JOURNAL OF KUFA FOR CHEMICAL SCIENCES

Smart phones are playing a big role in daily life and are being employed as supporting hardware in a variety of chemical analysis applications.Flow injection analysis method for the rapid, simple, and straightforward determination of total phenols using Folin-Cioclteu reagent .The samples were injection into a carrier stream to react with reagent and detected by spectrophotometer at 765nm .The experimental conditions were optimized such as flow rate (3mL/min) of reagent and carrier ,reagent volume ( 0.4mL) ,length of reaction coil ( 50 cm) and concentration of reagent( 4×10-4 mg.L-1 ).A good linear calibration curve of gallic acid in the range of (250-2000 mg.L-1 ) was obtained,( R= 0.9990 ), the limit of detection was in the amount of ( 0.0102 mg.L-1) .The method was successfully applied for the determination of the total phenols in wastewater .

Environmental contamination, especially water contamination, is a concern in both developed and developing countries. Contamination of water sources with heavy metals is a critical issue that negatively affects living organisms. Because it is not biodegradable, it is stable in the environment, it has a large dispersion with water, and it can accumulate biologically, so there was a need to remove these minerals from wastewater to the permissible limits, and appropriate solutions had to be found. Phytoremediation is a better alternative than traditional physiochemical and biological methods for treating polluted water containing high levels of heavy metals because of its cost-effectiveness and environmental friendliness. Water hyacinth is a floating plant with long roots and green leaves that floats above the surface of the water and is notorious for threatening the survival of aquatic organisms. But it is considered a promising technique for removing pollutants from water, and the plant has been used for various other applications such as the production and generation of ethanol, paper production, and green manure. It was a good support for the technocrats in controlling the growth of this plant, which is a very promising method that removes pollutants with high efficiency and low cost, avoiding many of the drawbacks of traditional methods. This paper presents a comprehensive review of the water hyacinth plant for the treatment of heavy metal contamination in wastewater. This paper also discusses other potential uses of the water hyacinth plant.

In the current study, imesatin (A) was condensed with various aromatic aldehydes to create a number of new Schiff bases of isatin [B1-B6]. The imesatin were created by combining isatin and O-phenylenediamine. Utilizing FT- IR and 1H-NMR and 13CNMR techniques, the chemical structures of the produced compounds were verified. Staphylococcus aureus, a gram positive bacteria, and Klebsiella pneumonia, a gram negative bacteria, were used to evaluate the biological study at concentrations of 50 and 100 μg/mL. Derivatives were discovered to have biological activity against these bacterial growths.

A series of mixed ligand complexes of Co(II), Ni(II), Cu(II), Zn (II),Cd(II), Fe (III ) and
Au(III) were prepared and characterized. A new azo ligand derived from 4-methylimidazole with sulfadiazine and Schiff base derived from 4-(dimethylamino)-2-hydroxobenzaldehyde and 4-amino-3-hydroxy benzene sulfonamide. Ligands structures and their transitional metal mix-ligand complexes were characterized using various analytical techniques, including molar conductance, elemental analysis (C.H.N), electronic spectral, magnetic measurements, 1HNMR, IR spectral studies and mass spectra. The data shows that these complexes have composition of [ML1L2H2O] where M = Co(II), Ni(II), Cu(II), Zn(II) ,Cd(II) and Hg(II). [ML1L2Cl] where M=Fe(III). [ML1L2]Cl2 where M=Au(III). The magnetic susceptibility and electronic spectral data of the complexes indicate that the octahedral geometry of all complexes, except the complex of Au(III) indicates a square plane geometry. The IR results demonstrate that the co-ordination sites are imidazole nitrogen atom and the farthest azo nitrogen atom of L1 as natural bidentate with nitrogen the azomethine and oxygen atoms of Schiff base L4. Azo ligand and Schiff base behave as tridentate manner. All the compounds showed DPPH radical scavenging activity. In general, the results indicated that the complexes have potential and promising anti-oxidant activities.

In this study synthesized new Ampicillin derivative and diagnosed using FTIR and HNMR Technique. Also, in this study, an accurate, rapid, and sensitive chromatographic method was developed to separate the prepared derivative from the standard drug, and then this method was applied to pharmaceutical preparations and This method was linear, accurate, and specific. and The optimal conditions used in this method were is Mobile phase (%80 H2O containing 0.1% acetic acid + %20 Acetonitrile v/v), Nucludar C18-DB column, particle size 3 μm (50 x 4.6 mm I.D), flow rate 2 mL/min, pH = 4.5. The injection volume was 20 L, the wavelength was 210 nm, the run time was 6.00 minutes, and the linearity ranged from 0.1 to 10 μg/ml. Ampicillin has a retention time of 4.105 minutes. R2 was found to be 0.9988 for the standard medication, and the LOD and LOQ for Amp were determined to be (0.01 μg/ml and 0.033 μg/ml) respectively.

In this work, theoretical computations were performed using the Gaussian application. The results of theoretical calculations applying the density functional theory method (DFT) revealed that the azo group of -N=N- possesses a UV spectrum computed employing DFT-TD in the range of 250-500 nm. Several physical parameters were also calculated in this study, including Dipole moment (μ; Debye), HOMO and LUMO energies (EHOMO, ELUMO), energy gap (ΔEg in ev), ionization energy (IP in ev), electronic affinity, hardness, electronegativity, and the electrophiles (Ꞷ, Ꞷ, EA, ɳ, in ev), respectively.

The increase in the world's population has forced the agricultural sector to increase the production of crops to meet food needs. The spread of nutrient deficiencies in the soil led to economic losses, a reduction in nutritional quality, and total grain quantity for humans and livestock. Coating fertilizers with polymers is one of the most important and effective aspects of slow-release fertilizers in the soil. aim this study, the reaction between chitosan and expired cephalexin as a grafted polymer was done and vulcanized with natural rubber in the presence of tetra methyl thiuram disulfide as catalyst to cover the urea fertilizer. The grafted polymer (chitosan/expired cephalexin compound) was prepared by the Schiff base method. The expired medicinal compound of cephalexin is rich in carbon, nitrogen, sulfur, and hydrogen atoms which improved the diffusion of the fertilizer .So the reaction of the validity of the reaction between chitosan and expired Cephalexin was confirmed by infrared (IR) and it was confirmed the presence of new absorption band due to the Azomethine group. The swelling, water retention, slow release of urea, and biodegradation of the NR/chitosan/expired cephalexin compounds were characterized. The rheometer test was carried out under the pressure of 250 bar and temperature of 170°C, The results showed that the Slow release of urea was increased with the increase in the concentration of cephalexin. The highest release percentage in soil media was 2.67 g/l for the C2 blend. The highest swelling ratio was 189.49 % for the C4 blend while the highest water retention was 75.67% for the C2 blend. It was also shown a good biodegradability, where the highest concentration of cephalexin with chitosan gave the highest rate of biodegradation to be 14.61% for C4. The homogeneity of the blends was studied by FE-SEM. It was concluded that the C1-C4 blends were the best for slow-release fertilizer application.

This study includes two newly synthesized prodrugs of Levofloxacin derivatives mono and dipeptide H2, where was the synthesized monoPeptide as Levofloxacin-Histadine (L-H), as well as dipeptide H6 as Synthesis of diPeptide (phenylalanine- levofloxacin (GPA-L), using a Levofloxacin substituted. Spectroscopic data were studied for two derivative compounds H2 and H6 and reactivity indices were characterized using techniques FT-IR, 1H-NMR, and 13C-NMR. All the newly produced derivative compounds H2 and H6 have FT-IR spectra that share similarities in certain fingerprint-like bands and other bands. The essential functional group vibration bands. In the DMSO-d6 solvent, the compound H2, and H6 of 1H NMR spectra were studied, Typically, the fitted intensity ratio of the observed compound 1HNMR spectra gives, and the expected signals. The DMSO-d6 solvent was employed to record the 13C NMR spectra of levofloxacin derivatives H2 and H6. portrayed the 13C NMR spectra of generated compounds H1 through H6, comprised of the 13C NMR data. where done Further confirmation of the properties of the developed molecule emerged from 13C-NMR spectra.

The surface of kaolin was diagnosed by an AFM and the results were shown The height of the highest peak reached by a quantity of Kaolin surface is 2.5 μm, the granules, and their diameter with an average diameter of 666.1nm. Using Kaolin's adsorption properties, erythrosine was removed of its aqueous solution. It was determined that the maximal dye adsorption ranged 36.53–40.61%. The results of using the Freundlich, Langmuir, and Temkin adsorption isotherms revealed that at temperatures of (298,308,318) K, The Langmuir model did not fit, and the Temkin model could only be used partially, and the Freundlich model was used Because it is the most applicable of the three models. There is also physical adsorption. One of the three kinetic models of the adsorption process that was examined, the pseudo-second-order model, was found to be applicable significantly based on the result. Using the enthalpy value to calculate the thermodynamic functions, the process was proven to be exothermic, which was negative and equal to (-16.5582kJ/mol). The entropy value, which equaled (-2.2696J*mole-1.K-1), was also negative. Calculating the Gibbs free energy, it was discovered that the process is exothermic adsorption, non-spontaneous, and happens without randomization.

An accurate direct DPP identification of ceftazidime has been made for use in drug discovery and validation. The results showed that a mercury drop of 3 mm3, an acidic medium consisting of a KH phthalate plus HCl buffer solution at pH 2, and 1 ml of NH4Cl, 1 M as a supporting electrolyte were optimal for ceftazidime analysis.
Ceftazidime exhibited two peaks, the first at - 0.67V and the second at - 1.06V. For the determination of an unknown concentration, a standard graph of ceftazidime in concentrations ranging from 8.410-6 M to 2.610-5 M was developed. The reliability and accuracy of this technique for analysing the analyte were assessed. For ceftazidime laboratory samples, the SD was 0.1885 and the RSD% did not go above 4.573% at a concentration of 4.6 μg.ml-1, 8.410-6 M, and at a concentration of 8.5 μg.ml-1, 1.510-5 M, the SD was 0.35645 and the RSD% did not go over 4.345%. The peak potential Ep, and the actual number of electrons required for the reduction of ceftazidime are both calculated using the Ilkovic-Heyrovsky equation. The data show that ceftazidime requires five electrons for the reduction reaction to occur. The method has been successfully used to get ceftazidime on the market.

The complexes of Co(II), Ni(II), Cu(II), Zn(II), Cd(II), Hg(II) and Pt(II) were prepared from the complexation reaction between the new Schiff base ligand and selected metal ions. Ligand was derived from the condensation reaction of Oxo(4-(pyridin-2-yl)phenyl) methyline, 4-amino antipyrine, and (6-amino Penicillanic acid). The ligand and its complexes were characterized by C.H.N elemental analysis, Uv-Vis, FT-IR, and molar conductivity, Atomic absorption, magnetic moment measurements and mass spectra studies. The results of their studies show the coordination sites for the ligand with the metal ion were to be through oxygen, nitrogen atoms of 6-amino penicillic acid, and the nitrogen atom of 4-amino antipyrine. The complexes were found to have the general formula [(M)(L)2]Cl2 where M = Co(II), Ni(II), Cu(II), Zn(II), Hg(II), and Cd(II), except the [Pt(L)Cl]Cl. The electronic spectral and magnetic measurement data indicated that the complexes exhibited octahedral geometry, except the Pt(II) complex suggested a square planar geometry around the central metal ion. The ligand forms shape as natural tridentate manner. The biological activity results showed the inhibitory effect for platinum(II) the complex. In this study the cytotoxicity of Pt(II) complex on human colon cancer cell line LS 174 T CRC was investigated and African green monkey kidney cells normal cells were MTT assay. The metal complex showed selective cytotoxicity against colorectal, this metal Complex excelled in halting proliferation of LS 174 T CRC cancer cells line with median inhibitory concentration (IC50) values of Pt(II) complex. The results indicate undoubtedly the possibility of using them as antitumor drugs in the pharmacy colon field cancer.

The first method on the oxidative coupling Amoxixilin reaction with 2,4- dinitrophenyl hydrazine and Sodium Iodate diluted to produce a soluble red-Orange dye product was devised to estimate the Amoxicillin in bulk and pharmaceutical preparation. The concentration range is between 1 and 50 g/mL. Beer's law is met by the product in terms. With a molar absorptivity of 6.2×103L.mol-1.cm-1 and a correlation coefficient of 0.9995, Sandell's sensitivity is 0.059g.cm-2 at 475 nm. A second technique for determining a trace amount in an aqueous solution product is called cloud point extraction (CPE), and it is based on measurements made with a UV-visible spectrophotometer at a wavelength of 480 nm. The correlation coefficient was 0.9996 and the Beer's law concentration range was 0.25–6 g/mL The molar absorptivity was 103623.79 L.mol-1.cm-1. Pre-concentration 25, detection of limit 0.023 μg/mL. The distribution coefficient (D) was 158.6, and enrichment factor was 28.35. The last method is flow injection analysis, which is straightforward to estimate. The Beer's law concentration range was 2-150 μg / mL, Sandell's sensitivity is 0.13 μg.cm-2 at 475 nm, with a molar absorptivity of 2.8×103 L.mol-1.cm-1 and correlation coefficient was 0.9996, it is successfully used for drug estimation. Qualities in a straightforward situation or pharmacological formulations.

This method uses a sensitive and novel methodology to accurately measure sulfamethoxazole in its pure and pharmaceutical form. The method is based on the formation of a white precipitate by the reaction of sulfamethoxazole and phosphomolybdic acid in an acidic medium. As a result of this reaction, the drug's interaction with the reagent is observed and measured using a home-made Ayah 6Sxl-T-2D Cell detector and turbidity flow injection. The ideal chemical parameters were optimized and chosen, including the phosphomolybdic acid concentration (0.5 mmol/L), acidity (acetic acid), and the flow rate (3.2, 2.8 ml/min) for the carrier and reagent streams, respectively, Sample volume as well as the delayed coil reaction were determined and adjusted. Sulfamethoxazole showed a linear range of (0.06-2.6 mmol/L) and a correlation coefficient of r = 0.9855. At the calibration graph's lowest concentration, the limit of detection (LOD) is (0.0141 mmol/L), and the limit of quantification (LOQ) is (0.0466 mmol/L).

For the determination of sulfamethoxazole (SMZ) in pure and pharmaceutical formulations, new simple sensitive spectrophotometric methods have been devised. The first technique involved forming an ion pair complex between the basic nitrogen of the SMZ medication and Eriochrome black (EBT) in an acidic buffer solution, and extracting the created complex with chloroform to get a persistent reddish-orange colored dye with a maximum wavelength of 490 nm. Beer's law was followed, and 0.9998 was the correlation coefficient. 0.471×104L. mol-1.cm-1was the molar absorptivity, and the detection limit was 0.177 g/mL. Dispersive liquid-liquid extraction (DLLE) is a second method for estimating a trace amount in an aqueous solution product using an ion pair and a UV-visible spectrophotometer with a maximum wavelength of 490 nm. The concentration range was 0.5-6 g/mL, with a correlation coefficient of 0.9995, 0.889×105 L.mol-1.cm-1, a molar absorptivity of ,the detection limit of 0.013 g/L, and a pre-concentration factor of 25 and an enrichment factor of 18.20. Sulfamethaxazole in pharmaceutical formulations was successfully determined using the provided methodology.

The most frequent malignancy among women globally is breast cancer (BC). Breast lobules or ducts are the genesis of breast cancer, which is an uncontrolled development of epithelial cells. High mobility group protein box 1 (HMGB1) possesses both pro- and anti-tumorigenic bioactivities, which contribute to its complicated function in carcinogenesis. Damage associated Molecular Pattern molecules (DAMPs) generated following tissue injury include HMGB1, many S100 proteins, and others. RAGE is thought to be a receptor for these molecul

In this study, some new heterocyclic compounds have been synthesized including the preparation of some chalcone from the reaction terphthadehyde with two moles of ketone derivative p-hydroxy acetophenone in a basic medium, After that . The stage includes the preparation of new heterocyclic compounds five-membered ( pyrazole, Isoxazole) and six-membered ( oxazine, thiazine). The prepared compounds were characterized by FT-IR,1H-NMR, and 13C-NMR techniqes, in addition to their melting points and TLC (Thin Layer Chromatography).Finally,the prepared compounds are tested against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria to study their biological activity.

The most frequent illness in the world is chronic disease. Diabetes type 2 is mostly caused by autoimmune disease, -cell dysfunction, and obesity. IGF2BP2 is one of the genes related to T2DM identified through GWAS (Genome-Wide Association Studies), and it has been confirmed in a range of ethnic groups.

type 2 diabetes mellitus(T2DM) is a complex metabolic disease. Diabetes mellitus has quadrupled globally in the last three decades. Many studies have shown how genetic diversity contributes to the development and progression of T2DM. The hematopoietic expressed homeobox (HHEX) gene is hypothesized to be linked to the risk of T2DM. The aim of this study was to look at the association of the HHEX gene polymorphism (rs1111875 C/T) with T2DM in the Iraqi population and see if obese individuals were affected more than other patients. Methods: 100 T2DM obese and 100 controls obese. The RFLP -PCR assay Technique was used to genotype HHEX rs1111875 C/T, making use of newly-designed primers. Results: The study's parameters demonstrate no significant difference between T2DM obese and obese control groups. The study concluded that there is no significant difference in genotypes Codominant, Dominant, Recessive, and Additive genotype between groups for HHEX rs1111875 C/T. and Chol, TG, and VLDL were significant between CC and CT, age was borderline. There is a negative relationship between (BMI and CHO and TG) and (insulin and HOMA-IR and LDL, VLDL). In conclusion, according to the findings of this study, the rs1111875 C/T polymorphism in the HHEX gene revealed no significant difference in genotypes in any of the codominant, dominant, recessive, or additive models.

The tetrahedral paramagnetic di-cobaltous complex is an important class of coordination compounds that have many applications in various fields such as catalysis, single molecular magnet (SMM), and spintronics[1], using BP86 functional[24] with def2-TZVP[25], basis set, while the broken symmetry theoretical method was conducted by B3LYP functional, the reactivity of the synthesized paramagnetic di cobaltous [Co2LI2OH] + complex[2] can be enhanced by the lowering HOMO-LUMO gap effect of oxo bridging ligand instead hydroxo ligand, also from the different theoretical approaches for calculating the exchange coupling constant to tetrahedral paramagnetic di-cobaltous complex, we found that the best approach was achieved by Noodlman treatment[3], also for such chemical environments the best calculated spin population was generated by Mulliken spin analysis.

A new ligand [3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-2-(3-(4-methoxybenzoyl)thioureido)propanoic acid] (HMP) was synthesized by reaction of Tyrosine and, 4- methoxy benzoylisothiocyanate , and used for the synthesis of a series of new Metal complexes Cobalt(II) Nickel (II), Copper (II), Zinc(II) , Palladium(II), Cadmium (II), mercury (II). The mineral complexes were characterized by molar conductivity, elemental analyzes (C H N), and spectroscopic techniques Such as : electronic spectral UV-Vis , Infrared FT-IR , 1H- NMR, 13C-NMR and magnetic properties . The results confirmed that the ligand (HMP) behaves as a Bidentate and coordinates with the metal ion via the oxygen atom of the carboxyl group and a nitrogen atom of the amine group. The antimicrobial properties of all newly synthesized compounds were also demonstrated against the bacterial pathogenic organisms Escherichia coli (G-) and Staphylococcus aureus (G+) by the agar-well diffusion technique. These complexes are more effective against bacteria compared to the Amoxicillin antibiotic. The aim of this study describes the synthesis and characterization of the new ligand (HMP) derived from Tyrosine and its metal complexes with knowing their effect on selected bacteria.

Two Hetreterocyclic compounds prepared from condensation reaction of Bis chalcone([3,3(1,4-phenylene)bis(1(4-aminophenyl)prop-2-en-1-one]with thiourea and urea By condensing a novel six-member heterocyclic (pyrimidene ring) with the suitable aromatic, new substituted azomethines of (o, m, and p) hydroxy
benzaldehyde with heterocyclic substituents were created. By using NMR and FTIR spectroscopy, the novel heterocyclic compounds and these derivatives of schiff bases were identified.
A DPPH free radical scavenging assay was performed on the synthesized compounds, and the heterocyclic substituted thiol group and its Schiff base derivative demonstrated remarkable antioxidant activity.

It is known in the analysis of allergic rhinitis increase the concentration of Ig-E also eosinophil in patients with allergic rhinitis . It was discovered to play a role in an inflammatory reaction. Certain electrolytes may have a role in allergic rhinitis like Magnesium is a crucial element that facilitates lung constriction relief, while no significantly difference in levels of potassium.

Our study’s objectives were measuring the levels of blood glucose, blood pressure, glomerular filtration rate GFR, body mass index BMI and creatinine in the blood of patients with bladder cancer in order to control the development of a relationship between those hematological parameters in the case of bladder cancer.

A sensitive and accurate Sequential Injection Analysis technique for determining Cupper (II) ion in different samples, using a new azo derivative reagent of 8-hydroxy quinoline (HQDABA). The reagent and Cu(II) complex diagnosis included Infrared spectroscopy, Ultraviolet-Visual radiation, Elemental Analysis (CHN), Energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy 1HNMR and mass spectroscopy techniques. The method depends on the reaction of Cupper (II) with the (Azo derivative of 8-hydroxy Quinoline) reagent in a neutral medium to form a Brown complex which gave a maximum absorbance at 420 nm. The optimum conditions such as flow rate, Copper (II) volume, reagent volume; pH, reagent concentration, and reaction coil length are thoroughly examined. A Copper (II) curve is constructed, and the suggested method obeys Beer's law over ration range of 1-10 mg/ L. The limits of detection (LOD) and on (LOQ) are determined to be (0.361) mg/ L and(1.204) mg/ L, while Sandell's sensitivity and molar absorption coefficient are to be (0.120) μg/ cm2 and (527.05) L/ mol. cm respectively. The recommended method has given good accuracy with recovery rates ranging from (77.82% - 115% ).

This study applies Density Functional Theory (DFT), using the B3LYP functional, and via ab initio Restrict Hartree-Fock (RHF) methods, to study the infrared spectrum of steroid 17-Iodo-androst-16-ene. The spectrum was obtained via computational methods ab initio RHF and DFT. Optimization of molecular structure via UFF (Universal Force Field), followed by PM3 (Parametric Method 3), with geometric optimization, obtaining the spectrum of other basis sets of steroid 17-Iodo-androst-16-ene. The study this steroid was chosen because it can could act as aromatase enzyme inhibitors and this phenomenon could be translated as good compounds to treat breast cancer. The B3LYP functional always presents the lowest thermal energy than the RHF in all calculated bases, however the RHF always presents the highest Entropy than the B3LYP, in all the calculated basis sets. The normalized spectrum calculated in the B3LYP/SVP functional/basis set have harmonic frequency with peaks 3,241.83 cm 1, 100% and 3,177.53.5 cm 1 at 43.304% absorbance. The study has so far been limited to computational methods compatible with the theory of quantum chemistry.

New various monomers with di amine functional groups have been synthesized, containing di azomethine or di seven-membered heterocyclic rings in the backbone. A condensation reaction of benzidine with 4-amino benzaldehyde with some drops of glacial acetic acid in ethanol absolute prepared bi-functional amino groups monomer with azomethine core P1(4-[(1E)-[4[4-(E)-(4-aminophenyl)methylidene]amino]phenyl}phenylimino methyl aniline). The next step was the Cycloaddition reaction of P1 with succinic, malic, and phthalic anhydrides used to obtain aromatic heterocyclic monomers with oxazepane and oxazepine rings containing lactone and lactam groups. All the synthesized monomers were characterized spectrally with many techniques (FT.IR,1 H1.NMR, C13-NMR) that were used to investigate the functional groups in the structure of monomers. Monitoring the progress and completion of the reaction was performed using thin-layer chromatography (TLC). Physical characterizations, including detecting the melting point, purity, colour, retardation factor, molecular formula, and molecular weight, the polarized optical microscope (POM) used for Image-based microscopic interpretation of prepared compounds. All the prepared monomers are considered effective antioxidant agents as they give free radicals scavenging over 60%, reaching 80 %; this activity makes them useful in large numbers of industries as they can scavenge the free radicals that the industrial product may be exposed, which increases its shelf life and enhance its effectiveness.

Antibiotics are essential for treating infectious diseases, but their overuse and adverse effects are raising concerns about global public health. The pervasiveness of antibiotic contamination in aquatic environments has drawn increased attention in recent years. The primary concern regarding the release of antibiotics into the environment is the potential for microorganisms to become resistant to antibiotics. This review article summarizes the analytical methods used to determine the presence of trimethoprim and metronidazole in various environmental samples. These antibiotics have traditionally been analyzed using tandem mass spectrometry or high performance liquid chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry; fluorescence or ultraviolet detection has been used less frequently. An essential step before liquid chromatography analysis is preparing the sample for extraction and analysis. This helps to eliminate interferences, stop the matrix effect, and pre
concentrate the target analytes. Consequently, the purpose of this work is to provide an overview of the most widely used techniques for the determination of metronidazole and trimethoprim in environmental samples.