Al-Qadisiyah Journal For Humanities Sciences

The research revealed a spatial analysis of the agricultural land uses for summer vegetable crops
in Wasit Governorate for the agricultural season (2017-2018) as well as a spatial variation in the
cultivation of those crops between one administrative unit and another, and the research reached
several conclusions from them, there are ten crops grown (watermelon, grape, Okra, tomatoes,
eggplant, cowpea, cucumbers, trees, peppers, potatoes) with an area of (24252) dunums of the total
area of vegetables amounting to (27561) dunums from Wasit Governorate, and with a production
amount of (68269) tons annually, but the most important The proposals recommended by focusing
on cultivating good varieties of crop seeds to increase production quantities in line with the increase
in the population and the need to protect the local product from external competition to ensure its
cultivation and provide agricultural support from fertilizers, pesticides and seeds of good varieties
at prices supported by the agricultural sector.

In this study, the use of the modeling software GPS-X 6.1 specialized in the design of
sewage treatment units. To remove the phosphorus and nitrogen from the treated
wastewater and make it identical to the Iraqi standards for the purpose of recycling and
use in agriculture in the district of Al-Rumaitha in Al-Muthanna province in southern
Iraq. The effect of changing the temperature during one year on the quality of the water
produced, and its effect on the efficiency of the treatment plant in the removal of
phosphorus and nitrogen was studied. Results show that a series of conditions of
anaerobic, oxygen-oxygenated and aerobic reactors help to efficiently remove biological
nutrients. Concentrations of phosphorus compounds, nitrogen compounds, COD, BOD,
and TSS were less than permissible environmental determinants. Except for the release of
phosphorus compounds during the summer (July and August) due to the sensitivity of
phosphorus-containing organisms to the effect of temperature. The increased
concentrations of phosphorus produced in summer were processed by adding chemicals
dosing (Al2(SO4)3 or iron) in various stages of the wastewater treatment plant and
required dosage o - f alum in the range of 0.4-0.8 kgAl / kg P influent, depending on the
dosage strategy.

The spring and autumn seasons witness a spatial and temporal variation in recording the
normal temperatures in Iraq as a result of the variation of the degree of angle of sunlight fall as a
result of the apparent sun’s movement. This temporal variation has witnessed a noticeable change
due to local climate factors and controls specific to each climatic station. This variation contributed
to a change in The trend of monthly and quarterly rates during the study period. The study
concluded that there is a positive and negative change at the level of the most famous transitional
classes, as well as at the level of the transitional classes and in all stations of the study area.

Arab societies are experiencing social and economic obstacles that exacerbate the phenomenon
of unemployment, which is greater than the challenges facing Arab economies in general and Iraq
in particular. Therefore, the research aims to determine the size of unemployment in the Qadisiyah
governorate, as the unemployment rate in the governorate varied during the study period and its
percentage for the year 1997 reached (16%), which is a low percentage compared to 2003 when it
rose to reach (23.5%), and the unemployment rate continued to rise in The overall governorate, as it
reached in 2004 (35.2%) and in 2005 (26.1%), or in 2008, the rate decreased to reach (14.7%) and
in 2018 it reached (29.2%). This variation in unemployment rates is due to many reasons that This
phenomenon exacerbated by immigration to the governorate, the rates of population growth, the
low level of education, the proportion of rural and urban residents, and the abolition of The basis of
the central appointment, and consequently the emergence of many effects resulting from
unemployment, including the economic effects of poverty and low labor force size, and the social
effects of the youth’s reluctance to marry, delinquency, and crime eradication

The research aims to use geographic information systems (GIS) in studying the levels of the
river network of the Basin of Houran valley in western Iraq through relying on the digital elevation
model (DEM) through which a database can be established to identify the number of stream orders
and their lengths and to know some of the surveying, longitudinal, Formal and terrain
characteristics of the basin.
A group of results were reached on the study area basin, including determining the total area
of the basin, which amounted to (11485) km2, and the total of the waterways that were extracted by
relying on the digital elevation model (1462) stream orders and these were at six levels from the
first to the sixth, the basin coefficient was (0.091). The highest point in the basin of Houran valley
was (900) meters high and the lowest point (100) meters, and the basin in the study area tends to
elongate more than to rotation, as the elongation ratio reached (0.340) while the rotation ratio
reached (0.195). And it turns out that the river drainage pattern in the basin of Houran valley is of
tree and parallel patterns.

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The industrial sector occupies an important position among the economic sectors in many countries
and plays an important role in the process of economic development and in the development of other sectors
of the economy and the operation of the labor force and thus contribute to the gross domestic product, and
given this importance, this research concerned the reality of large industries in the district of Adhamiya and
the most important problems that suffer Including them to find solutions and advance their ambitions, to
achieve the future vision that they aspire to. And the division of data into distributive categories to
understand the geographical distribution of data using (the standard degree), as this group of statistical
transactions conducted through the statistical program (SPSS 22)
Statistical results showed that the distribution of industrial standards in the districts of Adhamiya centered
mostly in four categories of my agency:
1-The first category (1 and more): It includes the Youssoufia thermal power station with a standard value of
(1.51.)
2-The second category (0,1-0,99): It includes (Al-Shamal Thermal Station, Al-Zubaidiya Thermal Station,
Salah Al-Din Thermal Station, Al-Musayyib Thermal Station, Baiji Thermal Station) with standard grades of
(0.97-0.81-0.58-0.58-0.81). ) For each station in order. .
3-The third category (-0,1- 0,99): It includes (Al-Nasiriyah Thermal Station, Al-Hartha Thermal Station,
Thermal Cycle Station) with standard degrees of value (-0,20 -0,20 -0 -0,50) for each station according to
Arrangement.

The concept of marshes is defined as being a patch of soft, wet ground, usually of a low
level, covered by water partly or completely, and according to some opinions it differs from
marshes that are not covered by water only temporarily, and although some differentiate between
marshes and marshes, the designation refers to Low lands that are flooded with water on all days of
the year or in some of them, and the phenomenon of marshes in Iraq seems unique to its vast area
and the multiplicity of its places as it does not exist in a continuous way, and the name of marshes
is a general name given to all swampy areas in the flood plain of Iraq, but it is also launched in
particular On the regions Shallow ones, which are the areas where reeds and papyrus grows and
other marsh plants
The research concerned the theories of the formation of marshes in southern Iraq as well as
their geographical distribution, and the study aimed to show the location of the marshes and their
sources of feeding according to an analytical geographical view. The spot that has been nominated
to be a World Heritage List.
This study dealt with various aspects that were dealt with in a modern geographic
framework according to the modern integrated approach required by the scope of knowledge and its
overlap, which requires gathering information and facts from each field when studying a specific
topic to shed light on it and addresses all its economic, social and political aspects and aspects.
The research showed that there are several theories, the most important of which are likely
to be the researcher, which is not the theory of the Falcon according to the current data, while some
theories that contradict some data and variables were excluded, and the researchers emphasized the
relationship of the marshes with the ancient rivers studied.
levelˈ

The manufacturing industry, including construction industries, is the primary agency
responsible for investing in natural mineral resources and harnessing them for wide uses, especially
in their basic products such as cement, bricks, and plaster. The importance of these industries is
reflected in the quantity and types of products that they produce, as well as the ability to absorb
many numbers of the industrial workforce, in addition to their dependence on raw materials and raw
materials locally available for industrial investment, and that the geological and structural history of
Qadisiyah province made them abundant with the availability of large quantities of mineral
resources Which is distributed geographically between its different regions.
The research dealt with the spatial distribution of mineral resources in the study area, and the
identification of the most important of these resources, in addition to showing the possibility of
investing these resources in the development and construction of construction industries, and
knowledge of the industries that can be relied upon as a primary material present and in the future.
The research found that there is a spatial variation in the distribution of mineral resources in
the study area, and these resources have a large role in the establishment of construction industries
and their spatial variation in the province, as Diwaniya is at the top of 54% of the construction
industries, followed by Hamza district and then the Afak district with a percentage (19.9). %, 16%)
respectively, then Shamiya spent 10.1%. And that the province enjoys the availability of large
capabilities of mineral resources, which are raw materials for construction industries, but it has not
yet invested such as limestone, gypsum and cement slurry, which can be invested in the
development of construction industries and achieve spatial development in the province through the
establishment of factories to manufacture cement, thermstone and Nora. The research proposes the
necessity of conducting large geological surveys for the study area, to determine all existing
mineral wealth and estimate the quantities of reserves for the purpose of investing them in order to
develop construction industries in the province in order to provide the need of existing or proposed
construction industries from the primary materials economically to develop them and increase the
number of their facilities.

The research aimed to reveal the spatial model of the relationship between water resources and
the pattern of population spread in the rural area of one of the districts of AL-Shamiya province in
the Governorate of Qadisiyah, relying on GIS technology, applied studies formed a great
importance in geographical studies, especially the use of computational analysis techniques and
related software With it, as this research came as an attempt to employ these techniques represented
by geographical information systems (GIS) in understanding and clarifying the reciprocal
relationship between the spatial distribution of water resources and its relationship to the spatial
distribution of villages, which can produce a spatial pattern that varies according to the size of the
water source represented by the main and secondary water streams. The research found that the
majority of villages in Al-Salahia district have medium and small population sizes, as the
percentage of villages with a population size of less than 866 people reached 78% of the total
villages in the district, where they appear far from the main water streams, while 22% of the
villages were with a population of more than 866 people and it has been distributed near the main
water streams in a linear pattern with the extension of those streams. This confirms the relationship
between the size of the population and the size of water resources. Likewise, more than one pattern
of population distribution appeared, such as linear, grouped, and scattered patterns.

The research aims to know the form of the geographical distribution of Ovens and bakery in
the heart of the financing for the year (2019) using geographic information systems through the
preparation of databases for the study area, the data included astronomical sites for Ovens and
bakeries and the number of employees and geographical distribution of the Ovens and bakeries in
the neighborhoods and population and housing in every neighborhood and analysis of this data in
geographic information systems programs, which included analysis on the distance of the
architectural direction of the distribution link neighborhoods and central location and the maps of
population and housing, and to identify the link between the thoughts of the population, and
continue the search to the geographical distribution of Ovens and bakery take The distribution trend
is north-west to South-East, the distribution is concentrated in a 50% area and the central location is
for the pond furnace in the small old.

Cultivation of crops are sesame, sunflower, one of the most important crops with high
prevalenceIn terms of area within the crop installation system in Al-Qadisiyah Governorate, As
well as its nutritional importance to humans and animals, directly and indirectly, It is of great
monetary value added to farm economics, Not to mention the integration in the cultivation of food
field crops on the one hand, and industrial on the other.The research interested in mapping the
geographical distribution of sesame and sunflower crops in Al-Qadisiyah governorate using the
G.I.S programIn order to show the nearest pictures of the geographical distribution of the two crops,
And based on the spatial variation of some geographical factors in the study areaWe compare their
respective requirements,In pursuit of a scientific map view aims to develop this reality. Thus, the
research included abstract, introduction and two studies, The first topic dealt with the most
important natural geographical requirements for growing crops, The second topic dealt with the
geographical distribution of these maps, Using geographic information systems in order to explain
the rates of area, production and productivity for the period between (2009 – 2019), According to
the administrative units in the governorate, Conclusion with a set of conclusions and proposals.

The research aimed to study the factors affecting the reality of the production of palm
groves in the eastern Hamza district of Al-Qadisiyah governorate, as the content of the research
included clarification, interpretation and analysis of geographical factors, whether natural, human or
vital, and their impact on the cultivation of palm groves during the last ten years, i.e. during the
period (2010-2019) , Although there was a slight discrepancy between the areas cultivated with the
crop and the number of palm trees during the studied period, this variation reflected positively on
the areas planted with palm trees, as those areas increased significantly from (2985 dunums) in
2010 to (3,612 dunums) in 2019, While the variation was reflected negatively on the number of
palm trees in the judiciary, and this is due to the influence of the different geographical factors
affecting and not to the area's capacity, especially the natural factors represented by increasing
temperatures, scarcity of water resources and increasing soil salinity. Vital factors, such as infesting
palm trees with diseases and not controlling them in a timely manner, led to a lack of production
and productivity of the crop, and this was the most important finding of the research conclusion,
While the research suggested developing palm groves cultivation and benefiting from the
production of dates locally and globally by increasing the cultivated areas because the district
contains vast areas that were not exploited by any other use on the one hand, and on the other hand
the spatial appropriateness of the growth and production of the crop as well as the availability of
capabilities to establish commercial farms for production Dates, especially in the Al-Shanafiyah
region, have large areas and adequate water resources, and despite this, they are the smallest in
cultivating palm groves and have less production of dates.

It highlights the importance of this study in analysing the situation of primary education in
the city of kufa and determining how well it is distributed and how well it provides services to the
residents of the city's neighborhoods, using planning criteria for variables in the Numbers of pupils,
teachers and school divisions, as well as the size and autonomy of the school, in order to determine
the extent to which the student receives this service. Especially after the last phase of the city's
expansion into its surrounding areas.
The research found that although primary schools existed and spread in most of the city's
neighborhoods , they exceeded their capacity in terms of the number of pupils in the school or
division, resulting in more than one school, The city has 136 schools, with 65396 pupils in 1927
divisions. and The teaching staff reached 2,100 female teachers in the academic year 2019 2020,
The current city needs are estimated to be based on the planning standards of the primary schools
(46) schools to (253) departments, and its need reached to teachers (1170) teachers, and in 2025 ,
the population of the city will be 326941 inhabitants, which means that according to the planning
standard the city of kufa needs 100 more schools, either space required to be provided to those
schools will reach (1186) thousand square meters.

The research is a practical application of how to use geographic information systems
technology to represent agricultural investment systems in the Daghara region, and this is what the
research aims by highlighting the process of analyzing agricultural data and the distribution of
agricultural areas for agricultural investment systems in the area, up to the development of
geographical maps with two dimensions (2D) (3D) to reflect the nature of spatial variation of
agricultural investment systems, As agricultural geography is one of the spatial sciences that have
benefited a lot from these techniques to carry out spatial analyzes of agricultural investment
systems cartography and deal with information, data and maps and treat them with high accuracy at
the level of spatial units (provinces), And that is through employing geographic information
systems programs, And represented by the GIS program, the topic of agricultural investment
systems in the Daghara district at the district level was chosen as a research area to apply these
methods to them because the previous studies of their agricultural investment systems were not
studied using this technique. Moreover, the area is of a clear agricultural character.

This research dealt with a geographical analysis of the prevailing human constituents in AlHaidariya which is a sub-district Najaf and its impact on the development of agricultural lands.
Geographical information systems were used in mapping the geographical distribution of
agricultural land uses in the lands of the study area, and as is known, the human being is the main
engine in managing the development process and achieving its goals as Development begins with
the human being and ends with a mechanism, and it became clear from the research that the human
elements represented by (population and labor force, irrigation and drainage network,
transportation, irrigation methods, marketing, agricultural policy, agricultural potential) have a clear
impact on agricultural activity in a region The study period possessing the potentials that could be
one of the solutions in agricultural investment, as it lacks deliberate planning in order to invest it, so
the human obstacles affected agricultural development and the weakness and decline of the
agricultural sector in the study area, as agricultural development took a negative direction that led to
the decline of its wheel to the back This led to the dependence of residents of the district and the
judiciary as a whole to meet its requirements of agricultural commodities due to the decline in the
cultivated areas first and the change in the uses of agricultural land secondly, as summer and winter
vegetables accounted for (61%) and (54%) respectively of the total crops grown in Al-Haidariya is
satisfied with a high percentage, as we know that these lands are suitable and good land for
cultivating field crops, foremost among which are rice and wheat crops, which are among the
strategic crops that accounted for (20%) of the rice crop and the proportion (34%) of the wheat crop
as it has a good soil Represented by the soils of river beds and basins, as well as the availability of
the water resource represented by the river Euphrates.

The choice of primary school sites is one of the important foundations that must be taken
into consideration, as Al-Diwaniya suffers from weak spatial planning in light of the unstable
political conditions and the absence of planning between the various planning bodies and
institutions. Consequently, the research aims to achieve a basic requirement, based on remote
sensing data and visual classification ARC GIS, which is building a base Geographical data of the
study area within the space environment supported by field and office study. To achieve this aim,
the researchers seek to provide a proposed model for the most suitable areas for building primary
schools in the form of paper and digital interactive maps that can be updated and developed
according to local conditions and standards. The researchers were able, through the use of
geographic information systems programmes, to build a suitable spatial model for building a new
school based on the theoretical and scientific foundations of the geography of educational services
and presenting it for decision-makers, thereby transforming the technology of geographic
information systems from science to solve the problems of geographic phenomena to decisionmaking system, i.e. from G.IS to DSS. The research reached a number of results, the most
important of which are the best suitable quarters according to the criteria specified in the research
and according to the methodology and method in spatial analysis and these quarters are represented
by: Aljaza’ir,Aletharia,Alsadiq(1stand2nd),Aljunoob,Alturath,Alhakeem,Althiqalain, Alwafa’a,
Alurooba (1st and 3rd), Alfurat, Alsalam, and the boundaries between Althiqalain and Aljami’a
quarters

The problem of random housing is one of the complex problems as it has economic, social, urban
and planning dimensions, but the economic dimension (the cost of construction and the price of
land) remains one of the most common problems facing the population, which requires setting a
general housing policy that accommodates the problems of housing reality and aims to reduce the
housing deficit gap by establishing Residential complexes that are characterized by urban efficiency
and are of low cost. The research aims to study and analyze the phenomenon of urban growth and
the most important problems that this phenomenon produces, which is the problem of random
housing, which is a backward pattern and a form of rapid, unorganized and unplanned urban
growth. Which generates many environmental and social problems, so this problem must be
addressed by making more efforts by the state and limiting the chaotic expansion in urban areas.
The study included three topics, the first topic was concerned with studying the spatial variation of
urban growth in the province of Qadisiyah, while the second topic focused on A study of the effect
of urban growth on the emergence of the phenomenon of informal housing in Al-Qadisiyah
governorate. It became clear through the study that the urban growth in the governorate increased,
as the rate of urban growth for the year 2019 reached (3.3) and compared to the urban growth rate
in the governorate for the year 1997 it reached (2.5), and this significant increase is due to two main
factors, namely the natural increase and the migration factor from The countryside to the city, as for
the random settlements, they were distributed in different administrative units in the governorate, as
the number of those gatherings in the whole of the governorate reached (87), and the district of
Diwaniya was ranked first, as it reached (30), concentrated and intensively within the
neighborhoods of the Euphrates and Civilization. The second district of Sadr and towards Shamiya,
which is the largest gathering Indiscriminate attacks in the city, particularly in the area of the former
camp, where government buildings were used by the army at the time. As for the second place, the
Afak district came when the number of random gatherings reached (22), while the Shamiyya
district ranked third in the number of gatherings and reached (19) and the last rank for Al-Hamzah
district, which reached (16).

Cities have expanded rapidly in recent decades, It resulted in an irregular growth of city
centers, resulting in the inability of cities to meet the requirements of the population In terms of
community and infrastructure services, Among the most important obstacles in urban centers is the
rapid population growth due to rural-urban migration, This migration has led to an increase in
informal housing growth and urban sprawl towards agricultural areas. As well as There are
problems related to traffic congestion and environmental pollution due to this unplanned and
irregular population increase and the lack of laws and controls that limit this migration and poor
urban planning for cities to accommodate that increase. And Afak city (Afak district center - study
area), Is one of the district centers in the Iraqi province of Qadisiyah - suffering from these urban
obstacles Which has become a major problem for its residents in terms of poor service delivery,
Therefore, the research aims to reveal the obstacles of urban development and the possibility of
developing solutions based on the available capabilities in the city. Perhaps the most prominent of
them is the work to develop community and infrastructure services And fixing Successful hubs for
city expansion through the use of geographic information systems (gis). And that there be a
comprehensive and studied plan for the axis of expansion to address those obstacles that the city
suffers from.

The religious function is one of the community services provided by the city to its residents, as well
as to the regions of the region. The research shows the spatial distribution of religious services in
the city and the factors affecting its spread, as the population was studied in terms of number and
distribution and the religious function is divided into mosques and Husayniat , The charities that
are supervised by the holy shrines and work to help the poor, in addition to a religious library that
contains many religious books. It was found from the study that these services occupy a percentage
of the land uses estimated at (0.025%) in addition to the area they occupy and are estimated at
(7628) m2
for mosques and Husayniat that open their doors to worshipers permanently. As for
mosques and Husayniat that open their doors temporarily, they occupy an area of (4791) m2
,
Accordingly, the region of the religious job was divided according to its location from the city, as
the religious services located within the city are to serve the residents of the city and the
surrounding rural areas in addition to the areas affiliated with the Levantine District. Coming from
the southern regions at certain times, and the research reached a number of results and
recommendations in addition to the annex to the questionnaire form

The research has deduced which is the level of concentration of the heavy metals in AlMajed district, and those elements are Chromium Cr, cadmium Cd, lead Pb, copper Cu, mercury
Hg, and iron Fe. All of them were sampled from 6 locations at a depth of (0-30) and (31-60) , with a
total of (144 measurements) , ( 72 measurements) winters and summers. Indeed, research has
shown that there is an extremely variable measurement of heavy metals at the spatial and temporal
levels. As the concentration of these elements continues to rise in the summer. At the spatial level,
based on the S1 site which showed that the concentration of all elements except mercury which
increased in S5. In addition, iron has outperformed all other elements with an overall concentration
of (4.1 Ppm) . The lowest concentration was cadmium, which was approximately (0.073 Ppm) . the
heavy metals did not exceed health limits, which means that the proportion of soil will be unstable.
Hence, an increase in human activity will generate a cumulative increase in the proportion of these
elements. Therefore, it is necessary that monitoring and examination have taken of their roles in
improving this.

The research aims to uncover what family planning programs are and develop them, and
demonstrate its amportance and its role in rationalizing the reproductive behavior of the populationEspecially in the socitiefc of developing countries through this conceptual analytical comparsom,
and researching effective means and methods in the field of family planning, whose programs aim
to achieve abalance between family size and its capabilities available through time spasing between
births and determine the number of family members and time and perioud of birth according to the
ability of women to health moral and gain access to asociety where every pregnancy is desirable
and every birth is safe, thus focusing on the quality of the population enhancing life quality
indicators for all groups in society and ensuring the effectiveness of the over all development
process.
The results of the research have concluded that family planning programs are a pillar of rational
reproductive behavior and reduce rapid population grouth, and what matters in the optimistic for
mutation of the population reality and its relationship to indicators of sustainable development.

Divorce considers as social phenomenons that could be affected in individuals, families and
communities lifes , that leads to families break up , hostility , dropout children , psychological and
social effects and the obliaue behavior and so on , more over that the decrease of fertility and sizing
population growth , decveasing this phenomenon in the societies shows the economic and social
wellness that distinguishes them , additionally to religious reasons which have avole to limit
divorce phenomenon . The goal (aim) of this research is symbolizing to deal with the level of
spatial and temporally disparate for divorce phenomenon in Al-Hashimiya district , Moreover to
know the most important social and economic vaviables and factors which have the direct role in
divorce phenomenon disparate and to find suitable solutions for lessening of the size and effects of
this phenomenon , the study has been classified in to many subjects , the first chapter has contained
the geographic distributing of divorce phenomenon according to a dministrative modules , the
second chapter is earmarked to study in formation which concerning divorced and contain the
classification according to environment , educational and economic state.
The study has shown that there is adisparate in distribution of divorce cases according to the a
dministrative modules for Al-Hashimiya district , Al-Qasim district is figured the first category that
recorded (18)eighteen divorce cases , whereas Al-Hashimiya and Al-Taliaa districts have recorded
less (fewer) divorce cases (9,10)divorce cases consecutively .As the study has shown the divorce
cases correlation with many factors such as the economic factor , the type of habitation , the
educational level and the duration of wife lines life.

The most important findings of the study can be summarized:
• The development plans in all fields have deviated from the right track due to the Iraq-Iran war and
the economic embargo on the Iraqi people, which ended after 2003, then the country’s conditions
worsened and left many material damage resulting from the war against terrorist organizations, with
corruption and economic mismanagement of the country as well On the loss of strategic direction in
the process of development and reconstruction.
• The study showed that the Human Development Index in the northern governorates (Dohuk,
Sulaymaniyah, Erbil) occupied the advanced ranks of human development at the governorate level,
where Sulaymaniyah came first (0,767) and then Erbil ranked second with a value of (0,652) and
Duhok ranked fourth with a value of (0.638) This is due to the high level of per capita GDP
compared to some governorates, while the later stages (Mayan, Methane, and Qadisiyah) came
respectively (0,568), (0,570), (0,591).
The study showed the weakness of the economic policy in the field of human development due to
the trend of expenditures towards the military and security aspects more than the aspects related to
human development (such as education, health, poverty, the environment), which led to a clear
retreat in the human development process.
Key words: human development, demography, development plans

Health services represent one of the main pillars that contribute effectively to building and
evaluating urban societies, as it is one of the basic elements in the process of social, economic and
civilization development for societies, which is determined by the volume of health services that the
individual gets efficiently and adequately, through what is provided by health institutions that
secure Those services, as it is one of the criteria for measuring the progress of nations and their
development, as the concept of planning and harnessing geographic information systems in recent
years has become more common in service institutions and is aware of this concept and its general
applications, and the importance of the topic has been studied the reality of planning Efficiency of
health services in the al-Khider district in accordance with Iraqi health standards, and harnessing the
services of the GIS program to know the efficiency of these services in the study area, as the results
of the study showed that some health services are available to the district center (the city of alKhider) within the framework of local general indicators and provide a service for individuals
according to the agreed standards While there are some services that do not reach the specified
standard and suffer from a deficit, especially in the countryside of the elimination , while the Daraji
side suffers from a clear deficit at the level of the health service at all levels, as the residents of the
Daraji district and its villages depend on the health service provided by the elimination Center , and
this constitutes a pressure that reflects its impact on the residents of the study area, forcing the
judiciary to transfer many cases to the hospitals in the city of Samawah, and the GIS program was
relied on in the statistical analysis (scope of service and neighborhood link) to know the extent of
dispersion and concentration of services, as results showed The analysis is that some of them have
concentrated in certain areas of the elimination, while the residents of some areas lack these
services, in addition to the presence of one general hospital in the study area that serves the
elimination as a whole

The study of the climate water budget is one of the recent studies of great importance because
it is directly related to the climatic elements, as it is possible to determine the periods and seasons
of drought and has a special importance in economic development, especially agricultural, water
and developmental ones. Availability of agricultural crops and their timing, as well as providing the
necessary water for the population.
The climate water balance is an expression of the quantitative relationship between precipitation
and evaporation / transpiration. When the amount of precipitation is more than the amount of
evaporation / transpiration, there is an excess of water. On the contrary, there is a water deficit. Or it
is the calculation of the quantities of rain falling on a region as a water resource on the one hand
and between the various forms of transformation and distribution that those waters pass through
from flow, evaporation, saturation and leakage as wastes on the other side Or it is the relationship
between the amount of precipitation and water revenues, and the estimated water losses that depend
on it in calculating the amount of evaporation / transpiration taking into consideration the factors
affecting them.