Al-Muthanna Journal of Sport education Sciences

The research problem centered on that most of the emerging players suffer from weakness in some of the basic skills of the game of football, because the process of recognizing stimuli and perception helps the player to create motor programs in the brain, which makes the response be fast .The aim of the research is to prepare exercises similar to the competition to develop dribbling and accuracy of handling of the basic skills of football players . The goal of the research and to identify the impact of exercises similar to the competition and the accuracy of handling for football players. Positive in Tal folding Develop dribbling and precision handling of football. The researcher used the experimental approach by designing (the two equivalent groups with pre- and post-test) in order to suit the nature of the problem and achieve the objectives of the research. The research sample represented the entire research community, namely the players of the municipal club, which numbered (25) players and the ages of (15-17) years. The most important conclusions are that the proposed exercises helped to develop the accuracy of most of the basic skills of football and that the exercises and the most important recommendations are the need to pay attention to the perceptions of the game of football. When teaching players, especially age groups And the need to pay attention to training on speed exercises similar to competitions because of their necessity in the game of football.

The aim of the research is to prepare a measure of human resources investment and to know the reality of human resources in the Iraqi National Athletics Federation. The research problem lies in answering the question: What is the reality of human resources management in the Iraqi National Athletics Federation? The research community included the employees of the Iraqi National Athletics Federation, who number (273) individuals. The research sample was chosen deliberately in a comprehensive inventory method, and scientific foundations were used in preparing the scale. The researcher reached a set of results, including: Human resources management contributes to improving working conditions. The researcher recommended emphasizing human resources management in the field of work by selecting... The right person in the right place for the purpose of reaching the goal as quickly as possible

The research aimed to identify the reality of scientific productivity among faculty members in the colleges of physical education and sports sciences. The researchers used the descriptive approach using the survey method to suit it in solving the research problem. The research community included members of the teaching staff in the colleges of physical education and sports sciences in Iraqi universities, except for the Kurdistan region, which is Their number is (1776) teaching members, for the academic year (2023-2024 AD), and the research sample was chosen according to (Stephen Thompson’s equation), and it amounted to (315) teaching members. The exploratory experiment sample consisted of (15) teaching members from (Muthanna University) and they were chosen intentionally .The preparation and application sample included (100) teaching members from the research community and were chosen randomly. The researchers concluded that the financial return for the faculty member in publishing international research in Scopus journals is weak. The researchers recommended working to nominate distinguished scientific research for publication in international journals with high impact at the expense of the college and university, and working to contribute to bearing the costs of participation in international and regional scientific conferences.

The study included five chapters: It aimed to find out the effect of tactical physical exercises on understanding the timing of the attack and the hand-to-hand skill of basketball players under 18 years old. As for the research community, the research community was determined and they were the Al-Rafidain Sports Club basketball players in Al-Diwaniyah Governorate, who numbered (16) players under the age of 18. 18 years old and were divided into two groups, experimental and control, with (8) players in each group As for the study procedures, the researcher used the experimental method by designing equal groups to suit the solution of the research problem. The research problem was summarized in the following question: Is there an effect of tactical physical exercises on the perception of attack time and handoff skill for under-18 basketball players? The researcher used pre-tests for the players after that. The researcher prepared training exercises for a period of 10 weeks. After completing the training exercises, the researcher conducted post-tests and then used appropriate statistical methods to show the results.

The current research aims to provide players with the supplement (glutamine) and anaerobic training and apply it to advanced players in the game of futsal and find out their effect on the degree of fatigue. To achieve this goal, the researcher used the experimental method to design the two experimental groups. The research community was represented by the players of the Uruk Club in the game (futsal) in Al-Muthanna Governorate / for the sports season (2023 - 2024) AD, who numbered (10) players, representing (60)% of the community studied. They were divided in a simple random way into two groups with (5) players for each group. The experimental group applied anaerobic exercises prepared by the researcher, while the players of the second experimental group applied anaerobic exercises accompanied by the supplement (glutamine). Then the researcher worked to determine the research variable, which was:v (degree of fatigue) After that, the researcher began conducting pre-tests on the two experimental research groups, and after obtaining the results, the researcher confirmed the homogeneity and equality between the two research groups. After that, the researcher began applying anaerobic exercises to the sample of the first and second experimental groups for a period of (8) weeks, at a rate of (3) units per week. Thus, the total number of training units reached (24) training units.
During this period, the players of the second experimental group were provided with a dose of the nutritional supplement (glutamine), which was divided into two doses, half an hour before each training unit and immediately after the exercise, at an amount of (0.15) grams per 1 kg of the player’s mass with (200) mm of water. For example, a player whose mass is 70 kg becomes...70 The amount of intake for each player reached (252) grams for the player whose mass is 70 kg during a period of (8) weeks.
After completing the application of the experiment, the researcher began applying the post-tests on the players of the two experimental groups. After obtaining the results, the researcher used the statistical program (SPSS) for the purpose of analyzing the data and obtaining the results. Accordingly, he concluded that the supplement (glutamine) for the anaerobic exercises prepared by the researcher had an impact on the group’s superiority. The second experimental group focused on the variable degree of fatigue.

The importance of the research was to identify the relationship between scouting activities and the leadership skills of the advanced scout category in Muthanna Governorate, and to attract the advanced scout category to practice scouting activity under valid leadership, as well as highlighting scouting activities and their positive role in refining the personality of the advanced scout, and knowing the extent to which they benefit from those activities. This study is one of the few studies that addressed scouting activities and their role in the leadership skills of the advanced scout category in Muthanna Governorate. The study also aimed to identify the reality of both (scout activities and leadership skills) for the advanced scout category in Muthanna Governorate, as well as to identify the correlation between scouting activities and leadership skills for the advanced scout category in Muthanna Governorate. The problem of the research lies in the first question: What is the reality of both (scout activities and leadership skills) for the advanced scout category in Muthanna Governorate? In addition to the second question: Is there a correlation between scouting activities and the leadership skills of the advanced scout category in Muthanna Governorate?
As for the research sample, the researcher specified a sample of (210) Scouts as the main application sample, where (14) Scouts were excluded because they did not attend, so that the sample became (196) advanced Scouts, and that sample was selected by random stratified method in an equal manner from (14) schools with (14) Scouts. From every school. The most important results reached by the study are that the advanced scout category in Al-Muthanna Governorate enjoys (leadership skills) through their positive practice of scouting activities, as this was demonstrated through the leadership roles given to them, in addition to the existence of a moral correlation between (scout activities and leadership skills) among Advanced scout category in Muthanna Governorate.

The current research aims to identify the truth about the influences surrounding the field that most influence football referees. Therefore, the researcher aimed to identify the differences in the physiological indicators and refereeing decisions of referees in matches with and without the most influential effect.
To achieve these two goals, the researcher used the descriptive method. The research community was represented by futsal referees registered in the list of the Iraqi Central Futsal Federation and the Futsal Committee participating in the Iraqi Premier League matches for the month of February, which numbered (42) matches for the sports season (2023-2024). Their number reached (42) matches. (80) ruling. As for the research sample, which is part of the original community, it was a sample to build a measure of the influences surrounding the stadium with (76) referees. As for the referees who officiated the matches in February, the researcher identified the referees (first and second) and evaluated them with the degree of difficulty (medium). These matches amounted to (38) matches, and thus the number of referees who officiated these matches reached (76) referees.
Then the researcher worked to determine the influences surrounding the stadium through a questionnaire that was presented to the experts. The experts chose the influence surrounding the stadium, which is (the crowd( The researcher determined the physiological indicator that was measured for referees during rest and at the start of matches, which is (respiration rate). As for the performance evaluation model, the researcher adopted the model prepared by the Central Iraqi Federation, where the evaluation was carried out by match specialists.
The researcher began collecting information, and after obtaining it, he used the statistical program (Spss27.1) to analyze the data. Accordingly, the researcher concluded that the most influential influence on the referees is (the crowd), and this is what was shown by the physiological index of the referees in matches in which there is an audience. In matches without spectators, referees are more relaxed than in matches with spectators.

The research aimed to build a scale (school discipline) for physical education teachers from the point of view of secondary school principals in the schools of the Diwaniyah Governorate Center in the General Directorate of Education in Diwaniyah. The research problem was evident in identifying the patterns of school discipline that they practice during the physical education lesson, where the researcher used the descriptive approach. Using the survey method due to the suitability and nature of the study. As for the research sample, they were selected using a comprehensive enumeration method for the purposes of the research, and it consists of (106) secondary school principals distributed in the schools of the city center of Diwaniyah, with (56) principals and (50) principals. It is a measure of school control consisting of three areas (preventive, indicative, (authoritarian, chaotic) and with the help of the assistant team, the researcher applied the two scales to the research sample from the date of (12/19/2023) until (3/20/2024). After collecting, unpacking, and tabulating the questionnaires, the researcher used the statistical package (spss) to analyze and interpret the research results. A number of conclusions and recommendations were reached.

The importance of the research was demonstrated in determining the reference criteria for the combinatorial tests of some offensive skills for specialized handball schools in the southern region, in a scientific manner, away from random selection, in a way that saves a lot of time, effort, and money, and to make the selection process more accurate and objective, which helps coaches and handball players to develop programs. Appropriate educational and training for them in light of the test results.
As for the research problem, it included the most important question: Is it possible to determine reference standards for the combinatorial abilities and some complex offensive skills for schools specialized in handball in the southern region? As for the research sample, it included players from the specialized handball schools in southern Iraq, which numbered four schools in each of the governorates (Muthanna, Dhi Qar, Basra, and Maysan), where Dhi Qar governorate was chosen through the use of a simple lottery, in which there is a specialized handball school. The number of players was (25), so the sample represented 25% of the total population The most important results that the study reached were determining grades and standard levels for handball players in specialized schools, as well as determining the reference levels for combinatorial abilities, which were measured and their results extracted, and determining the reference levels for complex offensive skills, which were measured and their results extracted.

The importance of research was evident in the possibility of using group guidance in the game of volleyball due to the necessity of quickly reducing the gap that separates the players themselves or between the players and the coaching staff, as well as to link training methods and offensive and defensive skills to their collective guidance and to be able to control and control negative thoughts, develop psychological compatibility and learn some offensive skills. Defensiveness and exploiting positive thoughts. Appropriate guidance that contributes to the development of skill aspects and learning skills to achieve the research objectives under study. Players to whom the collective guidance curriculum is applied along with the coach’s exercises, and players to whom only the coach’s curriculum is applied. As for the research problem, it included the most important question: Does the collective guidance curriculum that accompanies the coach’s curriculum have an impact on developing psychological compatibility and learning the volleyball preparation skill for the youth players of the Rumatha Club?
The research sample included (20) young players from the Rumatha Volleyball Club. The sample was randomly determined (12) players who were divided into two equal groups (a control group and an experimental group) with (6) players for each group. The most important findings of the study are that the guidance sessions applied and prepared by the researcher and accompanying the coach’s curriculum have a role in developing the psychological adjustment of the volleyball players of the Al Ramatha Club, and also that the guidance sessions applied and prepared by the researcher and accompanying the coach’s curriculum have a role in learning defensive and offensive skills with the ball. The plane for Al Rumatha Club players.

Sports training and sports medicine are Important and specialized basic sciences, in which medical science is used and applied from a preventive and therapeutic perspective, as these sciences contribute to the development and legalization of training loads to better adapt them to the body's ability to withstand and benefit from the active body Effects on functional status. this importance of the research lies in providing preventive exercises that contribute to reducing the likelihood of injuries to players from injuries to the same joint in the advanced age stages, through its effect on some of the special capabilities of the ankle joint by strengthening the muscles working on it. The research question was what is the reality of the biomechanical capabilities of advanced basketball players and how to avoid sprain injury and weakness of the working muscles and ligaments on the joint (muscular imbalance), while the research objectives were: To develop preventive exercises for the ankle joint according to the biomechanical capabilities of advanced basketball players and to identify the effect of preventive exercises for the ankle joint. The researcher hypothesized that there are statistically significant differences between the results of the pre- and post-tests of the ankle joint according to biomechanical capacities . The researcher used the experimental method by designing the control and experimental groups to suit the nature and issue and the research sample consisted of advanced players belonging to the Samawah Sports Club and the number of 16 players and they were divided into two experimental and control groups where the number of each group was 8 players, the researcher concluded that preventive exercises have a positive effect to reduce the incidence of injuries to the ankle joint of the ankle joint (sprain, minor tear, and muscle weakness) and there is a positive effect of preventive exercises on the biomechanical abilities of the muscle group working on the ankle joint (sprain, minor tear, and muscle weakness) and there is a positive effect of preventive exercises on the biomechanical abilities of the ankle joint. The researcher recommended the use of special preventive exercises for the lateral ligaments of the knee joint to prevent the occurrence of injuries (sprains, minor tears, and muscle weakness), the preparation of special preventive exercises and the need for the participation of the coach and physical therapist because of the importance of determining the type of muscle weakness that needs to be strengthened or the type of exercises required, their intensity, repetitions, and the duration of their rest.

University sports is one of the important administrative and scientific formations in Iraqi universities, and like any social institution that suffers from some problems, as it faces the circumstances and challenges of delivering its services and specific tasks efficiently and effectively, as well as the escalation of the intensity of competition between university institutions and colleges, which has led to the need to develop the spirit of innovation as a leadership style, and therefore, The role of distinguished management and the continuous improvement of operational and administrative systems will be a decisive factor in providing the services of these institutions with the required efficiency and effectiveness. Accordingly, the study aimed to identify the reality of distinguished administrative performance in student departments and divisions from the point of view of physical education teachers in Iraqi universities, and to build a measure of distinguished administrative performance in Student departments and classes from the point of view of physical education teachers in Iraqi universities, and the correlation between outstanding administrative performance in student departments and classes from the point of view of physical education teachers in Iraqi universities ,The researcher used the descriptive approach using the survey method and correlational studies to suit the nature of the problem studied. The research community included all physical education teachers in the Department of Student Activities and Sports Divisions in the Iraqi universities, which number 36 public universities. The total number of the sample in these universities was (782) teachers working in The Department of Student Activities and Sports Divisions included a sample for constructing a measure of the distinguished administrative performance of physical education teachers in the Department of Student Activities and Sports Divisions in Iraqi universities, who numbered (150) teaching staff. The main application sample included (300) teaching staff. After that, the paragraphs of the standards were formulated and presented to a group of experts and specialists. Then The standards were applied to the basic research sample, and statistical analyzes were conducted to extract validity and reliability indicators, and the data were treated statistically using the SPSS statistical package, in order to identify the results expected from the experiment for application. Accordingly, the researcher concluded : The distinguished administrative performance in student departments and divisions from the point of view of physical education teachers in Iraqi universities explains an acceptable percentage of administrative talent and The results of the study showed that there is a positive correlation with statistical significance for the areas and dimensions of the outstanding administrative performance variable.

The goal of the research is to improve the performance of the circular serve through: preparing multiple exercises according to biomechanical variables and designing a test to improve the circular serve. Identify the effect of multiple exercises on biomechanical variables and on improving the circular serve. Research method: The researcher chose the experimental method using the one-group method because it suits the research problem. Research population and sample: The research population consists of (6) players selected by Al-Muthanna University. The entire population is (6) players. Conclusions: The torso inclination angle plays a major role in achieving the torque that causes rapid and strong torso movement, and its importance appears more clearly in high-spin transmissions .There is still a difference in the level of high-spin serve performance between the university team players and the ranked national team players. Recommendations: Use high-resolution cameras to detect variables related to the player, racket, and ball, and study their movement path. Designing training curricula to overcome the weaknesses in the biomechanical variables revealed by the research results and developing them to achieve the best results.

Cognitive exercises skill and their impact on the development of the surroundings of vision and the skill of overwhelming beating
young volleyball players

The current research aims to apply exercises (cognitive - skill) on young volleyball players in Rumatha Sports Club and to know their impact on the development of the surroundings of the vision and the skill of overwhelming beating young volleyball players.
To achieve this goal, the researcher used the experimental approach by designing the two equivalent groups to suit the nature of the research problem, while the research community was represented by the young volleyball players in Rumatha Club for the year (2023-2024), which numbered (19) players, while the research sample was represented by (12) players, from this community, and they were randomly divided into two control groups and an experimental one, with (6) players for each group. Then the researcher identified the variables of his research represented (the development of the circumference of vision and the skill of overwhelming beating). After that, the researcher began to apply the pre-tests on the sample of the two groups, and then the researcher conducted homogeneity and equivalence between the two groups, and then began to apply the exercises (cognitive - skill) on the sample of the experimental group in conjunction with the trainer's curriculum and took the application of cognitive exercises skill (8) weeks by (3) units per week, the number of units for exercises (24) units. After the completion of the application of the exercises, the researcher began to apply the post-tests and after obtaining the results, the researcher used the statistical program (SPSS) for the purpose of analyzing data and obtaining the results, and accordingly the researcher concluded that the exercises (cognitive - skill) have a positive impact on the development of the surrounding vision and the skill of overwhelming beating young volleyball players, as well as the results showed the superiority of the experimental group over the control group in all research variables.

The importance of the research lies in knowing the reality of both (skillful performance and self-control) of young futsal players in the southern region. The goal of the research included building a predictive equation for skill performance in terms of self-control.To achieve this goal, the researcher used the descriptive approach using the survey method and correlational relationships. The research community was represented by young players in the southern region and participants in the Iraqi Futsal League for the sports season (2023 - 2024), amounting to (178) players distributed among (13) clubs, if specified ( 104) players (8) players from each club. Then the researcher worked on preparing the test and standards by using the skills performance test prepared by Muhammad Jaafar Yasser.
The researcher also used the scale prepared by Mayasa Abdel Ali and Lamia Hassan Al-Diwan to measure emotional intelligence, as the scale consists of (32) items, and the answer alternatives were (always, often, sometimes, never), and in degrees (304, 20, (1). Accordingly, the score is The totality of the scale ranges from (32-128) degrees. The researcher also used the scale prepared by Sondos Radi Abbas to measure self-control, as the scale consists of (40) items. As for the answer alternatives, they were (completely agree), agree, reject, completely reject, and in degrees ( 20304, (1) Accordingly, the total score of the scale ranges from (40-160) degrees after the standardization procedure
Regarding the three standards, the researcher began applying the standards and testing to futsal players, and after obtaining the results, the researcher used the statistical program (27.1 SPSS IMB). Accordingly, the researcher arrived at the prepared standards and tests and was able to measure what they were intended for, in addition to self-control and emotional intelligence. Two indicators through which the skill performance of young futsal players in the southern region can be predicted.

This study analyzed the effect of physical and skill effort (performance endurance effort) with different warm-up times (15 minutes, 25 minutes, 35 minutes) on some physical abilities (strength characterized by speed, strength endurance, speed endurance, agility, and compatibility) for young football players and finding correlations for them. The researcher relied on personal interviews and analysis of sources and references, in addition to the framework stabilization committee, in choosing appropriate tests that would contribute to demonstrating the physical capabilities of the players. The study highlights the relationship that exists between performance endurance effort with different warm-up times and some of the physical capabilities of young football players. As for the problem of The research was represented by the following question (Is performance endurance exerted by varying warm-up times related to some physical abilities of young football players?) The study aims to know the analysis of performance effort according to different warm-up times and its relationship to some physical abilities of young football players. Where the researcher assumes that there is a moral relationship between the performance endurance effort according to the different warm-up times and some of the physical abilities of the young football players. The researcher used the descriptive approach to suit the nature of the research problem. The research sample was chosen intentionally, represented by the young players of the Al-Suniya Sports Club in football, and their number was (14 players). Through the results and data presented and discussed, the researcher was able to reach the following conclusions: There appeared to be a noticeable discrepancy in the numerical values of the test results related to performance endurance effort according to the difference in warm-up times. Because of the noticeable discrepancy, it appeared that there is a relationship between warm-up and performance endurance for young soccer players. This means that the time increases. Warm up as the level of physical capabilities increases after exertion.

in recent years, methods of using non-traditional means of sports training have attracted increasing attention from coaches and athletes. The need to develop and implement new methods for mastering sports movements is associated with a significant increase in loads in most sports and, naturally, the time spent on training. The article discusses the possibilities of using EMS training to improve the strength and accuracy of a kick in football. The training process using EMS is described, and test data .experimental and control groups before and after the implementation training program is provided to assess changes in the athletes' results.

The aim of the research is to identify the impact of an educational curriculum in the use of Bayer's strategy in learning some basic football skills for students aged 13-14 years . The research community included ( 62) students at Al-Hussein middle school for boys, ages (13-14) years. Or the research sample was selected (simple random method ) by drawing lots so that the students of experimental division (B) became (15) students and the students of Division ( C) represented the control group with (15) students. As for the survey experiment sample, it included (10) students from Division (C) and the researcher excluded (8 students ) from the members of the research community and the educational program continued for eight weeks with two educational units per week, on Mondays. The researcher came to the conclusions that the Bayer strategy requires a great effort from the teacher to manage the discussion panel, dialogue between students, feedback and error correction and recommends to the researcher. It is necessary to instruct the directorates of education to teach physical education teachers to use Bayer's strategy for the positive results it has achieved

The research aimed to prepare intensive-style exercises to improve transitional speed and scoring accuracy as a function of lactic acid concentration for young players (14-16) in the game of futsal, and to identify the effect of intensive-style exercises on transitional speed and scoring accuracy as a function of lactic acid concentration in the game of futsal. For emerging players (14-16), the researchers used the experimental method because it is compatible with the nature of the research problem, and by designing the method of two equal groups (experimental and control) with pre- and post-tests because it is compatible with the research problem. The research population was identified as the Al-Shuala Sports Club Nation team, ages 14-16. Futsal football for the 2023-2024 sports season, numbering (33) players, of which the researchers selected 20 players who were divided equally into two groups (experimental and control) by a simple random method (lottery). The researchers prepared and organized the exercises in the intensive method, and began applying the exercises to The experimental group was dated 10/16/2023, the duration of the educational unit was 90 minutes, one educational unit per week, and the number of educational units reached 16 educational units. The last educational unit was applied on 12/18/2023, taking into account the exercise time, the performance time, and the relatively short rest time for performance, and the researchers codified this. Exercising in the intensive method according to the transitional speed and scoring accuracy as a function of the concentration of lactic acid for the research sample. One of the most important conclusions is that working in the intensive method leads to the development of the transitional speed and scoring accuracy as a function of the concentration of lactic acid for young futsal players. The development of the transitional speed was reflected positively and significantly on the accuracy of performance. In scoring for the experimental group players, the researchers recommend adopting the intensive method when training transitional speed because it contributes to improving scoring accuracy and the stage of accumulation of lactic acid concentration. The researchers recommend adopting the intensive method exercises and the curriculum prepared by them as basic data for physical abilities and teaching indoor football skills.

The current research aims to prepare educational units using two methods (The partial presentation method _ The total presentation method) and apply it to some middle school teams in AL Muthanna Governorate and knowing its effect on learning performing of the clove hitch tie skill in scouting. And by the information of the researcher on the concepts and characteristics of the scouting movement generally and the clove hitch tie skill especially. And the aims of the scouter in the age of (13 to 15) year. And by being scouting leader the researcher observed that there is a weakness in the standard of the skill of the scouting teams on these ages from within the intermediate schools For Al. Muthana center. Especially which lies within geographical area that never move up to the ambition level. To a achieve this goal , the researcher depended on the experimental curriculum by designing three equivalent groups to suit the nature of the research problem. As for the research community, it was represented by the scout teams present in middle schools in the central governorate center of AL Muthanna .for the year(2023 2024), their number is (360) students, distributed among(15)middle schools. In each school had a scout team consisting of (24) scouts and by lottery determine the research sample, then the researcher selected (120)scouts distributed a mong (5) schools with (24)scouts from each school, to represent the sample technicians for building cognitive achievement scale. That sample was chosen by lottery and then the researcher selected a sample of (72) scouts for each school. The sample was chosen by lottery. They were randomly divided into three groups (the teacher curriculum, first experimental, second experimental) and then the researcher began determination of skills to the research sample. Which were represented by (clove hitch tie)
After that, the researcher began applying pretests to the research sample, conducted homogeneity and equivalence among the three groups.
Then he began applying educational units to the sample of the two experimental groups with the physical education teacher, with two educational units per week. One for each method, and after completing the application of the prepared units , the researcher began applying the post tests and after obtaining the results, the teacher use the statistical program (SPSS) to analyze the data and obtain the results. The researcher concluded that the educational units have A positive impact on learning the skills of (cloven hitch tie)
The results also showed that the two experimental groups outperformed the teacher curriculums group in the research variables as well. The second experimental group also outperformed the first One.

This research acquires great importance by focusing on the study of the vertical jump index as the main independent variable and analyzing its impact on the dependent variable represented in the level of physical and skill performance among the volleyball players of Al-Ettifaq Club - Youth Category .The vertical jump is considered one of the basic and crucial physical abilities in the sport of volleyball, as it is closely related to the player's ability to jump and leap with high efficiency to perform diverse offensive and defensive skills, such as quick attacks, blocking, and counterattacking. Therefore, the analysis and evaluation of this important physical indicator will provide valuable information about the level of this ability among the team's players, and will guide the coaches in designing training programs aimed at developing this independent variable, which will positively reflect on improving the players' level of physical and skill performance .Consequently, the results of this research will be of great practical importance in enhancing and developing the capabilities of the volleyball players of Al-Ettifaq Club - Youth Category, and improving their technical performance level in competitions .The research also aimed to identify the vertical jump index of volleyball players. The research community was identified as the volleyball players of Al-Ettifaq Club in Qadisiya Governorate, numbering (10) players, who were selected intentionally. The main experiment was conducted on Friday, 24/3/2022. The data was collected, analyzed, and discussed, and the results showed a significant weakness in the time it takes for the force to be released on the ground, resulting in a small amount of thrust. The most important recommendations made by the researcher were Intensifying efforts to develop the explosive power, due to its great importance in the implementation of the blocking skill .The necessity of employing modern technical devices in the training process, and working on rebuilding them in line with the latest technological developments.

The study was conducted from March 25, 2022, to August 3, 2022. The experimental method was used, and it was applied to first-year students at the College of Physical Education and Sports Sciences - Al Muthanna University.A total of 50 students were randomly selected from a research population of 62 students .Both the control and experimental groups underwent statistical adjustments , including homogeneity and equivalence tests, and the differences in the post-test between the two groups were examined.
The results, after various statistical analyses, favored the experimental group.
The researchers concluded that:
•The systematic approximation method is better and faster in developing defensive skills.
•The systematic approximation method effectively and positively encourages students to focus on learning defensive skills.
The researchers made the following recommendations: Foster a sense of competition among players by engaging in exercises similar to the game to create a competitive learning environment for defensive skills. And Conduct research on other sports, as the development of defensive skills is a key factor in the success of sports in advanced countries across various games.

The research aims to prepare an educational program using the representational systems method in learning the skill of hand jumping on the mat of floor movements in artistic gymnastics for third-year female students in the College of Physical Education and Sports Sciences - University of Karbala. The effect of an educational program using the representational systems method in learning the skill of hand jumping on The floor movements mat, as well as identifying the advantage of influencing learning the skill of the front hand jump on the floor movements mat in gymnastics, between the educational program in the style of representational systems and the curriculum approved by the teacher. The researcher used the experimental method by designing two equal groups (control and experimental) with a pre- and post-test, which she believes is consistent with the specifications of the problem of her research and the achievement of the objectives of her study. The research population is determined by third-year female students in the College of Physical Education and Sports Sciences at the University of Karbala for the academic year (2023-2024). They numbered (59) female students, divided into four groups (A, B, C, D). An exploratory sample was chosen using a simple random sampling method, with (10) female students constituting (16.9%) of the community members. The main sample for the research was chosen using a simple random sampling method, with (30) female students constituted (50.8%) of the population, with (15) female students from Division (B, A) representing the experimental group, and (15) female students from Division (C, D) representing the control group. The researcher reached the most important conclusions, which are that the use of representational systems exercises has an effective effect in learning the skill of hand jumping on the floor movement mat for female students. The results also showed that there is an advantage in using representational systems exercises in learning the skill of the front hand jump on the ground movements mat for female students.
The recommendations recommended by the researcher are to adopt the use of representational systems exercises in learning the skill of the forward hand jump on gymnastics equipment for female students.

The importance of this research lies in providing educators and stakeholders with a test to measure the accuracy of cross passes towards the goal. This serves as a scientific addition that enhances the measurement system in football and supports efforts to develop skill performance in line with the demands of modern play. Through the analysis of numerous local and international matches, the research problem emerged, indicating a clear weakness in the execution of this skill, with the majority of lateral passes being inaccurate or wasted. The researchers employed a descriptive survey methodology, deemed most suitable for the nature of the problem. The researchers defined their research population as youth football players from Al-Diwaniyah clubs, selected randomly. The research procedures involved designing a test questionnaire and presenting it to ten experts to determine its validity. A pilot study was conducted, after which the test was administered to the six clubs. Then, after a week, the test was re-administered to extract the reliability coefficient. After that, the data were collected and analyzed to extract the scientific basis. The results showed that the test and its contents have the ability to measure what it was designed for and that it has high scientific basis. The researchers recommended the following:
1. Coaches should incorporate this test into their daily training sessions to improve cross-handling.
2. Coaches should use this test to assess players' skill levels and not rely solely on visual observation.