Journal of Techniques

This study has been done by solid state nuclear track detectors used for measuring
Radon concentration levels and the annual effective dose carried out in (18) houses in
some regions in ( Sahel- Nenawa ) during winter season 2011 . Long term measurement
of indoor radon concentration have been taken , using a previously calibrated passive
diffusion dosimeters . The measurement of indoor radon concentration obtained in
winter for living rooms ranged between 40 Bq. & 59.6 Bq. with an average
value of 46.9 Bq. while in the bedrooms ranged between 50 Bq. to
72.3Bq. with an average value of 61.1Bq. . The average value for all regions is
53.5 Bq. .Also the annual effective dose ranged between 1.14mSv to
1.66mSv with an average of 1.35 mSv . The data shows that the average value of
Radon concentration in bedrooms higher than of living rooms

In this paper, Non–Darcian steady flow two-dimensional natural convective heat
transfer in an rectangular and square porous cavities with two parallel walls kept at
constant different temperatures, while the other two parallel walls were well insulated,
had been studied numerically. The governing equations had been solved using finite
difference method with Gauss-Seidel iteration. Results have been obtained for a
modified Rayleigh number of the range of (100 – 1000), enclosure aspect ratio of (0.5 –
3.0), and Darcy number( 6 4 ) 10 10− − − . The results showed (Multicellular Flow) when the
aspect ratio less than one and disappeared this flow when the aspect ratio A ≥1. The rate
of heat transfer was increase when the (aspect ratio and modified Rayleigh number)
increased and Darcy number decreased, except when the boundary layer flow was
encountered, also for any constants modified Rayleigh number and Darcy number the
maximum Nusselt number was obtained at one aspect ratio . As certain value Darcy
number, any increase in the aspect ratio will lead to appearance of boundary layer flow
at low modified Rayleigh number. The increase in Darcy number enhances the
boundary layer thickness. The effect of Darcy number became more significant at
(Da=10-4), also the effect of the Darcy number decreases when increase the aspect ratio.
The Nusselt number was found a strong function of modified Rayleigh numberand
aspect ratio.

This study comprises an experimental program to cast and test twelve reinforced
concrete beams, of three different mix proportions, to know the effect of accelerated
corrosion of bottom tension steel using electric corrosion cell on the bending behavior
and ultimate capacity of the beams with variable corrosion degree and mix proportions.
Corrosion degree (simple, moderate, and heavy) is assessed depending on theoretical
weight loss of steel section using Faraday's Law through the period were the specimens
leaved in corrosion cell. Crack pattern due to corrosion was the same for all beams and
did not give an indication for the loss and variation in ultimate capacities, and these
cracks developed in direction perpendicular to longitudinal reinforcement in
approximately beam mid-span in a mean steel section loss by 3.1%. In spite of the high
steel corrosion degree and the noticeable spalling of cover concrete, but the maximum
crack width due to corrosion was less than 1 mm. Corrosion process caused decrease in
ultimate capacities and mid-span deflections proportioned to corrosion degree, and the
maximum loss in ultimate bending capacity was by 36% for beam R2D, and the
maximum loss in mid-span deflection was by 54% for beam R1D. Concrete strain
readings through beam depth also showed noticeable corrosion effect in increasing these
strains and cracks, specially in tension zone.

In this research an experimental study has been carried out to investigate the
enhancement of Taza´s soil (15 km south Kirkuk) by using additives. The soil samples
were taken from Taza (3m underground surface), which is classified as well graded
clayey sandy soil SW-SC according to unified classification, the maximum dry density
(γdmax) was found before and after adding (cement, lime and glass trash) alone
together with different ratios, the γdmax was found after 28 days. and
From the results it was found that the γdmax can be increased by about (5.5%,
12.7%, 8.5% and 11.8%) by adding cement, lime, glass trash and cement with glass
trash together, respectively. So the compaction process reduced in road constructing
and the work is done in less time, also using the glass trash helps to clean the
environment and the city from this type of rubbish.

In this research we have defined the whole effects and parameters that effect on
evaluation of Iraqi system frequency and then they take standard values like network
parameters,distant relay ones, evaluation of stored energy and speed drop
characteristics…etc. In case of frequency drop than distant relays worked at it then the
mechanical ability to compensate deficiency in power for which this drop happened
works to increase frequency in the following cases:
1- Any load shedding in case of distant relay respond for this deficiency.
2- No load shedding for any part of system load.
Then the frequency of system increased its value to compensate the worked generator
units with instantaneous stored energy stored which would work in this case as additive
from stored energy then this will change the values of parameters and effects which have
been fixed before frequency value reduction and this affect the value of frequency to
reach value of frequency before power disturbance.
This conclude that there would be a computer model for electrical Iraqi system that
worked with standard and instantaneous values of generation units operations and this
model here is for studying in this research (that nobody in past get in this field ).This
model works according to mathematical equations for parameters and effects of this
network .That mean that no treatment exist before in this field and this depend on the
base of parameters values stability of network and variations effect of other generator
units parameters since the sudden stoppage of any sudden generator unit(s). At end of
this research, a mechanical work of this model as a computer model has been
represented as a compact computer system (derived by us) with cooperation of iraqi
national electrical center (control engineers and operators).

The subject of water pollution became the most topics that attracts researchers to study and
identify this danger and introduce the appropriate solutions for water with direct human use,
therefore, this study tended to assess the quality of drinking water of Abu- Khamis village
groundwater wells and determine its validity for human use, where it was laboratory analysis
during the period (12/2010) to (2/2012).
This investigation has included the estimation of inorganic elements concentrations by standard
analysis methods, which was divided into two groups of elements, the first group includes
inorganic metals, which have a direct impact on taste and household uses, which include
calcium, magnesium, sulfate, chloride, sodium, potassium, turbidity, total hardness, total
dissolved salts, electrical conductivity and pH.
The second group includes inorganic and heavy elements that have a direct impact on public
health and include iron, copper, cadmium, nitrates, lead and nickel.
This study found that the drinking water indicated a direction of the baseline. Turbidity values
did not record any significant increase during the period of testing, and this is the same for the
case of magsium, calcium, chloride, sodium and potassium because they were all within the
permissible international limits.
In the opposite direction, total hardness, total dissolved salts, electrical conductivity and sulfides
recorded high levels of concentrations for most of months upper than accepted limits. The tested
water can be classified as Brackish water after the calibration with (Todd) test.
The second set of tests involved heavy elements, where, it was found that the concentrations of
iron, copper and nitrate were within the specifications, while, there is an altering increase in the
concentrations of cadmium with average readings (0.047 ppm), and (100%) increasing than the
specific limit, and this was caused by several reasons such as the candidacy of cadmium from
chemical fertilizers and as a result of corrosion made in the interior of pipes.
Concerning lead, most of its concentrations were within permissible limit, but there were some
of anomalous readings, which were accompanied by a rise in total hardness.
Finally, most of nickel readings were ranged below permissible limit, except two readings
recorded in summer, and that is attributed to increasing in temperature and rate of corrosion in
the carrier pipes, and this is confirmed by the statistical analysis with positive significant
correlation factor between them.

water quality index(WQI) in a simplified concept is a way for combining the
complex water quality data into a single value or single statement . The present
work is a trial to evaluate and classify the water quality of Al- Husseinieh River /
Karbala Governorate -Iraq for irrigation purpose, by using the model of Irrigation
water quality index (IWQI) developed in Brazil by Meireles et. al. (2010), this index can
be reflects soil salinity, sodicity risks, water toxicity to plants and miscellaneous impacts
on sensitive salts crops. Seventy two water samples were collected from three stations :(
1-Um Al- Hammam, 2-Asalamih and 3-Bab–Baghdad) on Al- Husseinieh river from
(January) until (December), 2011. These samples were analyzed for six parameters
which were (EC), (Ca+2), (Mg+2), (Na+1), (HCO3-1) and (Cl-1). The results showed that
the values of ( IWQI) ranged from(70.04) to( 83.63) and all stations fall within the 2nd
category ‘‘low restriction’’, That means the river water quality is suited to irrigated
soils with light texture . And Since the the nature of soil in irrigated lands on both sides
of the river is clay loam (heavy texture) so the problem of soil sodicity may occurs. The
researcher also recommends farmers to avoid grow salts sensitive plants to increase
agricultural productivity in the study area.

The objective of this research is to find of the optimal location and sizes of
capacitors which can be added to reduce the power losses and keep the system voltage
(within its limited value).
In this research, artificial neural network (ANN) a feed forward employing backpropagation
for training algorithm. This Approach was used to find the optimal values
of these capacitors that can be added in different location.
A sensitive analysis with different load level is also employed to select the optimal
locations and values of these capacitors that can be distributed in this system . Neural
network and sensitivity factor are used to select the best location and size of capacitors
added to the redial distribution feeder with different load level(heavy, medium, light
load levels respectively). This sensitivity factor method with six candidate locations is
selected for placing capacitors in the system. The results were monitored the proposed
algorithm that has been implemented in technical Visual Basic V.6 software.

Battery level monitor and fault protector is a system designed to be controlled
from the panel. In the panel there are many circuits to obtain the level of charging
voltage and display. It as indication of appearance. Another circuit is used for shutting
down the load when the battery level drops to a specified level that assigned by the user
to protect the battery from the damage. The aim of this project is design a completely
system, controlled manually or automatically for management of any battery, package
as backup supply and to get the following aims;
- Charging the battery safely without causing over-charging.
- Monitoring the percentage level of battery and display it in the device panel.
- Shutting down the loads in any selected level to protect the battery upon deep
discharging to any fault.

This paper introduces a design of a low pass finite impulse response digital filter using
field programmable gate arrays (FPGAs). A fully parallel distributed arithmetic FIR
filter was used to attain speed/ area optimization. . A dual port (4096 x 32) RAM is
designed to store the filter output samples. The different modules (elements) composing
the system are assembled hierarchically to obtain a hierarchical structure design. Fixed
point numbers format is used to avoid data width inflation due to successive
multiplication and addition operations. Xilinx integrated software environment
(ISE10.1 software) was utilized to develop the VHDL modules. The design could be
applied on Xilinx Spartan3E or Vertix family. The system is tested using ISE simulator.
The results obtained are compared with the results achieved by simulating the filter on
DSP block set of Mat lab 7.2 version software.

radiation and their effect on reference crop evapotranspiration in Mosul area . The
climatological data are presented for average 30 years 1971-2000 of Mosul station ,
which include monthly average maximum and minimum temperatures , mean relative
humidity, wind speed , sunshine hours, and measured incoming solar radiation . These
data are used to calculate monthly solar radiation by Angstrom and Hargreaves
equations and reference evapotranspiration ETo by Penman-Monteith equation. The
results of estimated monthly solar radiation are listed , plotted and compared with
measured solar radiation . The coefficient of determination (R2) and the Root Mean
Square Error (RMSE) are calculated . The values of R2 and RMSE are 0.998 and 3.6
MJ m-2 day-1 for Angstrom method and are 0.996 and 4.2 MJ m-2 day-1 for Hargreaves
method . The results showed that the method of estimate of solar radiation by the
Angstrom formula gave the highest R2 and smallest RMSE and , therefore it is the best
way to calculate the solar radiation . But in case of absence measured solar radiation in
calculation ETo led to overestimated by 9% for Angstrom and 11% for Hargreaves .
The two linear regression equations are used to calibrate the coefficients of Angstrom
and Hargreaves methods to Mosul area . The average ETo was 3.39 mm day-1 for
measured solar radiation .

This research deals with the study of the three-dimensional heat transfer and
air flow for enclosed space air conditioning with cold ceiling shower. Numerical
modeling has been used to analyze the effect of ceiling air conditioning on temperature
and air velocity distribution . The analyses showed the influence of these factors on the
air circulation and the related temperature distributions through enclosed space. The
modeling and simulation of a space with using standard k-ω turbulence model for
modeling air flow velocities and indoor temperatures with its gradients are analyzed. It
is shown that it is possible to save good flow distributions, at the same time maintaining
the conditions of thermal comfort in the room which is the main goal. This work
indicated that the best penetration of cold flow is for the plane passes through the center
of the ceiling duct in which the penetration area for this case covers a very wide range in
room these planes are modeled using specialized computational fluid dynamics (CFD)
software ANSYS /FLUENT 13.

The research presents the results of actual measurement on which calibrated
horizontal distance measure previously were evaluated as to their applicability to real
value clustering. When using various techniques to which implemented two techniques,
first is traditional technique such as pacing ,tapping, tachometric survey, total station ,
global positioning system.(GPS) and the second is graphical technique such as aerial
photograph and satellite image, software Google earth programmer image, global
mapper and GIS (geographic information system) programming , (ARCMAP,
ARCINFO), and this evaluation study was done to determine the accuracy in measuring
for each techniques several times forward & backward and compute standard divisions
by using (MATLAB) programming . The researcher select the method of measuring
horizontal distance with steel tape and do all the correction is the optimal method.

Aggregate Production Planning (APP) is intermediate-range production
planning usually covering 3 to 18 months. In this paper, mixing (proactive and reactive)
aggregate production planning strategy for Pepsi-cola products (family package)
produced in baghdad company for soft drink for three periods. Objective linear
transportation network is used to minimize total production cost also minimize
inventory and work-hour cost that represents two resource used in APP. WinQsb
software is used to determine optimal solution to APP problem in this company.
Keywords: Aggregate Production Planning (APP), APP strategy, objective linear
programming, mixing aggregate production planning

This paper basically deals with the Barker codes used in spread spectrum
communication system, Barker codes are short unique codes that exhibit very good
autocorrelation properties. These short codes of length 11 and 13 bits are very well
suited for direct sequence spread spectrum (DSSS) applications and pulse compression
radar system ,Barker codes have many advantages over other pseudo-Noise (PN)codes.
These codes satisfy the balance property and the run property of the PN codes,
therefore in this paper all Barker codes from length 2 to length 13 has been generated
practically by using microcontroller PIC16F84A as codes generator.
In this paper found that the method based on microcontroller to generate Barker
codes are better than the traditional method which uses several digital integrated
circuits (ICs).
This method was low cost, easy construction, less complex, fast generation and
very efficient when we need to change the code we do not need to change the hardware
or add other components to design but we need to change the software only , in this
paper seven programs are written and store in the memory (Flash RAM) of
microcontroller, each program responsible for generation one length of Barker codes
which select easy by clicking on switches ,each switch responsible for generation one
length of Barker code.

This paper presents a development of down conversion technique using
polyphase decimation filter to work with GSM and WCDMA systems. The embedded
FPGAs offer a very attractive solution that balance high flexibility, time-to-market, cost
and performance. So this paper focuses on efficient design and implementation of digital
down convertor for software radios on an FPGA target device. The implementation
results shows an important utilization in LUPs and Slices in accordance with FPGA
area and low power consumption compared with conventional design

The structures of wake behind a square cylinder with cutoff corner in a laminar
channel flow is studied numerically. The pressure coefficient and Nusselt number were
studied for Reynolds number ranging from (500 to 1500). The governing equations are
solved by using finite volume method (FVM) adapted to the staggered grid. The
SIMPLE algorithm is used for the velocity-pressure coupling. Effect of direction of
corner cutting ( in front of side, rear side and two sides ), dimensions of cutting and
Reynolds number on pressure drop and heat transfer were studied. The results show
that the pressure drop for square cylinder with corner cutoffs for in front of and two
sides decreased when compared with that for square and rear side cases cylinders by
(8% - 17%). Also heat transfer increased around square cylinder with cutoffs corner for
in front of and two sides when compared with square and rear side cases cylinders by
(10% - 20% ), also the wake area of square cylinder with cutoff corner decreases
comparing with that of square cylinder.

The present work comprises the low cycle fatigue testing for three types of
polymer materials, high density polyethelen (HDPE), polyproplene (PP) and polymethyl
methacrylate (PMMA). The LCF tests carried out using standard specimens of
cantilever beam type. The results confirmed that the behavior of the strain life of
polymers is similar to behavior of the strain life of metals (ductile). The HDPE and PP
recordedthevalues of fatigue strength exponent (b) and the fatigue ductility exponent (c)
within the general limitation of the ductile metals. The results confirmed the number of
transition cycle (NT) are most convergence between the HDPE and PP whereas noted,
there is large difference between these materials with PMMA , and the plastic strain of
PMMA are zero ,this mean that the material is not ductility.polymethyl methacrylate
polymer exhibits sensitivity to external stress concentration in terms of reduction of
total strain amplitude with lower value of the notch radius.

This research depends on the comparing the development between digital map
and hard copy map for the same region after passing period of time.
The work was done with a high accuracy corrected satellite photo taken (Quick Bird)
with (0. 6 m) resolution for 2003, and also used hard copy map for the same city (Mosul
city ) for 2000 which lie between ْ 44 longitude and ْ 36 latitude . And in this research will
update hard copy map from satellite image and then find the new features such as
buildings, roads,…….etc .That is happened on this area after the period of time and
finally compare between hard copy map and digital map, by knowing the changes.

In many cases, ideal working conditions were depended in finding pressure distribution profile between journal and bearing and then specifying a suitable lubricant, but the actual circumstance contains impurities such as atmospheric dust which is affect journal bearing life time and performance.
In Iraq, through last years, the quantity of accumulated atmospheric dust becomes relatively so much, so dust particles will settle in lubricant which causes disturb flow of the lubricant in the gap between journal and bearing, so that will deform pressure distribution profile. In this research for journal bearing system of dimensions ( )two pressure profiles were obtained, one by using standard lubricant (VG32) and the other by using the same lubricant but with long time duration of accumulation of dust, and keeping other parameters (like Temperature, Load, Revolution per minutes, etc.) constant for the two cases, finally comparing the obtained results by showing the difference in pressure distribution profiles.

two cracks under concentric vertical load. The case which was studied is for columns
fixed at one end and free at the other. The equation includes a set of sine –cosine
functions but the main variables are buckling load parameter, depth of crack and
positions of cracks. The main source of derivation is the elastic buckling theory using a
transfer matrix method by representing cracks by a massless rotational springs. The
governed equation was solved by a visual basic program and trial and error method to
reach the most accurate result. The equation is checked for perfect columns to see its
validity and it gave hundred percent comparison. The results show that the buckling
load is reduced generally by different ratios depending on the position of the cracks and
their depths. The effect of the crack depth ratio is severely affecting the buckling load
especially between (0.15-0.20) ratios. The effect of position of cracks is also studied and
it is found that the maximum decrease in buckling load was at position ratios β1 and β2
equal to 0.9 and 1.0 respectively. .

Ultra-Wideband (UWB) system has been popularized as a technology for short-range,
high data rate communication. Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing OFDM
approach for UWB provides unique advantages in short high data rate wireless
applications in case of reducing the effect of multipath. This paper studies the Framelet
based Ultra-Wideband (UWB) System. In Framelet based UWB, Framelet transform is
used for multicarrier modulation in OFDM instead of the conventional fast Fourier
transform. For the Framelet based system, due to the elimination of the cyclic prefix, an
effective time domain equalizer must be used in order to reduce the effect of Inter-
Symbol Interference (ISI). On the other hand, with the use of MMSE equalizer,
Framelet-UWB system shows better performance than FFT-UWB with the same type of
equalizer. Finally, spreading codes are used with the proposed system for multiple
access of the channel by different users as similar to multicarrier-CDMA. The
simulation was carried using MATLAB software package.
Index Terms: UWB, OFDM, FFT, Wavelet, Framelet, MMSE Equalizer, CDMA.

This paper aims to study the effect of inhibitor addition to sea water on corrosion rates
of St 1020 according to AISI . Many corrosion specimens were papered from the metal
of dimensions of (15*15*3) mm according to ASTM G71-31 then Optical microscopy
was used to observe the microstructure
Corrosion tests were investigated by electrochemical potential state cell in 3.5% NaCl
salt water (sea water) where the test specimen represents the positive electrode (anode)
pole while tungsten electrode represents the cathode, the voltage was determined by
open circuit and compared with the positional of metal in the electrochemical series then
voltage was increased ±100 mv, at each 10mv. then record the current causes the change
of voltage which will called the corrosion current then calculating corrosion rate by
using Tafel equation.
The inhibitors Sodium Nitrate (NaNo2) and Sodium molybdate in the concentration of
5% in addition to a synergistic inhibition of the both inhibitors in equal percentage of
2.5% for each one were added to the prepared sea water to show the effect of these
inhibitors on corrosion behavior, and then corrosion rate calculated using Tafle
equation.
Results show that all the used inhibitors have contributed to reduce the corrosion rate
while using the synergistic (blend) inhibitors gives the best results; this is due to the
synergistic action of these inhibitors in reducing the anodic and catholic activities thus
promoting a continuous and protective film on the alloy from corrosion.