Kufa Journal of Arts

The history of the JabalAmel that mired in mystery was witnessed the scientific- literatural revival since the eighth century A.H. / fourteenth century A.D. made it take the running track and become the Imamiyyah Scientific center and that was manifested in the efforts of the pioneer thought in it: Mohammed bin MakkiAljizzyni (d. 786 AH / 1374 AD) based on the foundational era back it\'s originality to the middle of the fourth century A.H. / tenth century A.D. where grew up cultural and scientific links between the JabalAmel and the science centers in Iraq until JabalAmel became illuminates it\'s way with science torches represented in it\'s Endowed scholars.

Here in this research I highlighted on the Amili unique character had was an important scientifically and literary impact on the scientific arena so he was one of notables scholars in the ninth century AH / fifteenth century the whole between science and literature and he has been known by his authored in the field of «Al-Kalaam» and his famous book in this section is: «Al-Sirat Al-Mustagheem li-Mostahaghi Al-Taghdeem», that it has been known in the issues of the Imamate, as he has the other works in this area in the folds that we know its in the pages of this research.

The research monitors a group of sermons of Imam Ali bin Abi Talib (B) in terms of form and content based on logical analogy, based on the type of discourse on which the text is based, from description, praise and preaching. The deviation represented a clear presence in the descriptive discourse, with what the structural relationships came with expressing the transcendence of linguistic systems that defined the truth to its opposite limits of non-credibility. This is what we noticed in the laudatory and preaching discourse, as the rate of the structures that went beyond the regular situation came in superior proportions, despite the presence of linguistic systems subject to the authority of credibility. As for the content, the poetic character is the dominant one that logical analogies referred to in the descriptive discourse of Imam Ali (B) in general, and in the sermon of the types of people, which supports this result that shows the superiority of the poetic content over the rhetorical content. In addition to what the study reached in terms of the dominance of rhetorical analogy in the praise of Imam Ali (B), as well as what the results showed of the convergence between the poetic and rhetorical proportions in the preaching discourse.

The factors affecting the characteristics of the population and the characteristics of housing differ from one city to another due to the difference in scientific progress, the standard of living, and the degree of social, economic and political development. Modern and available technology and the possibility of owning and employing it also affect it. There is no doubt that the factors that exist in some cities can apply to other cities, but the effect of each factor differs from one city to another and from one population group to another within the same city. When measuring the degree of influence of each factor affecting population groups, it is necessary to use the statistical method known as factor analysis (1).

The camel has not been absent from the Arabic poem as a means of entertaining worries, and a tool by which the poet escapes from his painful present through a journey that may be long or short. This journey is considered an important artistic detail of the Arabic poem that has preserved its traditional inherited form despite the development that has occurred in Arab life.

Trade is considered one of the most prominent features of the tribes of the Arabian Peninsula, as the location of the peninsula had the greatest impact on its inhabitants, as it occupied an excellent position in the world of trade, and its importance was that they had kings and leaders who were sometimes leaders. It was necessary for the Arabs to direct their attention to the trade routes that were the main artery of the centers of marketing goods, which had a prominent role in the lives of the people of the peninsula and an important factor in the formation of cities and kingdoms, and many of the caravans of stations until the fall of the states and the emergence of others were based on the prosperity of trade in the nascent state and its deterioration in the transient state as a result of the turn of the trade routes

Traffic congestion is a type of traffic problem represented by (traffic violations and accidents) and is one of the most important problems that occupy the minds of many people interested in the topic of transportation, especially urban transportation (within cities). It is a problem that most countries of the world suffer from, especially developing countries, and it is a tax on the civilizational and technological development that people pay. It is also an effect of the daily work movements that city residents do, as they go to work and to educational places such as schools, institutes, colleges and even kindergartens, as well as to shopping and many other purposes. All of these movements affect the increase or decrease in the percentage of traffic congestion in city streets according to the density of traffic and movement in them, as well as the nature of the roads and their equipment.

The topic of women has become one of the important topics that have been addressed by many human and scientific studies, as it has many aspects, including: social, human, political, religious, and others. Philosophical studies have participated in addressing this topic, as the topic of women has been addressed by many philosophers throughout the ages. Plato and Aristotle, two of the greatest philosophers in history, addressed the topic of women, as each of them took a different approach. For Plato, she is an independent human being no less than a man, while for Aristotle, women are natural beings governed by men because they have a complete mind, while women have an incomplete mind. In this research, the topic of women was addressed as a comparative study by both Plato and Aristotle.

The presence of the element of nature in Arabic literature did not appear with the Arab conquest of Andalusia, but rather it is as old as Arabic poetry. In the pre-Islamic era, it was closely linked to the Bedouin environment that the Arab poet was accustomed to when he browsed its features, inhaled its fragrance, and interacted with it with his senses, mind, feelings, and conscience. The artistic feature in which speech is transformed from its real reality (general reality) to another unreal one (private reality) is what researchers call (poetics). It is a relational feature or characteristic that distinguishes between two types of texts, one of which is literary and the other is non-literary. 0

The research relied on a collection of sources of literature, language, and history. The study was divided into an introduction, an entrance, two chapters, and a conclusion, in which the results we reached in the course of this study were presented. In the entrance, we studied nature in language and terminology, while the first chapter included silent nature in its various forms. As for the second chapter, we addressed silent nature and its effect on the poetics of letters. We hope that we have succeeded in what is beneficial, and we do not claim perfection, for perfection belongs to God Almighty only. Praise be to God, Lord of the Worlds, and prayers and peace be upon the best of mankind, Muhammad, and his family. And his chosen companions

The university students segment is one of the important segments in society as they constitute a large percentage of it in addition to the seriousness of their future roles in leading society and their attitudes, tendencies and tendencies are an important determinant of their behavior pattern. Therefore, the research aimed

to build a scale for university students' attitudes towards intellectual terrorism and to know the level of their attitudes and the relationship of attitudes to the variables of gender and academic specialization.

Four hypotheses were formulated to be tested statistically and the research community represented the students of the University of Kufa for the academic year 2014-2015. A representative sample was chosen from the colleges of education, mathematics and computer science to represent the scientific and human specializations and their number was (247) male and female students.

The scale of attitudes towards intellectual terrorism was constructed and consisted in its final form of (33) paragraphs and three areas including (linguistic, political and cultural terrorism) and its psychometric properties were extracted as the stability of the scale reached (0.75) by the method of splitting the half and extracting the Z score for it and the researchers reached the following results:

1- There are statistically significant differences indicating that the students' attitudes were negative towards intellectual terrorism.

2- There are no statistically significant differences between the attitudes of male and female students towards intellectual terrorism.

3- There are no statistically significant differences between the attitudes of students with scientific and human specializations towards intellectual terrorism.

Saif al-Din Abu al-Hasan Ali bin Abi Ali bin Muhammad bin Salem al-Taghlabi al-Amidi al-Dimashqi al-Shafi'i is one of the most prominent Muslim scholars who were distinguished by their diverse scientific interests. In addition to being a prominent jurist and a well-known theologian, he was known for his interests in the fields of philosophy and logic.

The city of Baghdad represented an important turning point in al-Amidi's scientific life. The scholars of the city, under whom he studied, had a clear impact on changing many of his scientific convictions. This was clearly represented in his abandonment of his school of thought (Hanbali) and his adoption of the Shafi'i school of thought. His intellectual tendencies also crystallized there, as he began studying philosophy and logic at the hands of the most prominent non-Muslim scholars of the city, which angered a number of traditional jurists who accused him of decadence and neglect, which forced him to leave Baghdad and return to the Levant, where his first ordeal began.

Al-Amidi's works were numerous and varied, although the rational character was a distinctive feature of them, whether they were purely rational or a mixture of reason, as they proceeded within three directions, the first of which was the philosophical direction, the second was the principles of jurisprudence, and the third direction was represented by the science of theology.

The circumstances in which he lived and the hardships he was exposed to throughout his life, and the rumors that were spread about him that aimed to undermine his scientific status, were in reality nothing but a reflection of the circumstances that Egypt and the Levant witnessed at that time, which in turn affected the scientific and cultural life there, where the Shafi'i school of thought and the Ash'ari creed prevailed, which in fact meant the emergence and rise of the status of religious sciences such as jurisprudence, hadith, interpretation and readings, met with a clear decline in the sciences of wisdom such as philosophy and logic.

Most of the historical centers have changed, expanded and developed gradually, and they have grown and been renewed as separate parts over time and have not been dealt with comprehensively. The historical centers have been subjected to change as a result of contemporary urban development, as the pressures resulting from population growth and the development of transportation, as well as urban development and conservation projects and efforts to accommodate the increasing traffic by improving transportation networks, and the accompanying urban deterioration in the urban fabric of these historical centers for many reasons, the result was that many historical centers or vast areas of them were obliterated and removed due to these changes, while others lost their traditional function as a cultural, commercial, religious or historical center. It is known from an urban perspective that the process of re-planning historical city centers is a complex problem because they contain a number of architectural and planning monuments that need to be studied and analyzed to find effective and appropriate solutions for them.

The press and those who made it in Iran enjoyed a kind of relative freedom during the first stage in the past, and that movement developed during the years of the constitutional movement, and confidence and maturity increased during the years of World War I, when it was divided between supporters and opponents of the foreign presence in Iran

After the end of World War I, a new stage in the life of the Iranian press began, based on the slogans of the homeland and patriotism, and published articles and studies concerned with the political and economic reality and trying to get the country out of the miserable reality that had been experienced, so many press offices were established and applied for the position of prime minister in order to allow the opening of press centers, they have various orientations for those scientific newspapers, including political and non-political, educational and others.

Shiism is one of the main Islamic sects that has attracted attention and has been written about, but what has been said about this sect and its beliefs has been mixed with false accusations that I have studied in this research. I have studied ten Islamic books that dealt with sects and doctrines. I have followed what has been written about Shiism, their sects and beliefs, and explained the method of these books that provided important details about this sect. The research is divided into an introduction, ten topics and a conclusion.

The research aims to study the relationship between climate elements and housing design in the city of Samawah. The researcher used the descriptive and analytical approach in this study. The researcher also relied on a questionnaire and random samples consisting of (185) housing units from all the city's neighborhoods, which amount to (39) neighborhoods. As for the time limits, they were represented by the period from (1981 - 2012) AD. The researcher reached several results, the most prominent of which is that the study area receives large amounts of solar radiation, which was reflected in the temperature of homes. In addition, more than (51.35%) have windows from (5 - 10) windows, which was reflected in the high temperature of homes. The researcher also concluded that (31.89%) of the total homes in the city fully utilize the entire area of ​​the homes by building, which was reflected in the high temperature in homes. Also, (35.67%) of the homes do not have home gardens, which negatively affected the temperature of homes.

The water problem was and still is one of the problems that are often hotly debated. In fact, water security is one of the most important gaps in national security. All indicators confirm that water will be one of the most important causes of conflict and dispute between riparian countries in the coming years. The future holds within it the signs of serious crises that affect the Iraqi issue, especially fears of major changes in international conditions and the introduction of new ideas and visions such as the new international system, the Greater or New Middle East, globalization, and the preemptive war on terrorism. With all these international changes, we find that many countries have clearly reformulated their water policies in a way that guarantees their water shares and maximum and total benefit from the water resources available to them. They have also worked to develop a water policy that is consistent with their future orientations in achieving agricultural, industrial, and social development, even if that policy intersects with the interests of other countries that share water resources with it, such as Turkey and Iraq. Iraq is the downstream country for the Tigris and Euphrates rivers, which puts it in a critical position as it is negatively affected by the measures of the countries located upstream of the Tigris and Euphrates rivers, especially the upstream country. Turkey, and among those measures are the dams that Turkey has built and plans to build, and the irrigation, agricultural and industrial projects associated with them, and the resettlement of the people of eastern Anatolia, in light of the increase in the area of ​​cultivated land there.

The subject of this research is the hadith of renewal in religion attributed to the Prophet 7. It is one of the hadiths that should be scrutinized and verified in order to determine its truth. In light of this hadith, the research includes lines about the intended meaning of renewal in religion and its clarification. This is followed by mentioning the forms in which the hadith was mentioned in terms of text and chain of transmission, then reviewing and discussing them. What is new in the research is placing this hadith in the probe in order to analyze it, as it has not been probed before as it should be. The aim is to lay a new brick in building the world of hadith to contribute to its consolidation, consolidation of its entity, refinement, and preservation of its sanctity. It also calls for more deliberation in taking the hadith, reading it, and studying it.

The minority representatives’ access to the House of Representatives during the reign of King Faisal I depended on their proximity to the royal court, and because the constitution allocated eight seats for them in each electoral cycle, their presence became a foregone conclusion. They were distinguished by their high cultural levels and their descent from prominent families who practiced business, and perhaps the above was reflected in their cohesion within the House of Representatives and the unification of their proposals to a large extent. During the period 1925-1933 AD, the minority representatives matured several legal regulations based on their active participation in the permanent committees in the House of Representatives, which was positively reflected in the development of the country’s reality because the previous regulations became laws that advanced the country. Given the association of the minority representatives during the research period with the person of King Faisal, they completely distanced themselves from partisanship and from opposition in the House of Representatives to a large extent.

This paper aims to propose a taxonomic and descriptive account of cognitive modality expressions in the Reticulum to identify their syntactic categories and semantic interpretations. The corpus is based on data extracted from everyday communication. The results indicate that Reticulum uses copious expressions to express cognitive modality. Modality is expressed differently in Reticulum than in other languages. Reticulum exhibits an interesting interplay between cognitive modality expressions and negation.

Naipaul is one of the most successful writers, who has risen to understand the concept of diaspora, and given it a new and different shape. He is known for his great ability to investigate different types of diaspora successfully. This research aims to study diaspora in general, its results, causes, victims and consequences. It then moves on to analyze diaspora in Naipaul’s real life. Finally, it analyzes diaspora in Naipaul’s The Enigma of Arrival. Firstly, the research seeks to give an overview of the concept of diaspora. It gives a definition of the concept and its origins. After that, it examines the most important features of diaspora in the light of different theories and views of scholars. It then moves on to cover different types of diaspora, respectively Jewish, victim, labor and imperialism, invention, trade, and cultural diaspora. After that, Naipaul’s most important fingerprints in the formation of diaspora are investigated. It also reveals the reason behind choosing Naipaul as a case study. Furthermore, it analyzes the trauma of loss of identity that Naipaul experienced, due to successive diasporas. In addition, it examines Naipaul’s struggle to deal with oblivion and his search for refuge in the diaspora for innovation. In the light of diasporas, this study moves on to analyze one of Naipaul’s most important works, The Riddle of Access. Finally, the paper takes on the task of summarizing the study and the main findings and providing recommendations and suggestions for further study.

Understanding is a major and fundamental stage of the interpretive theory in the translation process. This theory relies on the contextual content to be interpreted or translated because there are abstract relationships between linguistic signs that govern the translation process, but this does not mean that it neglects the conceptual content of understanding the meaning. The problem is; is understanding, as a basic step, sufficient to understand the source message according to the criteria of the theory of meaning? Will the translator need any necessary supplements to complete the translation process without falsity? Therefore, we will try to prove whether there is a pre-interpretive or pre-holistic stage in the process of understanding to understand the meaning. We will compare, for example, two Qur’anic texts translated into French in order to conclude how one can understand or comprehend the meaning by analyzing this understanding within the framework of the comprehensive approach of the interpretive theory. This model requires analysis at two levels: lexical (textual) analysis and post-contextual (contextual) analysis in relation to the nature of the Qur’anic text.