political issues

After year 2003, Iraq work on transition from the completeness state which grounded on the idea of the one party and the indivisual ruler, and on the culture of the political submission to the tyrannical indivisual and his party which work on the division of the society ethnic and cult even easy to his region and control him, there by grow in this the ethnic and nationalities a sense of community on national ownership, into another from did not know Iraq before change namely work on the building the Iraqi civil state.

Conclusion
This study aims at defining the researchers in the academic stages and their different levels in order to know and apply the rules and steps required by the design and implementation of their research projects, in order to enable those who practice teaching, supervision and scientific discussion of research, And the frequency of alerting them in different places and circumstances to the need to adhere to the rules of application and standardization, which leads to the conclusion that many of them are not aware of the multiple and diverse studies that address these rules and steps, Or mixing things up when they come to these studies, partly because of the problems of focusing on specialized types of research, or excessive detail expansion, or lack of a brief presentation and application. Therefore, the author attempted to present the rules and steps for the design and implementation of academic research projects in a manner that avoids the recurrence of these problems, as well as the careful distinction between the rules and steps related to the selection and design of research projects, to have succeeded in that, and agreed to achieve.

The phenomenon of terrorism is one of the most dangerous and the most terrible crimes that have spread in our modern world so that they have become universal in nature. The states and peoples of the world are suffering from varying degrees of suffering and forms. The phenomenon of committing terrorist acts in recent years has been exacerbated in various ways, Our current century is the century of terrorism. This poses a threat to international peace and security and jeopardizes internal and international stability and relations between States.
In light of this threat, there was a need for a global reaction by all countries, where the policies of those countries became fully directed towards the goal of countering terrorism and combating it with the consequent re-formation of international alliances. The fight against terrorism was the first task on the international agenda of the countries of the world State through international alliances to counter terrorism.
The elimination of the phenomenon of terrorism in its various forms, forms and methods is linked primarily to the causes and motives behind it, as well as identifying the most important and most important implications of the phenomenon of terrorism, which is a great impetus to push States and international and regional organizations to work with all possible Capabilities and capabilities to combat terrorism. The present study has reviewed the political and security implications of the phenomenon of terrorism and how they directly affect international peace and security.

The Future of Russian strategy toward Georgia
Dr. Lubna Khamees Mahdi student :Karar Abass Meteeb
College of Political Science / Al-Nahrain University
Summary: The overall thrust of the Russian strategy, especially after Putin's arrival to Authority is to restore the influence and role of the missing after the collapse of the Soviet Union (the former), particularly towards the near abroad (Caucasus), Spatially Georgia. The evolution of Russia's strategy toward Georgia reflects the desire list to make Georgia within the strategic astronomy Russian, which is what drives us to say that the future of Russia's strategy toward Georgia in the medium term and the remote to detract from the framework of domination by Russia's quest to ensure they do not become the fulcrum of the West, especially US in the Caucasus region.

Abstract:
The research tackles the problem of the cultural conflict created by the United States of America in countries, especially after the dissolution of the Soviet Union by employing the cultural dimension in stirring the ethnic, sectarian and national differences in the Arab region as well as other countries in the world. To create the conditions for the exercise of the dominant peak to re-install the international system in a new way and allow them to intervene in the affairs of the world under several pretexts represent the propaganda of the global strategy.

Abstract
During the last ten years of the last century, the world witnessed a wide-ranging activity in the form of regional, multi-purpose (economic, political, security and military) regional, sub regional or regional groups. Unipolarity and the uniqueness of the United States in leading the global system, examples of these groupings and regional organizations and the Shanghai Cooperation Organization (SCO) as a model for emerging regional organizations and emerging strongly on the international scene.
(China, Russia, Kazakhstan, Tajikistan and Kyrgyzstan) to strengthen mutual confidence measures, reduce the number of military forces in the border areas, find a peaceful settlement of outstanding border problems, face common regional threats and after Uzbekistan's accession in 2001, the five-year mechanism Is a regional organization. The organization has a number of founding member states as well as other observer and observer countries.

Abstract
The Kingdom of Bahrain has seen democratic changes since 2002, especially in the reign of King ((Hamad bin Isa Al Khalifa)) represented the movement of the emirate into a constitutional monarchy and to conduct municipal elections and the granting of Bahraini women full political rights to engage in political work and promised legislative elections, the most important achievements of the political system in Bahrain at the time, but this does not mean lack of division of the Bahraini community about these changes between supporters and opponents which was reflected in demands for political reform, there is a defect in some of the articles of the Constitution with the non-observance of the disadvantaged and the poor, and the situation has worsened with the events of uprisings and revolutions in the Arab countries professionals starting in Tunisia and Egypt and down to the Gulf states such as Bahrain and Oman, but to varying degrees, Bahrain is experiencing since the February 2011 wave of popular protests and put forward initiatives by the Bahraini government and the opposition, but the political situation is still not irreparable, sectarian polarisation in Bahrain at the highest levels of tension, which threatens the dangers big on the future of Bahrain and must take serious steps to proceed with the reform approach… .

It seeks all political regimes, whether democratic or non-democratic to find the principle of effectiveness in the political system, institutions with a view to the continuity of the political system and the sustainability of the survival of the structures and frameworks for the political system and the principle of political effectiveness cannot be achieved without fundamental constituents may vary according to the nature of peoples and values prevailing and based this principle on the degree of interaction between the community and the institutions of the political system, whether this is a positive interaction that reflected his image on the system's defense community institutions and the form of the system so that the citizen does not feel the situation of political alienation and there is no form of political gap between the society and the political system. As for the negative reaction that might take the pattern of imposing political system institutions, some of the values that force him to demonstrate to interact with institutions .

This research is trying to study the Political Thought of the German Thinker Carl Schmitt who considered as one of the most important German thinkers in Nazi period, The research divided to four axes, The first dealt with the Scientific and Biographic vita of Carl Schmitt, While the second specialized in the Concept of Politics and the Essence of Struggle according to Schmitt's Thought. In the third axe we talked about the Schmitt's Justification of Dictatorship and the state of Exception. In the last one, the research focused on the Criticism of the Liberal Democracy according to Carl Schmitt's Thought, and on the Popular Democracy which Schmitt was believe in.

What marks in the political environment in Iraq after the political changes in 2003, slowing down the process of political development to achieve the political objectives of the operation to rid the society of the state of political backwardness suffered for decades leading to political stability, and to swing the political stability rates and divergence indicators impact in political development performance in a democratic framework, and gave the impression on the dialectical relationship between political development as a process and political stability Kazahr, and perhaps the reason can be attributed to a citizen marked weakness of the political process from its inception in 2003, especially Almkoonatih and sectarian quotas that emptied the concept of democracy from its content, which requires an objective assessment of the political process and address the facets bug where in the framework of the construction of a real showdown, so as to ensure the achievement of its purpose and political development under an environment of political stability.

The change permanent reality, and the rapid nature and its requirements and its effects and consequences, the state has found itself faced with the necessity to respond to the data are not able to ignore the fact overlapping international concerns. And Garret Responding to come. State more than ever before to the requirements of the strategic perception of existence and permanence and influential act, in a changing world is not in the field of mechanisms, but the implications of the existence of the state and effectiveness. Hence the hypothesis that that "the successive international changes, imposed on the state have elements of their existence, legitimacy and effectiveness, subjective and objective response to various international changes, and make sure their presence and believes its interests."
The concept refers peek response to the high capacity to meet the challenges and obstacles that secreted change or prevent him, and inspired by the needs of the states to change with speed and precision and high flexibility. The response function behavior, is a deliberate process intended to find approaches to build and employ the force enablers for the movable ability to build strategic already basically, that's what the benefit show in times of change in every sense of those times of the effects in the structure of the international system.

The agency contract is one of the personal account of decades, as the character is both the agent and the principal place of consideration, and characterized Agency important practical and legal as a means and a tool makes it easier for people things of their lives by enabling them to hold the actions they can not sometimes hold them on their own for their absence from the place of the contract or to inexperience or to the large number of their concerns. However, the development of economic, legal and social life dictated finding agency where the principal can be dismissed and his agent to suspend agent right or the other this agency only with the consent of his right to the agency this agency is known acting non-isolated, though the basis of the departure of the impact of the agency to the proxy or the other is not to inflict damage or the other agent, so that the Agency organized for their own benefit . Agency if not accompanied by other interests or agent be capable of isolating, like other agencies, as it is a contract is needed.

The strategeis of united state of America Tward the Middle East after(2003-2014).the goals and the means.
Mastr .ABDUL JABBAR ISMAIL ABRAHEM
Career Center in Baghdad University
US strategy in the Middle East are closely linked to the old an era because of the importance of this region as containg the natural resources of oil stands in the forefront. It has promised to the Middle East region a dispute between the major powers, especially during the Cold War, when it was fears exchanged between polar nuclear of the former Soviet Union and the United States of America. For one thing it has promised to the interests of the United States in the region as a priority for US national security.The second thing is the extension of the Soviet Union and the other countries.
The occupation of the United States on the Middle East region has led to The Importance of the study runs from the importance of the Middle East in international politics and American private and try to identify the US policy in identifying those Anizqh, particularly in the period following the occupation of Iraq in 2003, and US interventions in the affairs of that region and that led to chaos in everything.