Kufa Journal of Arts

This research aims to reveal the nature of morphodynamic processes in Karbala Governorate, their variations and their impact on the formation of landforms, as there is a close relationship between these processes and the nature of landforms and their variations. The research concluded that these processes have a clear impact on the formation of landforms in the study area through the action of winds and running water. The effect of winds on the erosion process appeared clearly in the dry desert areas with sandy soil, represented in the western parts of it. It also showed that the landforms resulting from the water erosion process do not go back to the current climate, but to the climates in the rainy ages in the Quaternary period. However, the current rains, despite their scarcity, fall in the form of heavy showers that help in the water erosion process, especially in areas with fragile rocks and little natural vegetation. As for the wind deposition process, its features are not clear in the study area due to the flatness of the surface in general and the lack of ruggedness. The process of water sedimentation in the Euphrates River was shown through the river islands formed in its course. The flood plain in the study area was the result of water sedimentation processes over long periods. As for the process of material movement represented by creeping, falling rocks and landslides, they are limited processes and are concentrated only in areas of steep cliffs.

This research seeks to identify the narrative representations that work to modify the structure of the mind formed from cognitive accumulations in the collective mind throughout history, through cognitive work on Ali Badr's novels that belong to the post-modernist trend that works - in general - to re-narrate and refute the great narratives, through an ongoing dialogue with the recipient's cognitive plans in order to shift the constants of the recipient and then restructure his cognitive plans. Perhaps what is worth noting is that this research is a topic extracted from the doctoral thesis of the researcher Karim Mohsen Kazim, entitled (Ali Badr's Novels in Light of Cognitive Criticism) and supervised by Professor Dr. Rahman Gharkan Abadi

The water balance of the Great Hungarian River was studied through the relationship between its annual water revenue and the water requirements for various agricultural purposes, domestic uses, drinking and livestock requirements, noting that there are no industrial water requirements due to the shutdown of all factories in the region. It was found that the river's water revenue varies from year to year based on the characteristics of the water year (wet, medium, dry). The highest annual water revenue was recorded in 1988, reaching (4.44 billion/m3), while the lowest water revenue was recorded in 2012 (0.22 billion/m3) for the period from 1985-2012. Agricultural requirements constitute the largest amount of water needs, amounting to (101,085,239) m3/year, which is equivalent to 93.5% of the total public water needs. This is followed by domestic needs (6,817,404) m3/year, equivalent to 6.3%, then livestock needs (134,854 m3/year), equivalent to 0.2%. The final result is that the water balance of the Great Hungarian River amounted to (+111,962,503 m3/year), which is the remaining water in the Great Hungarian River.

Sayyid Jawad al-Amili al-Najaf (1226/1811) was almost one of the great jurists and scholars who followed the details of jurisprudential issues. One of the representations of his approach is what he included in the book “Miftah al-Karamah fi Sharh Qawa’id al-Allamah”; he was also one of the few who stood in the face of the Wahhabi attacks on Najaf between 1801-1811. His stance was not limited to field follow-up, actual participation, and reorganization of the city’s walls, but rather he led the intellectual trend and argued with scholars and dignitaries who left the city or tried to, fearing for their interests and their families. Therefore, he classified the message of the ribat or defense of Najaf into three axes: First, Najaf is a frontier. Second, it contains Muslim people who fear the enemy’s attack on them. Third, it contains the shrine of the Commander of the Faithful, the glory of Islam and Muslims, and the place of the law of religion.

The idea of ​​rejection is associated with modern poetry because of the human and psychological concerns it contains, which almost include all aspects of the life of the contemporary human being who finds himself facing the deteriorating social reality that is tossed about by the concerns of daily life, so he turned towards expressing his hopes and pains with all discontent and resentment, and then his poetic creations were characterized by revolution and rejection. The research deals with studying the idea of ​​rejection and rebellion in its various forms in the poetry of Farouk Gouida, the modern Egyptian poet, relying on the descriptive analytical method and then the sources that were necessary for its completion. Farouk Gouida is one of the contemporary Egyptian poets who interacted greatly with the circumstances of Egyptian society and rejected all manifestations of corruption that pervaded the paths of life, so he tried through revolution and rebellion to reform the surrounding reality at all its levels. Finally, the research concluded that the poet tried, through the issue of rejection and revolution, to raise important issues related to human existence through events and facts that play a pivotal role in developing human society at various levels such as culture, economy and politics, trying to outline the paths of success and the struggle of the Egyptian person in overcoming the obstacles that stand in his way and the opposing dualities that disturb him. Among the most important manifestations of rejection in Farouk Jweideh\'s poetry are political rejection, religious rejection and social rejection.

Heritage is a rich source of poetic experience for the poet, giving him a tremendous ability to understand the human experience, which is a fundamental pillar for achieving his personal experience. The poet relied on a group of heritage figures through which he tried to present to us a complete picture of the deteriorating Islamic situation, and from it he proceeds to bear the present situation with what it possesses of its previous connotations of data. Al-Khala'i poet is known for his firm ideological stance and loyal affiliation. His poetry is distinguished by the sincerity of his emotions, the flow of his feelings, and the strength of his expression. It is indicative of his adherence to the approach of the Noble Messenger (PBUH) and his pure family (PBUH). He singled them out in his poetry, and did not deviate from them to others, until their poet was considered to be the one who declared absolute loyalty to them and disavowed their enemies. His poetry collection was purely in praising and mourning them. Al-Khala'i's poetry has been recited on pulpits and in religious and Husseini gatherings for centuries past, and heritage is its main material. The sources of these Islamic figures are many and varied, and perhaps the most prominent of them are: the figure of Imam Hassan (peace be upon him), Fatima al-Zahra (peace be upon her), Imam Ali (peace be upon him), Muhammad (peace be upon him), the issue of Ghadir Khumm, verses of the Qur’an, hadiths of the Prophet, reliance and certainty in God, self-esteem, resurrection and remembrance of death, seeking forgiveness and supplication. In this article, we have relied on the descriptive analytical method to show how Islamic and Shiite figures are manifested in al-Khulai’i’s poetry. The method we have relied on in this article is the descriptive analytical method.

Corpus linguistics deals with language in its real context that is crystallized in linguistic corpora, and provides researchers with a variety of tools to study different linguistic fields, such as grammar, semantics, word structure, phonology, and stylistics, etc. This study presents a new method in stylistic studies called corpus-based stylistics, demonstrating its effectiveness in examples from Nahjul Balagha. First, the basic terms of this method are defined, such as association, keywords, cluster material, and contextual index; then all these concepts are applied to the text through the Ant Konk program in an operational manner. It is worth mentioning that this research is the first research to present corpus-based stylistics, providing examples from “Brother of the Holy Quran”. Using this method enables the researcher to gain a deep understanding of the discourse of this great book and analyze its features quantitatively and qualitatively. It is worth mentioning that there is a vast gap between this method and traditional stylistics.

This research presents the problem of meaning as a fundamental problem in philosophical thought, and the field of study here is closer to the field of philosophy of values ​​than any other field of philosophy, because it is a research related to the philosophy of life and the philosophy of human existence in it. One of the characteristics of man is that he is a being searching for meaning, because the meaning of life is what provides man with the reasons for living, and determines his goals and movement in it, and therefore this concept was approached with other concepts such as truth, values ​​and nihilism, and the research moved away from topics related to the philosophy of language and logical positivism and analytical philosophies, because the research is not concerned with sentence structures and meanings of phrases, and methods of expression, but rather focuses on the idea of ​​meaning as a philosophical concept that has an essence and existential entity.

The very short story has artistic and aesthetic features that make it effective in the process of educating the recipient and encouraging him to participate in the narration process. The Omani short story writer has become aware of these features and has sought to employ them in order to achieve his literary and cultural goals. This study aims to examine the Omani short story experience represented by the writer Walid Al-Nabhani, in order to identify the most important artistic and aesthetic features that distinguished his collection "Saranmat" in terms of style; starting with the connotations of the ambiguous title, and the extent of the connection of this title to the internal titles and their contents. Relying on the style of paradox and showing contradictions to deepen the recipient's sense of the phenomena he adopts. His use of exciting, enigmatic texts with different interpretations, in order to activate the readers' culture through the technique of intertextuality. Adopting the principle of symbolism as a means of condensing texts, using new, innovative symbols that pose a challenge to the reader. This study also seeks to identify the writer's intentions behind choosing his short story topics and presenting them in the form of the very short story. In the study, we adopted the appropriate descriptive-analytical approach to analyze and criticize the very short story. Finally, it became clear to us that despite the unique characteristics of the very short story, such as its short length and extreme condensation, the writer was able to use it with skillful intent to achieve his multiple goals, and to disseminate his critical visions regarding aspects of life in Omani society, and to call on the new generation to preserve the legacy of their ancestors.

This research studies the subject of disguise in the Umayyad era, specifically its motives, as one of the methods that were relied upon by a number of men of authority and opposition - alike - because it represented the only path to achieve goals that are difficult to achieve by appearing and moving in the real form, due to the association of this with the failure of the plan. Therefore, we read that the success of disguise requires a difference in its nature in terms of changing the appearance, clothing, place and name - sometimes - and even disguising oneself in the form of a woman's dress - if necessary - It is worth noting that the research presents different motives for disguise, and reveals many goals that the person in disguise aspires to, including saving one's life, feeling the pulse, instilling fear in souls, achieving victory and conquest, doing good without mirrors, meeting the beloved, and others.

Arranging the sciences has always been one of the ways to facilitate learning, memorizing and memorizing the content. Explanations and commentaries have been written to facilitate learning for these poems. The golden alloy in the science of rhetoric was one of the collections whose brief text was attributed to Mukhtasar al-Ma'ani al-Taftazani. One hundred and twenty-five verses were devoted to the subject of simile in this collection and it deals with the definition of simile and mentioning the pillars and also its types in consideration of the two sides of the simile and the point of similarity as well as mentioning the tools of simile. In this collection, I touched upon the translation, interpretation and commentary on this part of the poem.

The Fatimids sought, with their policy and shrewdness, to prove the validity of their claim, and this greatly benefited them in establishing their authority in Egypt, and the Egyptians accepted their thought and policy, due to the sacred status of the Prophet Muhammad, peace be upon him, and his family in the hearts of the Egyptians. The conquest of Egypt is considered an event that is more than just a change in the ruling families, but rather it was considered a radical religious and cultural revolution, for for the first time in history, Egypt was ruled by a state that did not owe even nominal loyalty to Baghdad. The Fatimids used gifts as a means to get closer to the people they ruled and to win the hearts of the Egyptian public and to attract the men of their state from leaders, soldiers, scholars and poets. The caliphs of the Fatimid state and the senior men of the state were interested in the cultural (intellectual) aspect; to spread their ideas and as a means of defense against their opponents, in addition to using them as a means of their political advocacy in the same way that political parties have adopted in the modern era.

Moses (PBUH) has many stories related to his life, intertwined in meaning and intent in many Quranic Surahs, where the life of this prophet is mentioned from birth to the end, and we see most of these stories repeated in several places in the Holy Quran on many occasions and for purposeful purposes. Among them is his being thrown into the river by inspiration from God to Moses' mother (PBUH), his upbringing in Egypt, his heading towards Madyan, his acquaintance with the family of the Prophet Shu'aib, his departure from Madyan, receiving the message, the tree's request to him, the replacement of the staff, the call of Pharaoh, the victory over the magicians' plot, the splitting of the sea, and his and his people's salvation from drowning. We mentioned side incidents that were repeated in meaning and content, and they are the story of Moses (PBUH) and the world in the sea, as well as the story of the cow of the Children of Israel, and finally the narrations related to the death of Moses (PBUH) and his brother Aaron. Through research, we found that the moral repetition in the story of Moses (PBUH) has educational and instructive purposes. In all these stages, we find the repetitive nature of the story in its verbal and moral parts, which drives the narration of the story, its elements and its plot, and that the Holy Quran used narrative narration in this story through the organization of the text with a specific structure, as it begins with a precise definition of the situation in a declarative language, then begins to deepen the development of the axis of the text, mostly a situation that alludes to the previous and subsequent events, and detailed images follow in it through explanation after ambiguity, then the movement begins to escalate through forming a series of drawings of the event. This was mentioned in the statement of Moses being thrown into the sea.

The research sheds light on the most important architectural design features that respond to the climate within the architecture of ancient Iraq in the civilizations (Sumerian, Babylonian, and Assyrian) with different functions of governance represented by palaces and worship buildings. The research included a presentation and analysis of specific design indicators for the detailed climate characteristics of buildings, by building a database on indicators (the angle of the building direction, the elongation ratio, the average elongation ratio of internal spaces, and extracting the standard deviation of the elongation ratio of internal spaces as a function of the horizontal dimensions ratio of the building plan, the ratio of spaces within the ideal range criterion for the length to width ratio, and the number of spaces). The aforementioned variables were derived from the plans with a horizontal dimension. The number of buildings according to the selective sample was (8) buildings distributed as (4) buildings within the Sumerian civilization, (2) buildings belonging to each of the Babylonian and Assyrian civilizations. The descriptive analytical approach was employed based on a database of design indicators that have been proven to affect the detailed climate characteristics of buildings. The research concluded with several results that can be summarized as follows: 1- The rate of elongation of internal spaces varied, and the Sumerian Twin Palace topped the rest of the Sumerian buildings in terms of the climatic suitability of internal spaces, with a percentage of spaces of (65.11%). The Zimri-Lim Palace building in Mari also topped the Babylonian civilization, while the index was close to the Assyrian civilization. 2- The standard deviation of the elongation ratios of internal spaces varied, and the Sushin Palace and Temple topped the rest of the Sumerian buildings in the index (0.31), indicating a low level of spatial gradation, which leads to an increase in the variation in the detailed climate characteristics within the building spaces. The Ninmah Temple building also topped the Babylonian civilization with an index of (0.31), while the index was close to the Assyrian civilization.

Thinkers from ancient times had a vision about divine actions, their occurrence and antiquity based on rational and transmitted evidence. However, one of the issues that was less precise was the stages of the issuance of divine actions in the world. This research seeks to analyze and explain the seven stages of the issuance of divine actions in the world by taking a hadith from Imam al-Sadiq (peace be upon him) in the noble book al-Kafi. These stages, summarized under the name of ((the seven characteristics)), were presented in this hadith and they are: will, desire, destiny, decree, permission, book and term, which in other narrations have been reduced to four, and only the first four of them were mentioned, which in turn are the basic stages for the realization of matters in the heavens and the earth, and which branch off from the four stages previously mentioned and have a fundamental role in divine actions, especially the term, which cannot be denied.

Comparative literature stands in the middle of literatures to monitor the movement of global trends and their impact on national literature and the impact of this national literature on other literatures. Eastern women, especially Iranian and Palestinian, have received the attention of many writers and authors of different orientations and multiple interests. They have occupied a prominent place in their literary production, whether poetry or prose. They were the sensitive chord that is affected by the movement of reality and affects it. Fadwa Touqan (1917-2003) is one of the most important Palestinian poets of the twentieth century from the city of Nablus. She is from a well-known Palestinian family and was nicknamed the poet of Palestine, as her poetry represented a strong foundation for female experiences in love, revolution, and women’s protest against society. Simin Behbahani (1306-1393 AH) is an Iranian poet who was famous for her love poetry and was a poet of women. Whenever she spoke about society, she defended women in general. The woman who empowered poets in her time, in a country that sought to join the Women’s Forum. He was also the editor-in-chief of the Future of Iran. A member of the Women’s Development Association and the Democratic Party for Revenue. Behbahani and Touqan talk about women and their status, women’s education, women’s work, and their lost rights. In this article, we adopted the descriptive analytical approach to reveal the radiance of the aesthetics of women’s forms in the poetry of Fadwa Touqan and Simin Behbahani.

The men's index books are among the records that express the scientific level that these schools were living and the cultural advancement and creative level in the composition that the owners of the men's records had reached. The index books are the books that recorded a large group of names of narrators who wrote books, mentioning their books and the paths leading to them. The fourteenth century AH recorded the largest encyclopedic work at the level of indexes. It was stated in the classification of Agha Bozorg al-Tehrani (d. 1389 AH) in the book (Al-Dhari'a ila Tasaneef al-Shi'a) that there are approximately (54668) authors. The biographies included in the index books depend on basic pillars that differ from one person to another according to the information prepared by the author of the index. Among the most important of these pillars that we can notice when referring to the index books are: the name of the book, the translation of the author, the fame of the books, and the description of the book. One of the things that index books address is the subject of book description, due to the importance that results from that in terms of explaining the condition of those books and the possibility of relying on them. Book description comes in two types: detailed and general, and the latter comes in two types: positive and negative. Hence, the choice of the research title that explains the condition of those words used in evaluating the blogs.

The current research tests the relationship of association and impact between human psychological resilience and emotional disturbance. The research problem is represented by the extent of the role of human resilience in reducing the occurrence of emotional disturbance among workers in Al-Sadr Medical City in Najaf Governorate. The questionnaire form was used as a data collection tool, and (112) forms were distributed to the research sample. The data were analyzed using the (SPSS) program, and a number of statistical methods were used to test the research hypotheses. The research reached a set of conclusions, the most important of which was the existence of a correlation and impact between human psychological flexibility and its variables (patience, tolerance, ability to deal with emotions, morale, initiative) and emotional disturbance in general. The research concluded with a set of conclusions, the most important of which was that there is a clear awareness by workers in Al-Sadr Medical City of the importance of human psychological flexibility in dealing with clients, which in turn contributes to reducing the occurrence of emotional disturbance among workers. Among the most prominent recommendations is the need to educate the staff working in the organization under study, with its various medical, administrative, technical and service specialties, that the approach of flexibility in dealing is necessary and is a primary option for workers in the medical city. Flexible work without activating its dimensions represented by patience, tolerance, dealing emotionally, working with morale and initiative in providing medical and therapeutic services.

The current research sought to identify the level of interest of the research sample (Najaf Cement Factory) in strategic awareness and organizational sustainability, as well as to identify the role that strategic awareness can contribute to achieving sustainability in the researched factory. The research relied on the questionnaire form as the main tool for collecting data and information, which included (31) paragraphs distributed over the research variables, with (16) paragraphs for the dimensions of strategic awareness (reflection, systems thinking, orientation towards learning, and reformulation) and (15) paragraphs for the dimensions of organizational sustainability (economic sustainability, social sustainability, and environmental sustainability). The questionnaire was distributed to a sample of employees in the Najaf Cement Factory with the rank of (Director, Assistant Director, Head of Department, Chief Supervisor, Supervisor, Legal, Accountant, Engineer), as they are more knowledgeable and experienced in their field of work. (185) questionnaires were distributed, (172) questionnaires were retrieved, and (7) questionnaires were excluded that were not suitable for statistical distribution, so that the research sample was (165) employees. The research tested two main hypotheses. Through them, it reached a number of conclusions, the most prominent of which was that the level of interest of the laboratory in strategic awareness is less than its level of interest in organizational sustainability, in addition to the existence of a significant impact of the dimensions of strategic awareness combined on organizational sustainability. The research also concluded that the laboratory's procedures for the dimension of systems thinking are routine procedures that do not support the achievement of sustainability.

Iraq has witnessed a series of wars and crises in recent years that have had political, economic and social repercussions on the state and the people. Among these repercussions are the military operations represented by the first and second Gulf Wars and the subsequent occupation of Iraqi territory by American forces and allied forces, the overthrow of the former regime, the fall of many official institutions, the loss of security control over parts and large areas of Iraqi territory, and the exploitation of these circumstances by terrorist and criminal gangs at various stages of Iraq's modern history, committing a series of violations and crimes against the Iraqi people and the public property of the Iraqi state, including archaeological sites, cultural and religious centers represented by temples, shrines and churches that date back to ancient times, which have always constituted a civilized memory for Iraq and its people, dazzling historians and researchers in the field of civilization and antiquities. This research comes to trace a dark era that Iraq went through, in which it lost much of this property due to acts of sabotage, theft and arson committed by criminal gangs, some of which belong to extremist organizations and are backed by external parties and with the complicity of internal parties. I believed in an extremist ideology and took action.

The Moringa oleifera tree is a unique tree in its benefits and uses, which range from its industrial importance as it is one of the trees whose seeds can be used to produce oils, to its medical benefits as its leaves, seeds, stems and roots contain a huge number of vitamins, antioxidants and amino acids, which are a living laboratory for medicines, in addition to its nutritional importance as its leaves are edible, which are beneficial to humans and animals, in addition to the possibility of using it as a green tree in public and home gardens and being one of the trees that is characterized by rapid growth and can be planted most times of the year. The study extended to cover ten months from April 1, 2019 to February 1, 2020, starting from obtaining germinating seeds of Moringa oleifera and irrigating them using four water sources: domestic water available in Al-Hirah district, which is tap water, RO filtered water, raw water from the river, and raw water from an exhaust well (which is widely used in Al-Hirah district to dispose of sewage water). The study also included a number of factors, such as location, climate, natural water resources, population, and city neighborhood planning, including the number of residential units, their areas, and the area of ​​their gardens. The fourth section addressed the suitability of available water sources for growing Moringa oleifera at home in Al-Hirah district, and the results ultimately concluded with a number of results.

The research aims to know the extent to which the educational television lesson benefits from the technologies available for educational television at the present time. It consists of four chapters: the first chapter includes the methodological framework, the second chapter includes the techniques of the television studio and its accessories, while the third chapter includes the capabilities of educational television in presenting the educational lesson, and the fourth chapter includes the techniques of viewing and analyzing the fourth grade audio-visual lesson. This is evident in the filming of the experiences of the subject matter, viewing levels, analysis of the lesson method, and mature performance methods. This is followed by a list of sources, footnotes, and a summary of the research in English.

The purpose of the research is to demonstrate the role of small projects in addressing the unemployment problem. Therefore, the research problem revolves around the spread of the unemployment phenomenon and the deliberate neglect represented by government policies to address economic problems. Iraq suffers from high unemployment rates, linked to several indicators, including unemployment among young people and those with academic qualifications. Small projects are one of the most important mechanisms that contribute significantly to employment and reducing unemployment, due to their flexibility in providing job opportunities in the business community, in addition to their role in national development and their reliance on individual initiatives. Thus, it is confirmed that small projects can be one of the main factors in reducing the unemployment rate in Iraq by creating a large number of productive job opportunities as one of their achievements in the field of economic and social development if they are expanded well, their activities and locations are chosen, their financing methods are developed, their products are marketed, and their integration with large projects is improved. The research followed the descriptive method, and the research concluded that small projects have characteristics that make them more suitable for the Iraqi environment, such as the low cost of invested capital and that they are labor-intensive projects.

Thisstudy aims to investigate the ways in which Salman Rushdie, an English writer,supports a hybrid worldwhich differences and heterogeneity are not only tolerated, but eagerly celebrated as a means of cultural newness. In the 21st Century, instantaneous communication, global economics and increasing migration of people across continents have drastically destabilized old views on the formation of cultural identities. This study attempts to provehow Rushdie`s literary works strongly believe in mixing identitiesand cultures, rather than limiting identification to a single place or idea. The study focuses on the struggle for cultural identity or the different areas of cultural identity. To do this, the researcher particularly examines Rushdie`s novel. He also discusses the ways in which political and personal events have formed his attitudes. Rushdie`s novels are clearly dedicated to the idea that cultural blending will create a better and more peaceful world in the future

The paper directs attention to the different assessment methods. The aim of the study is draw more educational attention to the assessment methods in order to shift the emphasis from the traditional concept of assessment to a new concept in assessment. A qualitative case study orientation was used to collect data in the form of classroom observations, interviews and field notes. The assessment methods and concepts of three participants are investigated and evaluated. According to the findings, there is a need to transform the traditional conceptions and methods of assessment.

The position which it occupies the part the Traveller Without Luggage in the theatre of Jean Anouilh is not déniable. The praise which it received from the critics and the readers comes from its treatment of the topics of the world company of the post-war period, like the past and lost happiness, rich person of reflections and remainder of the current events the continuation of a serious wound peandant the world war, Gaston the hero of the part, son of a rich French family became unbeknownst to its true personality. His memory is waked up of its coma by the accounts of its close relations on his horrible adolesence. The exit of this dead end is not possible that with the lapse of memory of its past with the purity of childhood. Against this challenge, the events of the part report the way in which Gaston carried out his combat to become the being of which it dreamed.

sur les types et les méthodes de traduction et comment ils étaient classés depuis l'époque des premiers traducteurs de cette manière et pourquoi? Elle se concentre sur les méthodes principales de traduction, et aborde également la question des obstacles rencontrés par le traducteur au milieu de la diversité des textes, et quels sont les moyens raccourcis pour produire une traduction appropriée au texte original. Cette recherche prétend d’éliminer la confusion parmi les personnes intéressées par la traduction lors de la traduction d'un texte. Et devons-nous étudier des méthodes sérieuses basées sur les types de textes pour faciliter la tâche du traducteur et trouver une traduction exacte sans aucune distinction de la méthode de traduction traditionnelle parmi certains diplômés qui croient que la traduction ,peut-être, est aussi un transfert formel et non dynamique de mots, termes et phrases. Mais il reste que la pratique sur de nombreux textes à traduire est le moyen unique d’élaborer une (des) méthode (s) permettant à faciliter le processus de traduction