Journal of Misan Comparative Legal Studies

تبنى العراق النظام الفدرالي كأساس لقيام الدولة، والسعي بكافة الوسائل لترسيخ النهج الديمقراطي من خلال حماية الحقوق الأساسية والحريات العامة والاهتمام بحق الشعوب بثرواتها الطبيعية لاسيما وأن الحق في الثروات الطبيعية هي احدى اهم مظاهر تلك الحقوق، ومن هذا المنطلق اخذ هذا الحق مكانة مهمة لدى واضعي الدستور لأجل ضمان حقوق الشعب في الوقت الحاضر والمستقبل في استغلال المواد الطبيعية وفي مقدمتها حقوق النفط والغاز بالإضافة الى تطويرها، وان حق الانسان في هذا الاستغلال يستوجب سن التشريعات القانونية المناسبة لوضع هذا الحق موضع التطبيق العملي وإيجاد الحلول والاليات الناجعة التي تؤمن ادارته واستغلاله بالصورة الصحيحة وعلى النحو الذي يحقق حياة كريمة لأفراد الشعوب، اضافة الى عدم الاكتفاء بالنصوص التوجيهية العامة شأنها شأن النصوص الدستورية

In order to cover all of the above, the topic was addressed in two sections. We devoted the first section to studying the nature of financial settlement in crimes of aggression against public funds in terms of the concept of financial settlement and the position of criminal jurisprudence on it. As for the second section, it was devoted to examining the legal problems of financial settlement in crimes of aggression against public funds, in terms of the substantive and procedural problems of applying financial settlement

The scope of the practice of economic crimes has expanded and their appearance in more complex forms, despite the emphasis placed by the Criminal Legislature in the Iraqi Penal Code No. 111 of 1969 amending the Economic Offences as well as in the Iraqi Trade Regulation Act No. (20) For the year 1970 as amended, the negative manifestations of economic crimes continued to emerge significantly, resulting in the sabotage of many countries' economies, including Iraq, which made Iraq one of the last underdeveloped countries. Given the importance of economic crime and its seriousness to Iraq's political and economic systems, it is therefore imperative that citizens be mindful of it, because it is harmed not only by the State, but also by the individual who commits it and by citizens in general, which requires increased penalties, especially in exceptional circumstances, in times of economic crisis and war

Mediation is considered one of the most important alternative means that parties resort to to settle their contractual disputes through a neutral and independent third party who has technical, legal and administrative qualifications that enable him to find a solution that ends the dispute amicably without the need for the judiciary or arbitration. Mediation is characterized by several features that distinguish it from other means, namely speed, confidentiality and conservatism. On the friendly relationship between the parties to ensure their good faith in providing sufficient information to end the dispute.
Mediation is based on several types, including judicial, conventional, and some followed by arbitration. Due to the importance of mediation and its effective role in settling disputes, and to avoid exorbitant expenses and the long time it takes for judiciary and arbitration, some comparative countries, including the United Arab Emirates, have regulated mediation with a special law on mediation and conciliation in civil and commercial disputes No. (40) of the year 2023, and Jordan also regulated mediation with a special law under the name of the Mediation Law for the Settlement of Civil Disputes of 2006. As for the other countries, it did not regulate it with a special law, but rather came with texts in different laws, such as the French Civil Procedure Law. Likewise, the Iraqi legislator did not regulate it with a special law, but rather came with separate texts in different laws, including the law. Civil law, civilprocedurelaw , andlaborlaw

The spread of non-ionizing electromagnetic radiation constitutes a type of environmental pollution, similar to nuclear pollution, marine pollution, soil pollution, and other types of environmental pollution that society suffers from and seeks reasonable solutions to overcome or limit its scope. Electromagnetic pollution is often the most dangerous type of pollution due to its general spread. Non-ionizing electromagnetic radiation spreads in residential areas, which determines the necessity of the law responding quickly in modern society to every requirement or technological development, affecting the direction of technological and economic development and developing the rules and ideas prevailing in the traditional legal system of civil liability for the purpose of protecting the right of the person harmed by non-ionizing electromagnetic radiation to obtain compensation

يعد عقد التملك الزمني للوحدات العقارية السياحية من الاليات القانونية المهمة لتنشيط حركه السياحة واستقطاب السائحين وذلك لتهيئه مكان للإقامة والتنزه والترفيه بأسعار منخفضه عن طريق اشراك اكبر عدد من المستفيدين يتناوبون الانتفاع بهذه الوحدات السكنية لمده زمنيه كل عام قد تكون اسبوع او اكثر ومن ثم تقدم هذه الاليه البديل الامثل عن شراء وحدات سكنيه كامله بمبلغ باهظ ولا ينتفع بها الاشخاص الا شهر فقط من كل عام، كما ان هذه الاليه افضل من الاعتماد على التأجير وما يستتبعه من صعوبات قد تكون ناجمه عن ازدحام بعض المواسم بالسائحين، من اجل ذلك كان التفكير في هذه الاليه لتشجيع السائحين على قضاء اوقاتهم السياحية بسهوله ويسر وباقل التكاليف، وان تكييف العلاقة العقدية بين مالك الوحدة السياحية وبين المستفيد له اهمية بالغة في تحديد نطاق الحقوق والالتزامات المترتبة على المتعاقدين وتحديد الطبيعة القانونية للعقد وبصرف النظر عما يسبغه المتعاقدين من وصف او تسمية على العقد