Iraqi Journal for Administrative Sciences

Knowledge of environmental protection and the potential effects of manufactured products has increased interest in developing methods to understand it better and reduce or prevent its impact.
For this purpose, I used the life cycle method because it fully considers environmental considerations within the product development stage, as the inappropriate environmental impacts associated with the production and use of the product can be monitored, managed, reduced or eliminated. The life cycle provides a logical framework to guide the management and design of production systems, considering the full range of environmental consequences associated with a product. By focusing on the full life cycle, designers and managers can prevent shifting influences between the environment (air, water, soil) and between life cycle stages. Life cycle reasoning has notable benefits: Enhancing the efficiency of the source used, reducing legal liability, and enhancing competition, which produces favourable opportunities for sustainable development.

The research attempts to explain the foundations on which e-commerce was based and how important scientific initiatives and databases were in establishing e-commerce globally. Therefore, such global attempts, which have strengthened the status of e-commerce and enabled its widespread spread, will be reviewed. On the other hand, the Arab environment, with its current components, has taken the initiative to deal with this electronic commerce, according to the data available in the environment, which appears to be facing obstacles and difficulties. It is assumed that it should be taken up first at certain levels, and the possibility of spreading it at the overall level whenever the variables and circumstances become available and appear appropriate otherwise. The discrepancy seems clear between one region and another in the Arab world, which did not benefit from the most important element of e-commerce: \"language\" in dealing and commercial Exchange.
The research shows that there is an exaggeration in the use of electronic commerce, as dealing with services still comes to the fore while coping with goods has only witnessed limited areas, and that dealing at the level of organizations with each other is relied upon, and that companies suffer from scarcity or reluctance in dealing with Before individuals globally, especially for domestic goods, the research is an attempt to review these components and link them to the Arab environment, which is waiting for new initiatives to come up with a new model that is compatible with this environment. The term e-commerce has taken a prominent position, exceeding expectations. This term appeared seven years ago, and the term began to be repeated in the commercial and scientific arena day after day. Countries benefited from active participation in using the meanings of this term and its effective applications, which pushed commercial operations to high levels. Countries began By legislating laws regulating this type of trade and holding seminars, meetings and conferences. Many countries are racing to introduce and use it and invest millions to provide the infrastructure that guarantees its success. Trade is defined as \"the buying and selling of goods and services of various types to achieve profits\" or \"the Exchange of goods and services. The parties to the commercial transaction are:
Buyers, sellers and producers. E-commerce lies in buying and selling via the Internet, which means that electronic commerce is the process of offering goods and services, buying, selling, and paying through the Internet.
But suppose electronic commerce is one of the inevitable issues that is supposed to take its place in the Arab environment amidst many and varied variables and contradictions. How can these contradictions be reconciled with the modern phenomenon of electronic commerce? Has the Arab environment benefited from previous experiences in this field? Is it possible for the Arab environment to be unique in having special models that do not necessarily have to be far from the current scientific reality in the world but rather have a certain specificity that stems from the available components? This is what we will try to review in this research.

The strategic planning process is a wonderful adaptation mechanism that contemporary organizations seek to achieve with all the environmental changes they live under. This process can be likened to human behaviour through which a person adapts to all the events, people and facts he experiences. Just as a person\'s behaviour depends on his physical and psychological capabilities and energies, strategic planning also depends on the administrative, organizational and technical components that the organization possesses. This study seeks to diagnose the nature of the relationship between two of the most prominent organizational components: the organizational structure and the strategic planning process. Given the importance of understanding the relationship between these two variables to help support and activate the strategic planning process, this study adopted the descriptive analytical approach in identifying and treating its variables represented by the strategic planning process as an independent variable and the organizational structure defined by three dimensions, which are the degree of centralization, formality, complexity, and the type of automated structure or \"Organic\" as a dependent variable, based on multiple measures developed following the objectives of the study and the nature of the environment investigated.

The years that followed the revolution of July 17-30, 1968, witnessed an important development in the concept of public office and in its responsibilities and tasks, which made it more closely linked to the interests of citizens and more important in public life than it was previously. There is no one today among public administration writers and professors who acknowledges the separation of public administration from politics, thus isolating the public function from participation in formulating policies, setting goals, making decisions, or legislating laws. This is supported by the practical reality in most developed and developing countries. At the same time, the concept was traditional, emphasizing the executive and technical aspects of the public job. It is a management subject to the hands of leaders or political authority and nothing else. This radical development in the concept of the public job clearly impacts the government employee\'s role in contemporary society.

The topic of valuing common shares and determining the value of the share is one of the topics that has received a great deal of attention in light of the multiple evaluation methods and factors affecting the value of the share inside and outside the facility. Net present value and internal rate of return are also popular methods.
It has a great deal of importance in the financial literature. It is the basis for studying these two methods for evaluating capital investments, but modern financial literature has used them to consider investment in common stocks.
The net present value is a sound criterion for evaluating investment in ordinary shares. The more the company can maximize the true value of its ordinary shares, thus making the net present value of investment in shares positive, the closer it is to achieving its main goal, which is embodied in maximizing the owners\' wealth.
The internal rate of return is also a sound criterion for evaluating investment in common stocks, as it is compared with the rate of return required for the cost of financing. Companies that do not achieve a return from their investment that at least covers the cost of their funding must reconsider their investment policy.

Research into the history of globalization opens a wide door for the reader to know the stages of the emergence and development of this phenomenon, as many studies have indicated that globalization has taken forms and patterns over time and that it was a well-known term even before World War II, and this is what many linguistic, economic and administrative dictionaries have indicated. Globalization is a euphemistic and polite name, and major countries, especially capitalist countries, are marketing it. It is one of the stations of enslavement and exploitation, just like the stage of the white man during the colonial fever that struck the European powers in the nineteenth century, and it does not differ from the stage of the mandate established by the League of Nations in the twenties of the twentieth century. This means that globalization is a complementary stage to the previous stages and indicates the same meaning. He said this phenomenon has been a natural development of civilization since the most ancient historical eras, which began several thousand years ago BC. If the historical depth of globalization is investigated, we find that most opinions agree that this phenomenon is ancient in some of its implications. In the context of his analysis of the variables in the structure of the old international system. Globalization is essentially a phenomenon linked to the emergence of global industrial capitalism and the changes that occurred in this system, whose trends crystallized in the seventies of the twentieth century and whose main lines and features became clear at the beginning of the nineties, which was represented by the collapse of the Bretton Woods system: the globalization of productive activity, the globalization of financial activity and the integration of Markets changing centres of power, and changing the structure of the global economy and development policies. The vision of globalization resulted from peace and war studies that took place during World War II in America. The United Nations and the Bretton Woods institutions, including the International Monetary Fund, were created as instruments to implement this system.

The Arab financial markets face great challenges, the most prominent of which is globalization and its outcomes. Globalization, with its bad results and risks, is an imminent danger because the origin of globalization is the intense desire of the centre countries to tame the peripheries according to what the centre desires and desires, and thus, it involves the imposition of control and hegemony. Political, military and economical, and the basis for this is the plundering of peoples\' national wealth and goods under unsound and inaccurate pretexts, sometimes in the name of the United Nations and what is called international legitimacy, to rob the will of others and control their interests according to what the centre wants, and harnessing financial markets is one of the goals that imperialist administrations seek to control and manage. According to what achieves its goals, it faces a major challenge, which focuses on imposing control in its various forms politically, financially, and economically. On the other hand, what is required is to confront these challenges by unifying economic and financial policies, exchanging experience and information through an advanced information communications network between the Arab financial markets, jointly addressing the challenges facing these markets individually or together, and defining sound rules and procedures that are acceptable to all parties in the Arab financial markets. This research seriously highlights these challenges and how to confront them in the Arab world.

Options are one of the derivative financial instruments whose value is derived from the underlying asset\'s value. The underlying asset may be a common stock, a stock index, commodity futures contracts, or futures contracts on debt securities. However, evidence indicates that dealing in options dates back to the early sixteenth century AD. It is the result of many organizational innovations in the options trading mechanism introduced by the Chicago Board of Options Exchange in 1973, which coincided with the opening of the first market. An options regulator, options trading has seen explosive growth since then. The success of options as modern financial instruments was embodied in the opening of many options markets around the world.
Changing the probability distribution of investment returns in common stocks is one of the most important advantages of dealing with options, in addition to providing a wide variety of opportunities available to investors and combinations of return and risk that would not have been possible without options. This important feature led researchers to test the possibility of reducing the risk of common stocks, which has become a prominent feature of investing in common stocks in most financial markets.

Today, social responsibility has become among the most prominent goals that organizations seek to achieve in general, related to society and managed by the state in particular, so calling for the achievement of social responsibility in the organization\'s work process has become part of the comprehensive strategy for its work, and promoting clear visions in its interaction with the environment and in all ways. Its variables. Based on this matter, society, represented by the organization\'s clients and those dealing with it, represents the most influential and clear element in indicating the reality of social responsibility in the work of this organization compared to others. Hence, listening to the opinion of citizens through the complaints they present represents a clear applied direction in the organization\'s approach to social responsibility in formulating its strategy. From this standpoint, the Central Markets Company\'s employees\' awareness index, in thought and practice, for dealing with citizens\' complaints was adopted as an indicator to determine its commitment to achieving social responsibility as a goal it seeks to accomplish in harmony and response to the mission and objectives for which it was designed and which it works in light of achieving.

The manufacturing sector represents a prominent position in the industrial development strategy within the comprehensive economic development process framework. The textile industry branch is considered one of the branches of the manufacturing industry that plays a major role in creating net added values and thus working to raise the level of national income, provide job opportunities, and absorb the prevailing unemployment, as it is one of the industries that depend on labour-intensive production techniques and provides the scarce element of capital, especially machinery and equipment. In addition to saving hard currencies by adopting an import substitution strategy in the textile sector, this reduces the account deficit gap in the balance of payments.

It is recognized that human beings are an end and a means to scientific, technical, social and economic development. This is why countries, regardless of their political, economic and social systems, have taken an interest in human resources, especially after they realized that it is a productive human resource that represents the most important resources available to it in production because it is the blend and directing factor for the rest of the aspects of production, and it is also the main engine. The effective element among these factors is seeking to achieve multiple ambitions and goals through work.
In addition, all studies have proven that the productive efficiency of organizations does not depend on the technology that human resources use in their operations and their desire to work. Human resources management in educational organizations acquires more importance than in other organizations. The positions facing other organizations may be similar or similar, and it may be beneficial. In a limited method or methods that do not require education every time, the picture differs greatly, and their differences are based on this. All studies have proven that not only productive efficiency but also depends to a large extent on the efficiency of organizations that do not rely on dealing with them and overcoming their difficulties a lot of modification and modification, as it In organizations, this stems primarily from the difference in positions, which can be described at least as variable and dynamic because working for and with humans means working with free wills, multiple inclinations, different desires, varying abilities, and differences that expand and narrow from one individual to another. The above makes it necessary for educational organizations to employ their human resources, develop their leadership and scientific capacity, and develop their intellectual and technical skills in a way that makes them able to carry out their responsibilities fully.