Iraqi Journal of Physics

Polymer electrolytes were prepared using the solution cast technology. Under
some conditions, the electrolyte content of polymers was analyzed in constant
percent of PVA/PVP (50:50), ethylene carbonate (EC), and propylene carbonate
(PC) (1:1) with different proportions of potassium iodide (KI) (10, 20, 30, 40, 50
wt%) and iodine (I2) = 10 wt% of salt. Fourier Transmission Infrared (FTIR)
studies confirmed the complex formation of polymer blends. Electrical
conductivity was calculated with an impedance analyzer in the frequency range 50
Hz–1MHz and in the temperature range 293–343 K. The highest electrical
conductivity value of 5.3 × 10-3 (S/cm) was observed for electrolytes with 50 wt%
KI concentration at room temperature. The magnitude of electrical conductivity
was increased with the increase in the salt concentration and temperature. The
blend electrolytes have a high dielectric constant at lower frequencies which may
be attributed to the dipoles providing sufficient time to get aligned with the electric
field, resulting in higher polarization. The reduction of activation energy (Ea)
suggests that faster-conducting electrolyte ions want less energy to move.

In this study, titanium dioxide (TiO2) nanoparticles incorporated with
cement were synthesized by a simple casting method as a function of the
concentration of TiO2 (0.2, 0.4, 0.8, 1, and 2 wt%). The prepared samples were
characterized using the techniques of Field Emission Scanning Electron
Microscope (FESEM) and UV-Visible spectrophotometer, which were used to
measure the adsorption spectra. The observed photocatalytic efficiency of TiO2
nanoparticles (NP) incorporated with cement was investigated by decomposing the
dye methyl blue (MB) solution under sunlight irradiation. According to the slope,
the value of the k constant at the best sample is 0.8 wt%, k = 0.8265 min-1. FESEM
images of the TiO2/cement with 0.8 wt% content show the TiO2 NPs were wellattached to cement particles, and they covered the cement surface. The increase in
photocatalytic (PC) activity was due to an increase in TiO2 concentration in the
cement, which best occurs at 0.8 wt% of TiO2 in cement. The degradation at the
MB (5 ppm) was 98.864 % after 120 min of sunlight irradiation. The method
involves easily and simply preparing TiO2/cement that is used in self-cleaning and
studying the effect of different festive factors, including the concentration of the
dye. The preparation of TiO2/cement was successful as a photocatalyst for a selfcleaning surface.

At thermal energies near stellar conditions, nuclear reactions are sensitive
to resonance strengths of the nuclear reaction cross-section. In this paper, the
resonance strengths of nuclear reaction were evaluated
numerically by means of nuclear reaction rate calculations using a written Matlab
code, at the energies of interest in stellar nuclear reactions. The results were
compared with standard reaction before and after application of statistical analyses,
to select the best parameters that made theoretical results as close as possible to the
standard values. Fitting was made for different temperature ranges up to 10 GK,
0.6 GK and 0.25 GK. The evaluated results showed that as the temperature range
becomes narrower, more error is added to the evaluated strengths. A proper
strength value based on the most recent measured one suggested the difference of
at least one order of magnitude can be solved using a numerical evaluation for
energies less than 650 keV.

Iraq suffers from serious pollution with harmful particles that have important
direct and indirect effects on human activities and human health. In this research, a
system for detecting pollutants in the air was designed and manufactured using
infrared laser technology. This system was used to detect the presence of pollutants in
the dust storms that swept the city of Baghdad which could have a negative impact on
human health and living organisms.
The designed detection system based on the use of infrared laser (IR) with a
wavelength of 1064 nm was used for the purposes of detecting pollutants based on the
scattering of the laser beam from these pollutants. The system was aligned to obtain
the best signal for the scattered rays, which were detected using a digital storage
oscilloscope.
These studies were conducted during the dust storms that occurred intensely in
Baghdad in the months (April, May, June and July) of the year 2022. Where multiple
samples were taken at different periods in these storms, measurements were also done
during the storm. The types of polluting elements found in the dust of the storms are:
carbon, bromine, chlorine, hydrocarbons alcohol, ether, hydroxyl group, carbon, C=C
(aromatic ring), nitrogen dioxide (aromatic nitro), and carbon monoxide. The value of
dust pollutant concentrations is (125.67 mg. m-3).

The problem of solid waste from domestic, industrial, commercial and
medical sources is one of the most important problems facing the local
administration in all Iraqi cities. The danger of this problem increases with the
rapid increase in the population, changing lifestyles, consumption patterns, limited
land suitable for landfill, and high costs of collection and disposal. This research
aims to solve these problems by determining the locations of current landfills
located in the outskirts of Baghdad Governorate. The ArcGIS program was used,
where the sites of the landfills were determined on the map and through the
available data about the areas. it was concluded that the existing landfill sites do
not meet environmental conditions and standards. According to the statistics of
2016/2020, which the amount of waste in some areas has increased, and decreased
in others. The results show that each of 16 municipalities at the outskirts of
Baghdad Governorate has only one landfill. The Al-Zuhur district is one of the
most waste-producing areas, according to the statistics of the years 2016/2020, due
to the high population ratio in that area. Mahmudiyah was recorded among high
rate waste production areas, as the amount of waste in 2016 was 49,000 tons, but
decreased slightly in 2020 to 48,000 tons. The research recommends following the
health and environmental foundations in proper planning for the establishment of
waste dumps, as well as the necessity of activating the role of geographic
information systems in the field of proper waste management and environmental
planning.

In this paper, the Mars orbital elements were calculated. These orbital
elements—the major axis, the inclination (i), the longitude of the ascending node
(), the argument of the perigee (), and the eccentricity (e)—are essential to
knowing the size and shape of Mars' orbit. The quick basic program was used to
calculate the orbital elements and distance of Mars from the Earth from 25/5/1950
over 10000 days. These were calculated using the empirical formula of Meeus,
which depended on the Julian date, which slightly changed for 10000 days;
Kepler's equation was solved to find Mars' position and its distance from the Sun.
The ecliptic and equatorial coordinates of Mars were calculated. The distance
between Mars and the center of the Earth, in astronomical units (A.U.), was
calculated. RM-E(min) was found to be between 0.4763 and 0.5108, and RME(max) was found to be between 2.548 and 2.6259. Furthermore, the findings
revealed that the Mars orbital elements have changed over time.

The Indian costus plasma properties are investigated, including electron
temperature (Te), electron density (ne), plasma frequency (fp), Debye sphere length λD, and
amount of Debye (ND), using laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS). The study is
done for different laser energies ranging from 300 to 600 mJ. The Boltzmann plot is used
to calculate the temperature. The Indian costus is spectroscopically examined in the air
with the laser 10 cm away from the target and the optical fiber 0.5 cm away. The X-ray
fluorescence (XRF) analysis reveals that the Indian costus contains various minerals, each
with a different percentage, which explains why the optical emission spectrum has so many
peaks. Optical emission spectroscopy (OES) is used to analyze the plasma spectrum of the
Indian costus in the air. The results show that as the laser energy grows, the amount of
Debye will be greater, i.e (ND) >>>1, at a laser energy of 300 mJ, ND is 2.506775, as it
increases to 600 mJ, ND becomes 3.006884, the electron temperature Te for 300 mJ is
1.86209223 eV as the energy increases, the Te becomes 2.205687353 eV.

In this work, electron number density was calculated using Matlab program
code and the writing algorithm of the program. Electron density was calculated
using the Anisimov model in a vacuum environment. The effect of spatial
coordinates on the electron density was investigated in this study. It was found that
the Z axis distance direction affects the electron number density (ne). There are
many processes such as excitation, ionization, and recombination within the
plasma that may affect the density of electrons. The results show that as Z axis
distance increases electron number density decreases because of the recombination
of electrons and ions at large distances from the target and the loss of thermal
energy of the electrons at high distances with the progress of time and at a certain
coordinate. The target is carbon (graphite). The results were selected in four
dimensions where three of them belong to the spatial coordinates x, y, z and the
fourth dimension is the electron density (ne).

This work employs the coaxial probe method to stack and excite two coneinverted cylindrical and cross-hybrid dielectric resonator antennas at a standard
operating resonant frequency of 5.438 GHz. A drawback of these standard
Dielectric Resonator Antennas (DRAs) is their narrow bandwidth. For good
antenna performance, a stacked DR geometry and a thick dielectric substrate with a
low dielectric constant are desired since this provides large bandwidth, better
radiation power, reduces conductor loss and reduces the nonappearance of surface
waves. Many approaches, such as changing the shape of the dielectric resonator,
have been used to enhance bandwidth. Using DRA, which has the lowest dielectric
constant, increases the bandwidth and the electromagnetic energy. In the current
work, bandwidth improvement was significantly achieved by the proposed
geometry by varying the antenna size. A novel hybrid DRA configuration is used
to increase the bandwidth of the antenna to 89.27% and 149.23% due to coneinverted cylindrical and cross-hybrid dielectric resonator antennas, respectively.
The DRA is designed numerically via the Finite Difference Time Domain (FDTD)
method. Several parameters like return loss, input impedance (verified at ) and
radiation pattern are calculated. Furthermore, the stacked-hybrid technique is used
to enhance the antenna's performance, which is useful for broadband
communication and the demand for wireless.