Iraqi Journal for Administrative Sciences

The government seeks to achieve diverse goals, which depend on adopting purposeful public policies to serve the community. Public policies can be defined as the actions taken or intended by the government to meet the requirements or needs desired by citizens. Since the government is responsible for formulating various types of public policies, such as healthcare, education, internal and external security, foreign relations, agriculture, industry, environmental protection, crime prevention, and others, it uses these policies as tools for planning, organizing individuals\' and society\'s lives, directing them towards improvement. Public policies involve individuals and groups from governmental and non-governmental sectors characterized by complexity and difficulty. The level of this difficulty depends on multiple and diverse economic, social, and political factors. For example, during economic prosperity, if the government wants to issue decisions or public policies to implement recreational projects, such policies do not provoke controversy or political conflict among society\'s groups due to the availability of necessary financial allocations for executing such projects. However, if such policies are proposed during economic crises, they may spark controversy that could lead to conflict, making formulating public policies more complex and difficult. In such cases, the relevant government authorities must adopt principles and standards characterized by prudence, rationality, avoiding extravagance and waste, working on cost-effectiveness, enhancing productivity, and so on.

Bonds are financial investments that are long-term debt investments in which the issuer (governments and businesses) commits to pay a series of periodic interest payments in addition to returning the principal amount (the face value of the bond) at the maturity date. Most corporate bonds have the following characteristics: maturity date ranging from 10-30 years, face value of the bond is $1000, and the annual interest payments equal the coupon interest rate or the nominal interest rate of the bond multiplied by its face value.
The bond\'s present value, its true value, is calculated by discounting its cash flows, which are the paid interests added to the principal value, at an appropriate discount rate. The true value of the bond (market value) fluctuates in response to changes in the required yield rates by investors. The required yield rate or discount rate for bonds includes the risk-free rate of return plus a risk premium. Interest rate risk arises from future interest rate increases, causing bond prices to decrease. Interest on bonds is paid either annually or semi-annually, and the relationship between market interest rates and bond prices is essential for valuation purposes, as the firm\'s value equals the market value of stocks and bond market value. The bond market has not experienced a recovery like the stock market. Still, since the early 1970s, the bond market in the United States and the international bond market in Europe have grown, with bonds attracting relatively significant interest in investment portfolios.

Thinking about the strategic portfolio has attracted the interest of many thinkers and researchers in the sciences who have adopted strategic thinking as their approach, including financial management, marketing, and operations science. These approaches have enriched the strategic portfolio with analysis and interpretation, each according to its vision. The cognitive approach complements these efforts by providing a unique vision of the strategic portfolio derived from its philosophy, which is based on the role of strategic thinking of top management in analyzing the strategic portfolio, interpreting its movements, and predicting its dimensions, variables, positions, and strategic options. This research focuses on the possibility of relying on the cognitive approach in building the strategic portfolio, attempting to achieve the following scientific contributions: Firstly, it is considered one of the recent research studies that addressed the strategic portfolio with explanation and interpretation—secondly, distinguishing between the dimensions of the strategic portfolio, strategic positions, variables, and strategic options in particular and thirdly, developing expected solutions for the intellectual dilemma formulated by a cognitive model for the strategic portfolio. In light of the points mentioned above, it can be said that this topic falls within the field of strategic management and belongs to the cognitive approach within the framework of mental processes and components of that mind embodied by cognitive abilities and awareness of strategic goals. Based on this, it is generally agreed that the research should provide a theoretical framework for the strategic portfolio according to the cognitive approach.

God Almighty has chosen the word \\"ethics\\" from among all the vocabulary to describe His noble messenger, our Prophet Muhammad (peace be upon him), addressing him by saying: \\"And indeed, you are of a great moral character\\" (Qalam 68:4). The Prophet Muhammad (peace be upon him) described his prophetic role, for which he was sent, by saying, \\"I was only sent to perfect good manners\\" (Muwatta Malik, vol. 4, p. 192). In this elevated context, ethics was intended by the messengers and prophets (peace be upon them) to serve as a barrier between the self and its desires, the inclinations of the heart, and to outline a path for humanity distinguished by righteous deeds and virtues. In Islamic law, ethics represent the practical aspect of a Muslim in all relationships. Islam preceded contemporary administrative thought schools by establishing theoretical and practical foundations for ethical training for hundreds of years, emphasizing that ethics can be acquired through example and companionship. Islam also provided various means to elevate, refine, replace, or abandon instincts and defined ethical standards through honesty, modesty, truthfulness, and justice. Discussions on management ethics have increased in the last three decades of the past century, with growing ethical scandals and the spread of administrative and economic corruption. As a result of the decline in moral systems, the measures taken to address these phenomena have mostly focused on tightening control mechanisms and intensifying the rules governing behaviour. This, in turn, has led to an increase in sophisticated cheating based on the principle that \\"anything prohibited becomes desirable.\\" The complexity of business and globalization has become a topic that cannot be ignored, and the view of business based solely on profit must be met with a perspective that does not overlook the importance of administrative ethics.
The importance of efficiency is not less than profitability and effectiveness standards, as Drucker (1990:199) believes that the organization\\'s efficiency lies outside it because the customer is the profit centre. In contrast, inside the organization, there is only the cost centre. In addition, the social responsibility of an organization towards the external environment has placed it in constraints and controls that must be committed to and seriously considered as long as these controls govern the social return that the organization receives.

The development of performance in the stock market is considered an inevitable necessity required by interacting with local and international variables and adapting to them to face the challenges imposed. This requires access to scientific and practical developments related to the mechanism of work in financial markets, benefiting from modern technologies, and striving to increase the financial tools used in trading. And diversify it to increase the investment opportunities available in the market and enhance the market\'s pioneering role in the national economy, despite the great development achieved by the Baghdad Stock Exchange over the past years, which is represented in mobilizing nationwide savings and directing them towards investment and contributing to increasing the savings and investment awareness among citizens, and providing the concerned market authorities with data and information about trading and the final accounts of companies and the performance of securities listed in the market and the increase in trading volume. However, many aspects require focusing on and striving to achieve. The first section dealt with the theoretical aspect of the research and its methodology; the second section was concerned with explaining the reality of the Baghdad Stock Exchange, while the third section concluded with conclusions and recommendations.

Information systems allocate human resources to achieve high efficiency at the lowest costs and in the shortest time. Therefore, the role of human resources informatics in Iraq, especially in the (higher) education system, is limited to how to allocate Iraqi, Arab and international students accepted centrally into Iraqi universities and institutes according to their baccalaureate grade averages and the specializations that are compatible with those averages in the colleges. The research aims to measure the impact of computers and time, measured in days spent and years, on admission to Iraqi universities and institutes. The researcher used a multiple regression model using the ordinary least squares (OLS) method to analyze the impact of these factors on the numbers of students accepted into Iraqi universities and institutes for three time periods extending from the year ( (1970-1979, 1980-1989 and 1990-1999), and comparing those results with each other to achieve the goal that seeks to know the impact of informatics on the higher education system. The researcher concluded that the role of electronic devices (computers) was insufficient to the extent that they could be relied upon for extended periods. 1970-1979 and 1980-1989, until the beginning of the nineties. However, in supervising the end of the nineties, advanced computer techniques with high features were used, reducing the time spent. Still, they did not use software special for information systems known worldwide. Therefore, the researcher concluded that due to the circumstances and harsh conditions that Iraq experienced, including the eight-year war, the so-called Gulf War, and the comprehensive blockade on Iraq. Neither the administrative apparatus nor the existing technologies could use such software. The signs of informatics and its work appeared on a large scale at the beginning of the third millennium and in a race against time due to the presence of a modern technical base and accumulated experiences that would raise organizational capabilities and increase their efficiency and the researcher did not seek to study them in depth.

This paper aims to define the impact of relying on computerized.
information system of the beneficiaries and the environment under which
Such beneficiaries make their own decision. To fulfil this aim, the research has
Taken up a hypothesized model which has embodied the independent
Research variables and thesis thus availed the opportunity to test the
research hypothesis within the framework of a sample consisting of (154) -
Decision-makers who work at nine governmental organizations in the
Governorate of Ninevah. Data was collected through a questionnaire.
They were especially prepared for this purpose. The data was submitted to the statistical. Analysis, which led to the conclusions and necessary recommendations of
the present paper.

The methods for solving integer programming problems depend on solving the linear programming problem using a known method, such as the Simplex method. If the values of the basic variables are integers, this is required. However, suppose the optimal solution includes non-integer values. In that case, the rounding methods, the optimal break level (1985), or the geometric-Shemkhi and Salman method (1988) are used to obtain a solution close to the optimal solution with integer variables. These methods sacrifice part of the optimality of the objective function, which in turn leads to the disabling of the use of some available resources, requiring that some of the dummy variables not be zeros.

The bulk of administrative studies during the last thirty years have been focused on one topic, which is the effectiveness of leadership. Given that leadership activity in organizations is affected by three basic variables: the leader, the situation, and the subordinates, and given that these variables are predominantly human, behavioural psychologists, sociologists, and science have found That social psychology is an opportunity to conduct many studies and promote many theories in the field of leadership, and although we do not deny the importance of these efforts, nor the value of the dimensions added to the subject of leadership as a result of this research, the applied value of most of the models that emerged from these studies was. According to the administrative point of view, there are limited benefits.
To demonstrate the previous opinion, suffice it to say that in addition to the studies that focused on the personal characteristics that characterize the leader, other studies assume that the leader\'s effectiveness is determined by variables related to his behaviour. Other studies also focused on situational variables, while another group focused on the interaction of the leader\'s characteristics. Position characteristics. Recently, another group of studies focused on the concepts and principles of learning and reinforcement. These studies focused on the supportive characteristics of leader behaviour. These practical studies view leadership as a process of support and that leaders are a source of support, as the leader provides reward and punishment conditional on performance as a means of influencing the level of performance. Subordinates Last - but not least - the integrative theory suggests that the starting point for analyzing and interpreting the effectiveness of leadership influence is the behaviour of subordinates, and therefore, building a comprehensive or integrated theory of the effectiveness of leadership influence requires analyzing the various factors that affect the individual\'s behaviour. As a result of the multiplicity of studies and research in a previous manner, it was natural for leadership models and styles to multiply, and the multiplicity was not limited to leadership styles only but extended to include variables influencing both the leader\'s behaviour and the behaviour of subordinates (Sharif and Al-Deeb (1985). This research deals with a brief review of the most important of these models and patterns, leading to the standard model of leadership presented by (Vroom & Yetton, 1973), and an attempt to use the scale of this model in application to the Iraqi reality to explore the prevailing leadership styles among administrative leaders in state agencies and departments in Iraq.

Managing the commercial bank budget is not a new matter for banking institutions, as, without this matter, it is not expected that any of these institutions would have continued over the years without giving a reasonable amount to this issue in one form or another. A closer look at the composition of commercial banks\\' assets and liabilities during the last decades of the last century clearly shows the important change in commercial banks\\' management policy. They are reflections of the rapid fluctuations in the economic environment, technological development, and intense competition between financial institutions, including commercial banks. The management of commercial banks also realized their inability to market their traditional products, which was reflected in the limited profits. For this reason, commercial banks sought to coexist with developments in the world of finance and banking within the framework of what is known as financial engineering, which proposed a set of innovative financial tools whose application helps to hedge risks and increase risks—Bank profitability according to advanced interactive formulas in managing the commercial bank budget.

The research aims to study the impact of analyzing indicators (the breakeven point) in the process of evaluating performance efficiency at the General Company for Textile Industries as an applied case during the period of economic blockade. The research includes three chapters and concludes that the process of evaluating performance efficiency indicators in the company is generally moral.