consequences of this case and affected the domestic situation .
In spite of the contribution of the Kurds effectively in the modern Iraqi state in 1921 through their role is important and vital in all aspects of the state , and the various levels , but that this problem remained unresolved and formed a national crisis chronic and major dilemma sapped a lot of human and material resources and hindered the progress of national development and harmed the national interests supreme .
Initiated by successive Iraqi governments have taken steps several to resolve the dispute , notably the statement March 11, 1970 , were those steps but without the ambition of every Iraqi Kurds , but it is a very advanced stage compared with the conditions and circumstances of their fellow Kurds in neighboring countries , could have to be the first step in the right direction and was can avoid the Kurds and Iraq, the scourge of the complexity of the problem the intervention of neighboring countries and major world powers .
After the year 2003 was able to Kurdish forces from D control over much of Iraq, which assumed it (Kurdistan) by force, but without legal or constitutional, offset by the popular rejection of the components of Iraq the other, and the objection of the Arab powers and Turkmen exploiting the state of the nation at that time, and in time itself gave the Iraqi Constitution of 2005, which was the Kurds, the role of an active and influential in his writing, and gave to the Kurdistan region of Iraq legal status and constitutional, but kept the door of the borders of the region, without specifying or set clear by adding constitutional article 140 different on the interpretation and application between the parties and the components of Iraq all, which crisis kept the door open.

This research paper identifies the legislative authority in political system of Iraqi parliament after 2003. It identifies it as the most important authority in this country. It is the authority that makes the legislations that are binding for every citizen. The formation and duties of this authority are to be shown. Besides, the current work of this authority, along with some relevant constitutional, political, cultural and social problems, are to be discussed. What is more important is the political problems that have affected the essence of political system and its authorities including the legislative authority. The research also discusses the future of legislative authority under the constitution of 2005.

The alteration toward democracy still considered one of the vital mechanisms of political systems survive specially in society which suffered from legitimacy problem because the fail of these political system to make social conciliation between subnational political cultures. Iraq one of the countries were failed to make suitable conciliation among subnational Identities .after 2003 event the role of subnational political cultures rising and play vital role in Iraq emerging democracy. so the thesis deals with role of Kurdish political culture , as a symbol to Iraqi subnational political cultures, in Iraq democracy through main assumption we can summarized as a follow :
- What the role of Kurdistan democracy experiment in development Iraqdemocracy ?
- What the role of Kurdish community in democratic transformation ?
- What the role of Iraq subnational identities in democratic transformation?