political issues

International relations have seen more overlap even though countries hide their gains and there are many motives that drive them to seek cooperation with each other resulting from the complexity of international politics, and that the search for peace and prosperity at all levels is the goal of all countries, including Russia and Turkey, and the collapse of the Union has The Soviet Union, which led to the end of the cold war that lasted for nearly four decades in the twentieth century and the end of the bipolar world, had major implications for most of the foreign countries ’policies, among them Turkey, which played an important role in that war due to its geographical location close to the Soviet Union. In the past, the new Russia appeared on the world stage as the heir of the Soviet Union, and given the international and regional conditions, the two countries were forced to enter into broad and comprehensive cooperation and coordination in various fields, despite the difference and contradiction in some issues that appeared on the international scene, and that this cooperation did not It is limited to the political and economic aspects as is the case in the Soviet era, but extends beyond it to the military, security and technical aspects until the two countries sought after 2002 to reach what can be described as the stage of strategic partnership, particularly in areas of common interest, including m Black Sea area

Abstract
History has witnessed huge changes in the models and ways of communication and interaction between countries, societies and individuals, which made it easier to communicate with each other on one hand and great complications and limitation in many ways on other hand and this costs shadows on these societies where it started effecting there habits, traditions and cultural in heritance and sometimes their identity.
Colleges nowadays are facing big challenge to prove their ability to produce the outcome which are capable at using their knowledge in the field of work and solving the problems of society by their graduates and the good quality of their research which has become a standard for the sobriety of their scientific magazines, theses, and prestige of their academic staff. The continuity and ability of colleges to stay and compete rely on their ability to interact with society and performing their duties toward its crucial issues through finding solutions to problems and challenges which face its growth and its civilized and human advancement, therefore we proposes this study as a model which enhance adopting researches that working on identifying the problems and needs of the Iraqi society and finding the successful solutions to them.

The right of education is one of the basic rights that are organized by constitutional documents of different doctrines and ideological ideas that’s believed by publishers, besides that, state institutions will find it selves responsible of a constitutional obligation to implement and Apply this right, and with the spread of an epidemic "COVID 19" in the world, including Iraq, the Iraqi Ministry of Higher Education and Scientific Research has adopted to Permanently disable all government and private universities and colleges, and adopted to e-learning for the continuation of the school year, but what is the legal basis for the ministry to act in this way to make its legality and the legality of the implications that it entails? This pivotal question is answer on it in the folds of this research and I address it at the level of constitutional texts and at the level of texts of the law regulating the Ministry of Higher Education and Scientific Research using an analytical and rational approach to these texts.

It is well established that the reality of extremism and terrorism did not arise from nothingness or from emptiness, since nothingness is not productive or that emptiness does not have the ability to create phenomena and things on this logical (mental) level, and for this, the search for the origin of the phenomenon requires from us \"those working in the academic field\", especially humanity. (Political Science) Thinking about logical, rational reasons that are believable whenever they are supported by reliable evidence, and because the phenomenon (terrorism and extremism) is global in scope and scope, it must be behind countries that funded, supported, encouraged, trained and facilitated everything that would produce and establish extremist and terrorist forces and employed to serve aspirations And the projects of those countries that were behind the emergence of the forces of extremism and international terrorism in their pursuit of goals that could not be achieved except through the birth of groups and organizations that accepted the required mission.(Extremism and terrorism) with various political motives, not the last of which is the achievement of socio-political justice and with an Islamic pretext that is open to all. Perhaps someone is asking whether these countries that produced the forces of terrorism and extremism have achieved their goals without terrorist tools? The nature of international and regional conflict at times, and in order to achieve goals that are said to be inhumane less, has made those countries that produce terrorism resort to and adopt extremist terrorist methods and mechanisms, which the researcher is trying to shed light on.

Abstract
In the Iraqi case, we find many phenomena of division (cultural, social, political, etc.) that extremism caused after the year 2003, a camp on social relations, and tyranny of cultural relations among political elites and their audiences, a division that gradually leans towards a departure from the rules Cultural competition, natural intellectual difference, and towards more pleading with violence-generating methods of terrorism, The spread of extremism and the result of it from violence and conflict is a logical result of the existence of a deep identity crisis, and this does not mean that social and economic disparities are at a lower level in promoting feelings of extremism and hatred in Iraq, but they become more dangerous when they exist within the framework of an incubating cultural environment, and a fragile society prevails. It has primary loyalties, and lacks the lowest foundations for shared social cohesion.

The Iranian-Turkish bilateral relations represent the cornerstone of the overall effective regional arrangements, and each of them represents the basis for most of the major strategic events and issues affecting the region\'s interactions at the present time. And because the orientations of the Iranian-Turkish relationship were based on the nature of their perceptions of the surrounding variables and circumstances, this relationship was affected by the roles of those actors in the region, both towards each of them separately or towards their relationship together, and because the regional environment was characterized by the presence of many actors (states The United States of America, the Russian Federation, and the European Union) whose roles have had a major impact in deciding the affairs of the region’s interactions and formulating the pattern and nature of the orientations of the rest of the roles in a manner consistent with their interests and goals, and therefore within the framework of this environment the United States has adopted a special vision for the nature of the world The importance of Iranian-Turkish relations and the different roles they play in a way that is consistent with the various interactions and trends in the region in general for the components of the regional environment.

Education in Iraq suffers from several challenges, including political, economic, social and even cultural ones, which reflect the frequency of many problems that have negatively affected the level of political awareness of the citizen, hence the title of the research (obstacles to political and social education and their impact on political awareness in Iraq after 2003). The study came in two researchers, and the study said, "the importance of these obstacles and the importance of their role in the way that limits the process of education and its usefulness in instilling political awareness and its roots in Iraqi self-awareness." The first discussed the political obstacles through two demands, the first of which dealt with the political instability, while the second one dealt with the problem of sectarian allocation and the second discussed social obstacles through two demands. The first requirement was the weakness of national identity and the emergence and growth of sub-identities, while the second one dealt with the issue of immigration and forced displacement in Iraq after 2003 and its impact on education and political awareness of the citizen.

The individual right and liberty were in the top concern of most thinkers and theoretician thought-philosophy of the new epoch which known as Enlightenment epoch, of what be contributed in appearing deepest controversial and dialogue had been affective on all prevailing thought-philosophical trends in both modern and contemporary age, and which advocated this fact is the extensive huge area of what occupied this issue seized and its impacts. So that made it laid its massive heaviness on the socio-politician movement and struggles raised in maturing epoch which known by modernity of modern age, particularly significant struggle area in which stand in the democracy revolution inflamed against chief government centers of tyrannical monarchial. Thus this issue assertive in scarcely on the new government systems which created by these revolutions, and it had been reflected on the chief doctrine for most these systems constitutional and also the right bill and convention emanated from them, even its fundamental or vital in aroused it.
But and due to that the government systems in the representative democracy executed deepest socio-economical actions oppressed and repressed actions for many decades against lower class, social sections, specific social factions and racial components individuals, these action possibly lead to consist and emerge many struggles movement which some of them transferred to social and classification revolutions or uprising against the politician system structure and its essential, in these countries, particularly the progressive industrials. In consequences of that, this factor had been pushed the authorities forces to review their repression polices and oppressed action on those classes, sections and racial groups, in which incarnated huge assuming political reforms, emanated bill and declarations, of what reduce those oppressed and possession, and then adopt restrict it. Thus and in order to extend the affordable rights and liberties in such to be include huge and wider population sectors in these societies, even it had been taken after long term of epoch, however, it wasn’t became the hurdle in front of continuation of practicing policies in any ways, frames or paces. Therefore, this situation maintain the right for implementation and withdrawal of these rights

Lebanon enjoys a republican democratic political system that enables the exercise of political pluralism with in a wide range of freedoms and this distinguish it from most of the existing political systems in the region .The most prominent reason for this advantage is the nature of the Lebanese demographic and sectarian structure that makes all components of minorities incapable of monopolizing power alon.This positive characterization does not eliminate the existence of multiple gaps and defects that have always caused instability in the internal situation and exposed to setbacks that almost will destroy the Lebanese structure from its foundation.

Abstract
This research explores the topic of constitution through Modern Arab Thought and through the constitutional developments that the Arab world has witnessed since the beginning of the twentieth century and till this present day. The Arab Spring especially made an impact on the development of Arab constitution through democratic and political changes, which erupted after the outbreak of the Arab Spring. Furthermore, Eastern- European countries have also witnessed changes to their constitutions since the late 1980s, as well as various countries in Latin America, Asia and Africa.

Abstract
Electronic future wars of the United States of America
The last ten years, with informatics progress, have witnessed dramatic shifts and changes in concept of war created by non-conventional security threats, which emerged in world stage in last two decades. New concepts, like asymmetric war become a reality, since many major armies in various region in the world engaged in many wars across the world, as appear in Electronic wars, which transformed from theory into real world. Moreover this kind of wars become the direct cause to outbreak the conventional military conflict, this show the strategic danger that entails in the electronic wars that pushed the information security to occupy the top priorities of international national security.

The magnitude of the influence that international actors are playing towards the American role and influence in the Middle East region, especially in their attitudes toward Iran, which are based on the interests that bring together the international powers with Iran, as they are not ready to lose their economic interests to satisfy President Trump's directions, and accordingly The United States of America cannot cancel the size of the influence of these international actors, especially as it has a role in influencing the size of international economic competition, as well as its influence on the course of political and security conditions in the region, and therefore their role was a positive and support factor for Iran, in limiting trends And the punitive measures taken by the Trump administration toward Iran.

Abstract
The ongoing Syrian crisis since 2011 was a point of clash between regional and international regimes, and the diplomatic rivalry between the international parties was mixed with an organic fight on the Syrian scene. The difference between the policies of managing the daily diplomatic activity and the diplomatic activity in the moments of strategic transformations became clear. The actors in the Syrian crisis were divided into two opposing parties: the first (Federal Russia) in favor of the Assad regime's survival as an active member of a larger coalition system, which sought to arrange regional interactions to counter Western influence and its vision, as well as to re-engineer regional interactions. As for the second of them (Turkey), he rejected the regime, as he saw this opponent as a way out to regional challenges that had previously not been addressed, whether politically or militarily. Therefore, we note that the Syrian crisis is the most difficult of the Arab Spring crises, as it is the most severe in the criterion of the use of force in its management, and it is the most complex in the Arab region, which led to the entry of international powers on the line of management.

The strategic planning process in Israel is affected by a number of material and moral factors that reflect its reality and the environment in which it lives, which is certainly different from other countries. This process binds reality to goals, expresses setting goals and ensuring supreme interests that require skill, sophistication, and a rational view of events and situations through a series of interim steps required by the nature of their expansionary goals, and the variables of their environments.

Abstract
((Turkish- Egyptian relations after the Arab spring revolution and future prospects)).
The study aims to know the relations between the two countries and according to the following investigations: the first includes the stages of ruling of the Military Council relations between turkey and Egypt, Relationships in the Muslim Brotherhood. Relations under the rule of president Abdel Fattah Sisi .the section is guaranteed: variables affecting relations between the two countries and prospects for the future. The research attempts to address the problem of the possibility of the two countries to overcome political differences and develop their relations .

Abstract
There is no doubt that conflicts in general and in Iraq after 2014 in particular have wasted meaningful opportunities for youth and women through which they allow social, political and economic participation in shaping spaces through which to express themselves, as wars and conflicts do not only destroy schools and bridges, but rather destroy the head Social money through the displacement of the population and the expansion of ethnic divisions, while women and youth were most affected by these conflicts, due to the seriousness of their role in perpetuating the momentum of conflicts at times, and their occurrence as victims at other times. In this sense, societies affected by the conflict can reap the fruits of peace and stability by making appropriate investments in youth and women by finding enabling means at the scientific, economic and cultural levels in order to reconnect them to the societal system and to be a starting point towards the restoration of political stability.

ِAbstract
The public budget deficit is one of the most important economic problems experienced by countries, whether they are advanced or developing, and countries make great efforts to confront the deficit in their public budgets and get rid of them, in light of the growing role that governments play in their economic activities, it has taken a trend in the public budget deficit Increasingly in various countries, it has become one of the most economic problems facing countries, and Sudan is one of the countries that suffers from a deficit in its public budget since the year 2008, until the present time as a result of multiple reasons, and one of the most important methods that Sudan used to confront the deficit in its public budget Is the use of Islamic instruments as one of the instruments of fiscal policy in the provision of funding for the government, it was the Islamic instruments issued by the Sudanese government's role in financing part of the general budget deficit in Sudan.

Abstract
With the advent of the current century, the features of the new international order began to appear clearly in the Middle East, which allowed the United States to enter the region, and with President George W. Bush in 2001, after the events of September 11, announcing pre-emptive strikes targeting terrorism in any region. The United States sees it as threatening its national security, and thus placing Iraq on the list of evil countries according to the expression of the United States that threatens US national security, and accordingly the American campaign against Iraq began in 2003 and the previous Iraqi regime was toppled in the same year.

This article explores the debate whether the European Union has common and comprehensive strategy toward the Middle East and North African region (MENA). In principle, the EU founded a number of institutions to deal specifically with major issues of the Middle East. In action, the European common foreign policy towards the MENA region seems less binding to the principles of unanimity. The region poses serious threats to EU member states, but provides potential as well. The Middle East region is fulcrum point of Great Power competition that is one of the reasons makes the EU’s distinct strategy prone to the US’s policy in the region. The article argues that, despite policy initiatives to create a European foreign policy for MNEA region, there is a paradox in the EU member state approach to the Middle Eastern politics. Member states seem to be more united to counter security threat from the Middle East and North African region, but they value more unilateral policy in the time of stability.