political issues

The second Gulf crisis (1990-1991) was not created by emergency
political conditions, but it was a natural result of prior planning of the
American hegemony over the region, which created the international
conditions and environment for its occurrence, taking advantage of the
confusion that afflicted the Iraqi regime during that period, from a bad
economic situation after Out of the war with Iran, and manipulation of
global oil prices. In addition to a media policy that the American media
machine worked on, towards the psychological preparation to push Iraq
to impose on Kuwait in 1990.

The world has witnessed the price of oil plummeting to below $ 50 since 2014, the oil
licensing rounds have formed a burden on the public budget due to the large financial
dues of international oil companies.
Iraq was severely affected by the plunge in oil prices, due to its lack of financial
surpluses, and at the same time it had urgent financing requirements, the most important
of which was confronting ISIS, which made expanding production through international
companies and responding to their conditions the only option available to Iraq.

The political system in Iraq before 2003 adopted the presidential system based
on the rigid separation of powers, after 2003 and the overthrow of the regime in
which the system became parliamentary and this is what the Iraqi legislator
adopted under the Constitution of the Republic of Iraq for the year 2005 has
explicitly adopted the parliamentary system as a political system in Iraq That for
the first time in the history of Iraq we find a clear constitutional text that
provides for its system of government because it constitutes relative immunity
against any future authoritarian trend that may grow in Iraq. The adoption of the
parliamentary system was not futile. There are real reasons and rationales that
led to adopting this regime, Many of the challenges and failures and still suffers
from a lack of political and societal and institutional stability, despite the
passage of more than a decade for the adoption of the Constitution of the
Republic of Iraq Permanent 2005 .

The political system in Iraq changed in tomorrow in 2003, a fundamental
change. It was transformed from a totalitarian system to a democratic system, from a
system linked to one person to an institutional system, and this change led to a
fundamental change in political and social life. The political process in Iraq left
sectarian quotas that left repercussions Great on political, administrative, and service
life, with insufficient experience and professionalism to manage the state’s joints, as
well as weak oversight and follow-up to perform the work of institutions, in addition to
the presence of administrative and financial corruption in a large and clear way among
those institutions that have neglected the state’s body, distorted its image and emptied
the state of its prestige. Her, those bad behaviors and failures made the society suffers
from a crisis of confidence with the fact that the government and state institutions, and
hindered the construction of an Iraqi civilian state.

Usually, building Arab youth in general and the Iraqi in particular should be based first
on achieving a national consensus between the various components of society, which is
a general and strategic framework based on achieving a consensus that aims to bring
different views and bridge the gaps between the opposing or warring parties, so
reconciliation will be a high degree of maturity. The political situation of the state, and
it indicates the awareness that prevails among the members of society, and indicates the
completion of the state’s majority and institutions, cultural and political development,
and the establishment of practices in it. Moreover, there is almost agreement that
national consensus is
A long-term process based on two main axes:
The first: It requires changing relations between the former opponents in order to reach
a degree of mutual coexistence between them, and the second: It involves establishing a
new type of relationship between citizens and the government based on the rule of law
and respect for human rights.

The research discusses a dimension of the concept of political alienation in Iraq after the
democratic transition in 2003 and represented by the popular movement, and how this
affects the values of citizenship, especially since the protest movements expressed a
deep socio-cultural transformation in Iraq, and the discovery of the power of the self in
facing political power, To create a different political, social and cultural awareness that
can be framed in a new understanding of politics and the state and their relationship to
society, and in this sense the protests were a positive reflection on the formation of
citizenship, and regardless of its success or not it has succeeded in producing new
concepts to confront the problems produced by the political system and the dominant
force

After the political change that Iraq witnessed in 2003, the political forces
put forward the formula of federalism as a method of governing in Iraq
within the State Administration Law, which was the basis for the articles
of the permanent Iraqi constitution of 2005, which also affirmed that Iraq
is a single, independent federal state and thus federalism has become an
established fact, confirmed by its articles Which approved a distribution
of powers between the central government and the Kurdistan Regional
Government.

The consumption of natural and associated gas as a main
source of energy is progressing, compared to other fossil
energy sources, and for many reasons, the most important of
which is its availability in large quantities as a result of new
discoveries, as well as its low prices compared to other sources
of energy, and its efficiency in generating electrical energy
with little pollution to the environment.

The consumption of natural and associated gas as a main
source of energy is progressing, compared to other fossil
energy sources, and for many reasons, the most important of
which is its availability in large quantities as a result of new
discoveries, as well as its low prices compared to other sources
of energy, and its efficiency in generating electrical energy
with little pollution to the environment.

Iraq came into a dangerous juncture, which is the ISIS control of several governorates in
mid-2014, and then the start of liberation operations by the Iraqi government after the
restoration of control and the initiation of the initiative, which caused continuous waves
of internal displacement to safer areas. The United Nations statistics has estimated the
numbers of the displaced. Internally, there are more than (3) million displaced, and
these numbers increased with the start of the battles to liberate Mosul and its subdistricts,
in addition to the previous waves of displacement, reaching approximately (4)
million displaced. This study attempts to suggest some of the policies, programs and
solutions, which can be adopted in Iraq in cooperation with the United Nations as well
to return the displaced to their areas from which they were forced to leave.
Keywords: The United Nations, Iraq, return of the displaced, substantial solutions,
stability

This study examines the sub-political loyalties and their reflection on the concept of citizenship
in Lebanon, where the ethnic, racial and sectarian dimension is one of the features of the
Lebanese society (a mosaic society), and the conflicts that result from it as a result of trying to
express differences or multiplicities about themselves in cultural identities, religious beliefs and
ethnic groupings. Sectarianism and confessionalism, as sub-political loyalties in Lebanon still
play a fundamental role in social and political life, which is largely reflected ,And It leads to a
strong domination of the nation’s national identity, and the problems facing the issue of
citizenship in the Lebanese society are reflected in the inequality of citizenship at all levels,
whether it is related to discrimination on the basis of religious, sectarian, regional, social, gender,
or on the basis of Gender, all the constitutions and charters that the Lebanese sects meet from
since independence until this moment came to consolidate the sectarian situation in Lebanon.
Sectarianism in Lebanon is the main element that governs the political process in this country.
The Lebanese political system and since independence in 1943 , and until now, is a sectarian
system. from first class.

Mechanisms of transitional justice in divided societies face many challenges due to
several limitations in such societies. The existence of such limitations results in
difficulties in applying the justice mechanisms in their traditional legal form and
international context. Consequently, inevitable failure in building a collective memory
and avoiding the application of the victor justice may occur. In addition, inadequacy of
available and imported solutions to the struggle environment, where in most cases the
transitional justice tends to be considered a bridge for regional and international projects
away from the structural problem. This study provides lessons that can be useful to the
Arab societies, especially those who are experiencing a critical stage of democratic
transition, which has not been peaceful but lead to violence and civil wars. This fact
requires urgent discussion of transitional justice in the coming years.

The issue of the Construction Council law is one of the most important laws due
to the difficult reality that the various sectors of the Iraqi state suffer, and the
government's ability to absorb the challenges of the development process, in
light of the differences that are increasingly complex and intertwined every day
about the nature of the parties that will contribute to the process of construction
and reconstruction and providing services to the people rising up against bad
performance The political class of the wise class, accompanied by a lack of
confidence in any measure or law that the government offers to the people, this
law remains dependent on the actual ability to resolve the outstanding issues
related to services, improve them, provide a safe environment for investors,
return the areas devastated by terrorism and create job opportunities for the
youth and the unemployed.

Abstract
The external factor is considered one of the most influencing
factors on the region’s relationship with the central government,
through the support provided by these external parties to the
Kurdish movement to stand up to the central government and
demand its national rights. The aim of this support is to weaken
Iraq, its fragmentation, and the depletion of its human and material
resources in long-running internal wars. And this external support
was divided into the international support represented by the United
States, Britain and France.

Christians suffer from many problems, some of these problems are interior (related to
the component) and the others are external problems (out of the component) and both
significantly impacted their overall political, social, economic and security conditions,
which weakened their political participation in its various forms, whether in
representation, election, nomination, and assuming public office, in addition the
deteriorating security situation that Iraq has witnessed since 2003, made Christians an
easy target for armed gangs and extremist groups, which drove large numbers of them
to emigrate in a way that threatens the Christian presence in Iraq, therefore the process
of empowering them politically became a very important necessity, especially after the
political change that Iraq witnessed, which should be moved from a dictatorial regime to
a democratic system that is based on the principle of majority rule while respecting the
minority rights, but this process (political empowerment) is complex and difficult and
requires providing several mechanisms and concerted societal and governmental efforts
to enhance their participation and empower them politically.

Abstract
The issue of immigration, irregular migration and integration is topics of
common concern among researchers in various fields of research and
academia, and then I went to relate to the international reality in which
countries and societies live, so that migration is one of the most
important contemporary issues that are discussed based on global
treatments that concern different countries, especially those that are
considered Zones of attraction for legal and illegal immigrants such as
the European Union, which made these countries search for new
mechanisms to organize and coordinate the migration process across its
borders in order to maintain their security and the security of their
borders first and protect the rights of these migrants and refugees on their
territories.

The establishment of international peace and security is the main axis of the
work of the United Nations, as it is one of the main goals contained in its
charter, which includes multiple mechanisms that allow the possibility of
achieving this goal, and the methods of the United Nations organization in
managing its international crises have varied and developed in line with the
emergence of a set of variables imposed Implications for the reality of its work,
for such changes have forced the United Nations to develop its mechanisms of
action, which necessitated its endeavor to adopt multiple concepts related to
establishing international peace and security and integrate it in the framework of
its Work.

Abstract
The West Africa region witnessed the slave trade and its exploitation for more than three centuries, during which European
countries worked to achieve their interests and goals, and those countries established their economies. He is the one who
made it vulnerable to European ambitions and the focus of their interest in plundering its wealth and exploiting it the most
terrible exploitation and preventing its people from exercising their roles، Slaves suffered from injustice, persecution, poverty
and famine as a result of colonial policies by European countries and Arabs in a decade that began in the fifteenth century
until the nineteenth century.
The indicators that we dealt with in the political, agricultural, economic, commercial, educational, cultural and health aspects
of the situation of them (slaves) at the time and their impact on the level of development are: that each sector greatly affected
the rest of the other sectors, as the policy of starvation and poverty led to a decrease in the health status of the people and the
lack of care Healthy, but it limited to Europeans, as well as lack of interest in the educational level and their division into
classes when they are educated in colonial countries, and their exploitation is the worst exploitation in agriculture, whether
taking their lands and displacing them and they are the original inhabitants or renting their lands and their work for low wages
and imposing taxes on them and cruel treatment, as well as in trade and their use As working hands and transporting them by
all means of brutality to the new world without taking into account the human rights principles of the individual's right to life,
respect, freedom and dignity, all of which stemmed from the wrong policies pursued by the colonial countries in order to
achieve their goals and interests at the expense of the African

Abstract
Any country in the world must have its own political discourse that delineates the limits of its domestic and
foreign policy, which is supposed to be consistent and proceed from concepts and programs that serve its
fundamental interests, because political discourse is not merely words, behavior or transient action in the
world of international politics, but it is one of the constants. The mission that determines the orientation of this
or that country and delineates its borders and its global role and the nature of its relations with other countries,
especially neighboring countries.
As well as the countries of the region and then the transition to the outside world, so it is necessary to
recognize the nature of the Iraqi political discourse after ٢٠٠٣that this year is the border between the two
different approaches to the previous political systems of totalitarian and current came after the US occupation
of Iraq, adopting democracy and pluralism in the administration of the state and the formation of relations
Foreign Affairs, which is characterized as a tactical phased speech in terms of time and place and that such a
type of speech would not achieve stability and stability, and therefore discuss the nature of the Iraqi political
discourse and trends, especially after ٢٠٠٣in a phase and environment filled with complexities. Has terrorism
been a positive factor in bringing the Iraqi political discourse back on track and the extent to which it has been
invested by the owners of this discourse to advance its reality and future in light of the crises and instability
the world is experiencing, especially in Middle East from it.

There are several justifications that pushed strategic planning towards China, most notably the
Chinese capabilities that the latter employed to serve its country in all aspects besides economic
competition between the two countries. Especially after the events of September 11 and the
provision of Chinese support in the war on terrorism, the US administration has sought to expand
cooperation with China as the best option to maintain its leadership and enhance its role in East
Asia However, the matter changed after a short period of the development of China’s role in the
Shanghai Organization and the increase of its capabilities. In the term of (Barack Obama), he used
the method of “smart power” by declaring that China is a strategic partner and the American
administration seeks to cooperate with it, but he worked to encircle it through a policy Alliances
with neighboring countries and anti-China, and the US strategy that seeks to contain China under
the administration of (Donald Trump) has increased through the use of the policy (trade war).