Tikrit Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences

Trichomonas vaginalis infection is one of the sexually transmitted diseases. It is a health problem all over the world, including Iraq. The parasite usually infected in the vagina and urethra, but could involve the endocervix. Aim: This study aim to show the prevalence of Trichomonas vagina/is in the women that have vaginal discharge. The study included ( 600) women attended the gynecological out patient clinic in Sulaimania obstetrical and gynecological teaching hospital and rozhan out patient clinic tlu·ough the period from January 2007 till September 2007. Per vaginal examination was performed for each patient using a sterile cuscos speculum. Two high vaginal swabs were obtained from each patient one for direct microscopic examination and other for Trichomonas vagina/is culture. The prevalence of T. vaginalis was 1 0( 1. 66%) The infection rate between pregnant women was 8(1.77%) higher than that of non-pregnant women 2(1.33%). The highest is found in women at the age group (26-3 5) years in which the infection rate was 5(2.48%). The rate of infection was higher among uneducated women 9(1.5%) than educated ones. The higher rate of T. vaginalis was obtained from women with white to gray (frothy discharge) 6(1.57%) and with yellow to green discharge 4(1.81 %) and those with bad odor was 8(2.02%) was higher than odourless discharge 2(0.97%). In positive cases of T. vagina/is , 6(60%) had white to gray vaginal discharge, and the rate of bad odour (80%) and without bad odour (20%). The rate of infection among illiterate women was higher than those with school education and no positive cases were detected among those with college education. In cultures the rate ofT. vagina/is was (5%) while in direct wet mount examination was (1.66%). Candida albicans were detected in 167(83.5%) in selected culture media ofT. vaginalis

administrated of lead citrate solution with phosphate buffer saline orally in a dose of 250 mg/kg for thirty days. Animais were divided into four groups. Group A survived for 30 days. Group B for 60 days. Group C fbr 90 days and Groupb tzO days. Twenty animals were administrated phosphate buffer saline for 30 clays and classified into four 4 groups and survived for 30,60,90 and 120 days afterthe last dose. Atthe end of eachperiod the animals were scarified and segments of the peripheral nerve (Sciatic nerve) were removed and fixed in osmic acid 1o/o , then processed in graded glycerin 500/o , pure glycerin for obtaining teased nerve fibers . Specimens tbr miiror\"opi\" examination were done by application of the histological technique for obtaining transverse and longitudinal sections of the 6um thickness. The results of the present itr,iy d\"*onstrated that the peripheral nerve fibers were affected after the 30,and 60 days mostly reflected by the presence of the wallerian degeneration ( destrr-rction of the myelin sheath ancl axon) of the most nerve fibers and at the period of 90 days after the last dose was indicated a regeneration of the most nerve fibers , but still there cerlain percentage of the degeneratecl nerve f-rbers and irregular outlines of its myelin sheath. After 120 days, Remyelination of most nerve fibers were detected associated with short internodes in between other intact nodes of Ranvier .

The present study was conducted to clarify the histological effect of ciprofloxacin, on albino mice articular cartilage. The study conducted 30 neonate mice divided into 3 groups, 2 groups were administrated using 100 and 500 mgkg B.W.day for 30 days oral dose of ciprofloxacin. The last group was the control. After that the joint were fixed for histological studies. Histological changes were observed in the joints chondrocyte loss, matrix degeneration, and erosion of the articular cartilage.

Study of malnutrition (underweight & overweight) in children under 5 years in that area & its relation to different variables (Age, Sex, Type of milk feeding, Time of introduction of complementary feeding, maternal education and previous hospital admission). The sample was collected randomly from 4 primary health care centers in Sulaimany city between (July - 2005) to (January - 2006). The total no. of children suweyed were 456, 256 (65.I o/o) were (male), 200 (43.9%) were (female). Stunting, wasting & underweight were reported in 6.3Yo , 6.lyo ,lI.Iyo respectively ,while rate of obesity and overweight werc 7.6Yo ,3.syo respectively. A statistically significant association was noted between various forms of malnutrition and age implying an increase prevalence of stunting after the 2nd year of life and increase in prevalence of underweight during the I\'t y.ut of lif\", while obesity and overweight clustered in the age range (4-5 yrs). Malnutrition also have high association with level of maternal education , higher prevalence of malnutrition( stunting ,wasting ,underweight) in illiterate mothers & lowest in highly educated ,while prevalence of over nutrition (obesity & overweight) were more in highly educated mothers and least in illiterate ones. The nutritional status of children under 5 years in Sulaimany city seems to be satisfactory except for moderately high prevalence of wasting which requires further support to the child health through continuing the nutritional support offered to that area and promotion of maternal education regarding child health and nutrition.

Migraine is a medical condition. most people who suffer from migrain get headache that can be quite severe. Data was collected randomly in Baiji hospital from June 2009 to September 2009 from 100 adult cases suffering from migraine (50 male and 50 female).The data was obtained by using questionnaire which contained many questions concerning the occurrence of headache. It was found that in 55% of male cases lhe auack or migraine started at age of 20 years, 26% at age of 30 years and 19% at age of above 30 years, while in female, the attack started at age or 20 years in 70% or cases, 18% at age of 30 years and 12% at age or above 30 years. A bout the aggravating factors or attack, in female the menstrual factor is most common cause as the menstruation is one of the most signi licant physiological factors that may trigger migraine, while in male, the stress and tension is most common cause of migraine attack. About the duration of attack, in most common cases the duration is less than one week in male and female. /\\bout the self management which is used by these cases to relieve the headache, it was found that the most common cases in male was treated by avoiding the aggravating factors while in female treated by medication.

In the present study 3 biochemical parameters ( Calciun1i Phosphorus and Alkaline phosphatase) has been measured in blood of 111 apparently healthy volunteers women, including 41 apparently healthy premenopausal women aged between ( 21- 42 ) years as a .control group and 70 apparently healthy postmenopausal women ( tbe menopause occur normally ) aged between ( 50- 69 ) years which divided into two age groups. From the results it is found that there were a significant difference of serum calcium, phosphorus and alkaline phosphatase between postmenopausal women group and control group also the current study showed that lhe serum calcium and phosphorus declines with age with in postmenopausal women group. while the mean value of alkaline phosphatase activity showed a significant increase with increasing age in postrnenopausal women group.

Background: hydatid cyst remains an important public health problem in endemic area. The liver is the organ most frequently infested by hyclatid disease and medical therapy alone is ineffective in eliminating the parasite. The surgical treatment technique for liver hydatid cyst can not be standardized, and the surgical technique should be tailored according co the extent of the cyst and any adjunct complications of hydatid disease. Objectives of the surgical intervention is evacuation ·and obliteration of the cystic caviry. Recurrent hydatid cyst is defined as a new growth of an echinococcal cyst after complete surgical removal of the primary one and irrespective to the surgical technique. Material and methods: A prospective study was including (90) patients who were surgically treated for hepatic hydatid cysts, during the period March 2005 to October 2009 in Baghdad and Tiksit Teaching Hospital. 49 patients (54%) were female and the remaining 41 patients (46%) were male. This gives female: males ratio of l.2: I. The surgical procedures were performed for all patients were endocystectomy ± omentoplasty or open peritoneal drainage or capitonnage; that\'s compared with regard of early and late postoperative complications and hydatid disease recurrence. The follow up was made in early and late postoperative period by abclom inal ultrasound up to 2 years (6 montbly intervals). Conclusion: abdominal ultrasound is useful easy tech.nique in postoperative fo[low-up. Bndocystectomy +Omentoplasty procedure had not comp I icated by recurrence. Prevention and control remain the best weapons lo eliminate hydati.dosis.

Rapid and selective free radical monochlorination of the (la-d) substituted -4-methyl coumarines was achieved using sodium hypochlorite under microwave conditions to synthesize substituted-4-chloromethyl coumarines(2a-d)of anticipated antifungal activity,while irradiation using the assistance of IR lamp was failed to chlorinate these derivatives. The advantages of Microwave irradiation provide shorter reaction times, and higher yields . The structures of these compounds were confirmed by IR&uv Spectrophotometei.

Oral contraceptive steroids are used by an estimated 60 to 70 million women worldwide. Over the past 20 years there have been both case repofts and clinical studies on the topic of drug interactions with these agents. The use of oral contraceptives has been consistently associated with decreased levels of the activity of many enzymeq and Vitamin C. The main transporler of copper, u2-globulin ceruloplasmin which is a multifunctional enzyme. The present study was conducted in Family pianning in Tikrit Teaching Hospital in Tikrit province, Serum ceruloplasmin, copper, vitamin c, and iron levels were estimated in 40 women who were using oral contraceptives for at least 1 year and 40 women who were using copper T(lntrauterine contraceptive device). The mean age of women was (33.08 years).For1y non- contraceptive users participated in the study as a control group. They were drawn from the same population and matched for age with the contraceptive-users group. The serum level of ceruloplasmin (Cp) as antioxidant protein was significantly higher in women were using oral contraceptive than control group (60+0.16 mg/dl vs. 36.5+0.96 mg/dl, P<0.05) while the difference between the serum (Cp) in control and women uiing copper T is statically non significant P<0.05, also mean of serum copper in women were using contraceptive (18+0.612 pM/L) is significantly higher (P<0.01) than the mean of control (11.2+0.474 pMiL), while the difference between the serum copper in control and women r-rsing copper T is statically non significant(p<0.01). On ine other hand the serum vitamin C values in women using oral contraceptives and copper T(5.57+0.02 , 6+0.031 pM/L respectively) were significantly lower than conirol group(10.73+ 0.09 pM/L, P<0.05.

Oral contraceptive steroids are used by an estimated 60 to 70 million women world­wide. Over the past 20 years there have been both case reports and clinical studies on the topic of drug interactions with these agents. The use of oral contraceptives has been consistently associated with decreased levels of the activity of many enzymes, and Vitamin C. The main transpo1ter of copper, a2-globulin ceruloplasmin which is a multifunctional enzyme. The present study was conducted in Family planqing in Tikril Teaching r Iospital in Tikrit province, Serum ceruloplasmin, copper, vitamin C, and iron levels were estimated in 40 women who were using oral contraceptives for at least I year and 40 women who were using copper T(Intrauterine contraceptive device). The mean age of women was (33.08 years).Forty non- contraceptive users participated in the study as a control group. They were drawn from the same population and matched for age with the contraceptive-users group. The serum level of ceruloplasmin (Cp) as antioxidant protein was significantly higher in women were using oral contraceptive than control group (60±0.16 mg/ell vs. 36.5±0.96 mg/dl, P<0.05) while the