Journal of Techniques

Acne swabs from the faces of school students with an average age from 13-17 years
old ,the samples were taken from 263 students and then 60 student (30 males and 30
females) , the study refers to 148 microbial isolates were isolates(83 isolates from males
and 65 isolates from females), The microbial genus that isolated from these specimens in
male were recorded from highest frequencies as follow : Candida , Staphylococcus
,Klebsiella , Pseudomonas ,while in female ,the microbial genus were more than in male
and recorded from the highest one as : Candida, Staphylococcus , Bacillus ,Klebsiella
and Pseudomonas . The reason of the difference between both sex in number and kind of
microbes may be according to this period of age where the effects of hormones
exchanges begin .The increase of microbial species in female may be return to the using
of cosmetic that contain waxy materials that increase the microbial infections

The present article estimates the presence and the count of Escherichia coli as
pollution indicator in the Tigris river at the city of Al –Numanyia, for this purpose 60
water samples had been collected at different distances from the edge of the river (20
samples monthly intervals within the summer months).
From results of research. That the Tigris river in Al -Numanyia city was highly
contaminated with E. coli.
The percentage of contamination are 100% the viable count of bacteria in
samples are as 960 × 10 cell/ 100 ml. in June month ,in July 1100 × 10 cell / 100ml. then
, in August 1300 × 10 cell / 100 ml. which is the high percentage of bacterial
contamination .

In this research, we made a descriptive study for the types of lenses, the number of
users for contact lenses and comparison between contact lenses and traditional eye
glasses to see the impact of lens type, problems of the eye, and duration of daily use. In
addition, the monthly consumption of the lens type.
The research included a sample of 50 female (students at Medical Institute of
Technology/ Baghdad for 1st, 2nd years of 2009-2010), the information was collected in
a personal interview using the questionnaire which consist of: demographic
specifications for female students who uses the contact lenses, their knowledge and
attitudes about the problems of using contact lenses. As well as, the level of knowledge,
the problems that lead to infection.

The bond strength of metal-resin interface of a prosthesis is a key factor in
determining the serviceability of that prosthesis. The main objective of this study was to
determine the effect of different surface treatments on the shear bond strength of Ni-Cr
alloy and heat cured acrylic veneer resin by using two method cycles (water bath and
Ivomat curing).

The aim of this study was to find out the possible association between insulin
autoantibodies (IAAs) level in diabetic patients and the degree of relativeness in the family
history of diabetes mellitus. Two groups samples were included in the study; the first was
one hundred and one diabetic persons (type 1 and 2 diabetes mellitus) representing the
patients group, and thirty five healthy persons representing the control group. The
patients’ group was further divided into four subgroups according to the degree of diabetic
relatives in the family history, twenty three of first degree diabetic relatives (22.7%), twenty
four of second degree of diabetic relatives (23.7%), eighteen of first and second degree
diabetic relatives (17.8%), and thirty six of no degree diabetic relatives (35.6%) of the
family history of the disease. Insulin autoantibodies were measured in all patients’
subgroups by immuno radio metric assay (IRMA) technique. Data analysis showed an
association between the degree of diabetic relatives of family history and the IAAs mean
level in all patients’ subgroups; in comparison with the control group with a statistically
significant difference. This result might conclude that IAAs level in diabetic patients is
possibly associated with the degree of diabetic relatives within the family history

Sixty six patients as a sample of an Iraqi people were selected from cities in east of
Baghdad, the male patients were (36) , while the females were (30) patients , they forming
54.5% and 45.5% respectively from the total examined patients with different oral
pathological manifestations , their ages ranged between (25 – 60) years during one year
period . The patients with oral pathological manifestations were selected in a way that all of
them suffered from one on more systemic diseases which were diagnosed by hospitals ,
private clinics and medical centers , these systemic diseases were confirmed by medical
reports .

The aim of this study is to find the effect of oral contraceptive pills(OCPs) on some
biochemical parameters of the blood serum and histopathological changes in the testis and
liver of the male mice.Eighteen adult male mice were divided randomly into edual three
groups ; group I OCPs- untreated as control ,group II OCPs-treated with 0.00258g/kg daily
for 15 days for biochemical study and group III OCPs- treated with 0.00258g/kg daily for
30 days for biochemical &histological study. The results showed that the oral contaceptive
pills had caused significant increase (P<0.05 ) in GOT ,ALP enzymes and total cholesterol
and significant decrease (P<0.05 ) in GPT enzyme , whereas total protein was not
significanly changed. Histopathological changes were observed on testis as damage and
destruction of seminal epithelial layer and redction of spermatogenesis, histolysis of
interstitial tissue and damage in Leydig cells. Other histopathological changes were noticed
in the liver including damage, hypertrophy in some cells and hyperplasia in different
positions of other cells compared to control.

Iraq is an endemic area with Salmonella, hence most population are with high
Salmonella-specific antibody titer due to their continuous exposure to this bacterium.
This study was conducted from June 2010 to May 2011 on outpatients in public
hospitals in Baghdad city to evaluate Widal test as a diagnostic kit for enteric fever using
serum of 200 febrile patients at ages from 9 to 66 of both sexes. The overall seroprevalence
of anti-O for Salmonella typhi was 56% (35% for females and 21% for males). Out of this
rate, 3% were with only anti-O for S typhi, 9% were with anti-O and anti-H for S typhi,
27% were with anti-O (with or without anti-H) for S typhi plus anti-H for S paratyphi A or
B, and 17 % were with anti-O (with or without anti-H) for S typhi plus anti-O (with or
without anti-H) for S paratyphi A or B. The frequency of anti-O for S paratyphi was 1% for
group A only, 24% for group B only and 1% for both A + B. For the old infections that
were presented with only anti-H antibodies, the seroprevalence rate was 3% for S typhi
only, and from 1-4% for other types of Salmonella or mixed infections. Concerning the
seasonal variations, the highest rate of seroprevalence (40%) was in spring season and the
lowest one (10%) was in winter season. In conclusion, using one sample Widal serology
with a cut-off positive value of 160 and more is a valuable test for the diagnosis of enteric
fever in highly endemic areas as the city of Baghdad. Worth to mention that most cases
with confirmed enteric cases results (using one sample Widal serology) were of mixed
origin of infection with S typhi and S paratyphi serotypes.

Toxoplasmosis is a zoonotic disease of human and animal, caused by the opportunistic
protozoan Toxoplasma gondii. The present study was performed in Kamal AL-Samaraee
Hospital, in Baghdad city during the period from the first of October 2011 till the end of
January 2012. In this cross sectional study, ELISA technique was used for the detection of
IgM and IgG in 110 infertile men aged from 25 to 59 years. Out of the total number of
infertile men, the results showed that 46 (41.81%) were positive for toxoplasmosis, with a
higher frequency in the age group (35-39) years. Among those seropositive results, there
were 43cases (93.47%) with decreased level of testosterone, 26 cases (56.52%) with
abnormal sperms morphology, 31cases (67.39%) with decreased sperm count and 34 cases
(73.91%) with abnormal sperm motility.

One of the most important complications during pregnancy is hypertension which is
responsible for a widespread range of harms in mothers and fetuses. The aims of this study
were to identify risk factors that were related to hypertension in pregnant women and
compare that with control sample.A case control study was conducted in Al- Washash &
Bab-Almoadham primary health centers. A total of 300 pregnant women were studied, 100
pregnant women with hypertensive and 200 pregnant women without hypertensive The
data was collected by self recording of a previously designed questionnaire to obtain sociodemographic
information and the sampling was (non probability convenient) . About 55%
of the pregnant women was in age group (20-29) and lowest percentage in the age group
(40-49) years. The illiteracy rate was higher among the pregnant women with hypertension
(5% and about 3.5%) compared to control . The housewives rate was higher among the
pregnant women with hypertension 88%. Family history of hypertension was higher among
pregnant with hypertension and about 66%. Conclusion show that the factors that might
be related to hypertension in pregnancy were (early reproductive age, housewife, family
history of hypertension, multiparity, history of abortion, short birth intervals, smoking, and
moderate of exercise).

Glomerulonephritis is the commonest cause of end-stage renal failure, all types of rapidly
progressive glomerulonephritis (RPGN) are characterized by glomeruluar injury and the
formation of crescents, anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies( ANCA), interleukin-18 (IL-18)
and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) plays a damging role in crescent glomerulonephritis.
This study was conducted to evaluate the diagnostic value of ANCA measurement, the serum
levels of two cytokines( IL-18,TNF-α) and the realtionship between them in RPGN disease.
The mean serum level of IL-18 and TNF-α showed significant increased level in patients with
RPGN disease as compared to healthy controls, as well as, the same cytokines showed
significantly increased levels in perinuclear anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies (p-ANCA)
positive serum in rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis (RPGN) patients as compared to
ANCA –negative serum in RPGN patients, these results indicate a functional role of IL-18 and
TNF in ANCA-mediated neutrophil activation by the interdependence of IL-18 and TNF
priming for ANCA responses.

World Health Organization defines preterm birth as a gestational age at birth of less
than 37 completed gestational weeks. Preterm birth is recognized as a major public health
problem by both clinicians and researchers because it is the leading cause of infant
mortality.
The aim of the present study is to determine factors, which cause or associate with
the development of preterm birth and permit identifying pregnant women who are at high
risk in the development of preterm birth.
A case-control study design to compare 209 preterm birth women with 418 controls
selected according to the method of unpaired sampling from Al-Elwaya pediatric hospital
and central child teaching hospital in Baghdad during (1st June to 30th Septembers 2011).
High-risk association was observed between preterm birth and pregnancy at older
age groups 40-49 years, while lowest – risk at young age 20-29 years. The illiteracy rate was
higher among this study (25.8% and about13.9% compared to control. Several significant
risk associations between preterm birth and the following risk factors were identified:
hypertension (OR=8.7), diabetes mellitus (OR=7.03), urinary tract infection (OR = 11.60)
and <1 visit of primary health care (OR = 2.5).
Conclusion show that the factors that might be related to preterm birth was
(occupation, parity, birth space interval and twin delivery).
Key words: Preterm birth, birth space interval, control, abortion, BMI

Type 1 diabetes mellitus is a chronic autoimmune disease associated with selective
destruction of insulin-producing pancreatic β-cells. The prevalence of celiac disease in
patients with T1DM is approximately 20 fold that in the general population, ranging
between 2%-6%. One hundred patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus and fifty apparently
healthy volunteers were screened for celiac disease using the IgA, IgG anti-gliadin, antitissue
transglutaminase and total serum IgA. The mean level of C-peptide among diabetic
patients in comparison with healthy control which was (0. 901±0.088 ng/ ml) vs.
(0.691±0.120ng/ml) (P< 0.0001). Anti-gliadin positivity in the current study showed (30%)
for diabetic cases with non significant difference. Frequency of anti- tissue
tranasglutaminase antibody positivity for diabetic patient's sera was (35%) while the
control groups was 0.0% for healthy cases. It is clear that the concentration of IL-6 was
highly elevated in the sera of diabetic patients with positive anti-tissue transglutaminase in
comparison with diabetic patients without anti-tissue transglutaminase with significant
differences (P<0.001). Additionally, there is non significant differences in the concentration
of IgA in the sera of diabetic patients in comparison with healthy group. On the other
hand, there was a highly significant finding between (AGA and Anti-tTG),( AGA and IgA)
that were detected among diabetes patients (P<0.001).

The aim of this study is to identify the impact of training program application on
nurse- midwife practice concerning preparation of women to the labor .
A quasi-experimental design conducted on non-probability (purposive) sample of (52)
nurse- midwives was selected during period from 3th August to 10th November 2011.. The
study is conducted in four hospitals of Ministry of Health (Baghdad health directorate in
Al-Karhk and Al-Risafa) sector. The questionnaire form was designed and contained (3)
parts which included demographic data, knowledge concerning practice during mother
preparation for labor, practice checklist. Content validity and reliability of the
questionnaire determined through a panel of experts, a pilot study, descriptive and
inferential statistics are used to analyze the data.
Results of the study showed that the highest percentage (44.2%) were in age group of
30-39 years, midwifery school graduate , and 42.3% of them had 1-10 years of work
experience in midwifery .There were low and moderate means in most items related to the
knowledge and practices of nurse-midwives regarding prepare the women to labor in pretest
and assessed as (partial) ,while there were high mean scores in all items, and assessed
Pass in posttest after the implementation of the instructional program with high statistical
significant .