political issues

China's pursuit of energy security goes beyond the economic dimension to include: China's
overall development strategy, the direction its modernization approach is taking, and its
position: as a global power, which it will have in the future, and as long as Chinese foreign
investment is a basic pillar in Chinese international relations, and in foreign policy as well, it
has lost Energy has largely shaped: the geographical and framework basis for the "Belt and
Road" initiative, and direct Chinese investment in the energy sector continues to play an
increasingly important role in the initiative, in light of its development and expansion of the
initiative's scope, but that investment in turn is increasingly affected by the objectives,
priorities and broader challenges of the (Belt and Road) initiative( . As we did not know:
China launched the Belt and Road Initiative in 2013, which is a large-scale project that aims
to: connect the countries of the world with each other through a network of land roads,
ports, railways, oil and natural gas pipelines, and corridors Maritime, telecommunications
networks passing through China and

Abstract
The importance of federalism, by its very nature, represents the
ideal and realistic solution for societies in which diversity may
constitute a crisis, which may lead to separation and disintegration,
as federalism combines all spectrums of diversity in a federal
framework located in the middle region between complete union
and complete independence, within the framework of the federal
state The one, if we take into account the various forms of
federalism

Abstract
Each country differs in the methods of applying and consolidating democracy
through its constitutional institutions, perhaps the most important manifestation of
democracy is election, this phenomenon, which is the link between the people and the
authority, which must include the rules of the court to enable the convict to express his
will as a source of power, this will be underestimated such as the manipulation of its
votes by the governing body, it necessarily leads to the loss of confidence of the convict
not only in the person of the ruler, but in the entire electoral process, this leads to the
citizens reluctance

The Arab and Islamic world realized a decisive historical moment in the course of its
historical development when its reality was overshadowed by the wave of the rise of a
political current and the taste of Islam that swept the dimensions of its political arena
and succeeded in confronting a non-Arab country, that the rapid rise of these forces
sends the frequency of many structural causes that secured these forces It has influence
and empowerment, and there is no doubt that this growth has stimulated greatly and
rapidly following the occurrence of the so-called Arab Spring, which accompanied a
wide circle of change that overturned many values and changed many perceptions when
it removed many leaders and leaders that crouched on the necks of their people for
several decades, leaving them behind. Many crises and various repercussions

The supreme religious authority played vital role in establishing new
political system after 2003, especially since the rebuilding of new
state with its institution and legal and political system not an easy
task, Since this process has took place in difficult circumstances, like
internal and external interventions and complete chaos. Accordingly,
the Article highlighted the role of supreme religious authority in
establishing new political system, dealing with occupation
administration, election, drafting new constitution, social reform and
national unity.

Research Summary
The study aims to diagnose the impact of the cognitive features of the
political decision-maker within the decision-making process in US
domestic and foreign policy, and the US President was chosen as a model
for the study as well as a comparison between Presidents Barack Obama
and Donald Trump to reach the effect of the cognitive features of each of
them in the decision-making process. The nature of the decision-making
process depends mainly on the personal and cognitive characteristics of
the political decision maker, as this process requires an increase in the
quantity and quality of knowledge and the importance of obtaining
accurate information in a timely manner to address the problems facing
the decision maker.

The study of the future of the Cooperation Council for the Arab States of
the Gulf at the level of two groups of regional variables, with many
contradictions and convergence between them, involves difficulties related
to the ability to categorize the rapid events and variables that the Arab
Gulf region and the Middle East are going through, and come up with
objective results that can be built upon. In other words, the council
organization and the regional crises that accompanied its path to date, the
future of its existence and its role are the vocabulary of this study which
seeks through the method of characterization and analysis to choose a
measurable phenomenon in order to reach scientific conclusions regarding
it.

The appearance of Terrorism as a challenge more than the
global security carry in many from massages to the owners of the
global political decisions that take on themselves responsibility this
problems and when they try to determine it and its size increased
and out from the control, that is input as, Political Marginalization,
Community Isolation, Racial and religious discrimination and so on,
It’s not necessary to lead as output related to the growing
Phenomenon of terrorism, Right now, we are witnessing a
frightening development to the spread of terrorism is exponentially
accelerated, and reflect about danger of terrorism directly the
stability of global security.

In light of the unstable security conditions in the Middle East region
in general and Iraq "after the American occupation and invasion in
2003" in particular, the dimensions of the Iraqi strategy were and
still are rigid and limited to the political, economic, military and
security aspects, and did not exceed them in classifying other
important events to include protection of security The state and
society are among the threats of the modern technological revolution,
represented by cybersecurity. Therefore, the Iraqi strategic and
security planner had the direction to develop a strategy to achieve
cybersecurity as a new threat that could not be overlooked if he
wanted to improve the Iraqi strategic performance.
This study will attempt to address the issue of cybersecurity as a
new dimension in the Iraqi strategy .

There is a marked change in the approach of Russian foreign policy
in recent years compared to the era of the nineties of the last century, the
assumption of President "Vladimir Putin" in April 2000 had a great
impact in adopting a strategy aimed at strengthening the central authority
and tightening its grip on political and economic institutions; Russia has
returned to play An active role in the international arena and taking clear
positions on many issues, and with a pragmatic ideology

The aim of this research is to analyze the phenomenon of
political violence by relying on psychological theories and
assumptions. The analysis is ranged over two levels: state and public.
In addition to that, it deals with the violence accompanied with
warfare.
The main assumption of the research is that political violence
does not occur unless it excites both individual and collective instinct
towards aggression.

Summary
The Russian – Chinese relations are based on dealing with the balanced as a result of
the Russian – Chinese awareness of the importance of the Asian region and the emerging
actors approach, especially with the start of the transfer of the center of global gravity from
the West to the East, starting from Russia and from the strategy of strengthening the pillars
of existence, strengthening influence, and achieving the solid basis for their launch Cosmic
ranges that make them eligible to be competitive global poles, and competition in the Asia –
Pacific region has become a reality among international poles, It represents the realm of
Russian – Chinese geopolitical interests, the area supportive of anti – unipolar movements,
and the Asian expansion point of Washington, and Russia and China have called for the
establishment of relations in the Asia – Pacific region on an equal basis, resolving disputes
with peaceful tools without the use of military force, and the lack of Interfering in the affairs
of other countries and preventing nuclear proliferation by disarming the Korean Peninsula,
taking into account North Korea's security concerns.

Terrorism is Consider as a phenomenon of multiple risks that effects the
system of the whole society and life it results the losing of huge numbers of
innocent lives on one hand , and the destruction of property and violation of
the sanctity , murder and kidnapping of civilians, and threatening the lives
of many of them on the other hand. It spread terror , horror and create
confusion in the minds of members of the community deliberately, allowing
terrorists to impose their authority and grip on the majority of individuals in
the community , not to mention the loss of a sense of security. Terrorism
remains rejected from all norms and values and religions because of its
negative effects, devastating the structure of society and individuals.

Abstract
The media plays a fundamental role in the decision-making process by the
ruling political parties in the state as a result of their direct influence in
changing and making the intellectual, political, social and cultural trends of
individuals, which in turn contribute to the process of forming public
opinion, The media is the main guide for people's minds, orientations and
intellectual beliefs that are either embraced or shared by the general public
on an issue or issue that affects the interests of people in society, and public
opinion has a major role in shaping the policies of officials and leaders in
democratic countries and even processes of changing or reversing political
decisions as a result of opinions and positions. Popularity taken by
individuals in society

The study aimed at identifying the electronic quantity of sources adopted by
the Iraqi media professionals on electronic site of Iraqi presidency as source of
information and data. This objective includes a set of main and secondary objectives
that is to identify habits and patterns of using the electronic sites by Iraqi media
professionals , to know the purposes of this use , achieved satisfaction. Also the
credibility the information of those electronic sites according to the opinions of Iraqi
media professionals.
The researcher has used surveying method top monitor and understand the
sources of Iraqi media professionals on electronic sites of Iraqi presidency. The sample
of the research audiences from Baghdad governorate – the capital – due to place factor
and the existence of presidency sites of republic of Iraq . samples selected intentionally
, consists of (90) respondents , then the researcher distributes

Abstract:
The problem of terrorism is considered one of the serious problems
that many societies suffer from nowadays, as terrorism targets
human life and daily activities in all its aspects, as its danger is
clearly evident in the large numbers of innocent citizens who are
killed, wounded and missing every day, as well as what It leaves it
from the destruction and devastation inflicted on the institutions of
society, not to mention the loss of a sense of security due to these
actions, as the implementation of terrorist operations has increased
and varied greatly at the present time.