political issues

This paper introduces international law and water security and sheds light on World Water Day, March 22, based on the United Nations General Assembly resolution of December 22, 1992 on the recommendation of the Rio de Janeiro conference in 1992.
This research is divided into two parts. The first deals with water security and is divided into two topics:
1- The Right to Water
2- Water and Life.
The second part deals with: Arabs and water wars, and has four sub sections, divided as follows:
1- Water and "Israel"
2- Ethiopia: jumping over barriers, and this topic branches as follows:
A- Ethiopian - "Israeli" cooperation
B - Nile and water security
C- The Renaissance Dam and Ethiopian obstinacy.
3- Turkey: the jungle project and the water problem
4- Iran and Shatt Al-Arab: the detonator.
This research concludes that water, due to its scarcity and the impossibility of living without it has become a source of conflict and wars. It has been used as a tool of influence and dictation of will, that has evolved with the development of science and technology, and the growing need to use water . It has become a focus of social and political conflict on a global scale and in the region, especially due to pollution, salinity, water deficit , population growth, scarcity of resources, and increased use.
In conclusion, external challenges are not the only reason for the exacerbation of the water problem in the Arab world, but there are internal challenges related to: policies, trends, procedures, economic, social, legal, measures related to the lack of rational use of water, and the lack of purification of modern irrigation projects, such as reservoirs and dams. Moreover, not to mention the steady increase in the human population as well as the increase in the percentage desertification, drought, climate change, etc.
Water battles will inevitably wage if the situation continues as it is. There are already ongoing battles which are silent without military communications, but voices will arise and their preparations will be declared by wars; by military, or non-military; by violence or non-violence (rough or soft). Their battles will be complex in nature. Just like the historic oil wars, water wars will tig

During the last decade, India has gained an increasing position at the regional and international levels, in light of the remarkable development of material and technical capabilities, as well as the effective regional role, which India continues to play in issues of security and conflict, specifically in South and Central Asia. Perhaps what prepares India for such capabilities is the nature of the Indian political system, which is characterized by flexibility, solidity and democracy, and which has lasted for more than half a century since any since independence from the British occupation, which made India the largest democracy in the world, as this system was able Containing the country's huge ideological, religious and ethnic contradictions.
India’s democracy came about being less threatening than its regional neighbors, specifically China, as its democratic system made it more in line with the American West, as it was helped by the geostrategic position of India compared to the countries of South and Central Asia. In addition, India enjoys relatively high indicators in the field of development. Technology, which puts it in an advanced position in the global information society, as India was able to penetrate deep into the information revolution through the huge numbers of technicians, technologists, and information technology companies, in addition to its possession of advanced nuclear capabilities

Since the success of the Islamic revolution in Iran and the deterioration of its relationship with the United States of America, the latter has sought to restore Iran to its hegemony, considering that Iran was its ally at the time and relied on it in the Middle East region to achieve its interests and goals, and therefore the United States of America has taken many methods and tactics for that, including the declaration In May 2018, US President Donald Trump left his country unilaterally from the agreement and resumed the imposition of US sanctions on Iran, as Trump justified his country's withdrawal from the 5 + 1 nuclear agreement by saying that Iran had not abandoned its plans to acquire nuclear weapons and interfered in the affairs of Middle Eastern countries, which led To the imposition of US sanctions on Iran. The events that followed the US withdrawal will not push the two sides to enter into a military confrontation, and despite the two parties exchanging accusations and threats, they have confirmed that they do not want to enter into a conventional war, and this is evidenced by Trump's announcement of readiness to enter into negotiations, as for Iran, this was demonstrated through Its adherence to the agreement despite the withdrawal of the United States of America from it.

The increasing tension between China and a number of countries in Southeast Asia over the disputed waters in the South China Sea has become one of the biggest potential points for escalation, especially in the context of the growing Chinese rise, which may represent, to one degree or another, a threat to security and peace for a number of countries in the region. And the competing states' claims over resource rights in the South China Sea, This imposes the need to analyze the mechanisms of Chinese dealing with these disputes. With the American presence in the region, America's handling of this "Asian problem" has become a fundamental test of the future status of the American priority, as the United States faces a critical test to prove its ability to dominate and its military and diplomatic skills to protect its allies and friends while on the move by competing with a rising China. From this standpoint, this paper analyzes the change in China's policy towards regional conflicts in the South China Sea, especially with its economic and military growth, and the future implications of this issue on Sino-American relations and the future of US supremacy in Asia Moreover, we find that in light of the global energy competition, specifically the growing international competition between the United States of America and China, and their efforts to expand areas of acquisition, influence and control over the international corridors of global trade, they could lead in the future to internal instability in those areas or to proxy wars that will affect Inevitably, the most important international corridors for global trade, including global energy export and import corridors

The Research deals with the issue of the crisis that afflicted the Qatari-Saudi relations and the effects of the regional and international variables on it. The research believes that the crisis has multiple causes, the most prominent of which is the difference in political orientations between the leaderships of the two countries between the State of Qatar, which aspires to play a regional role outside the Saudi mantle, and between the vision of Saudi Arabia, which historically finds itself the elder brother of countries The Gulf system, which has historically been accustomed to represent its policies, the road map for the GCC states as a whole. The research starts first from the historical accumulation of Qatari-Saudi relations, then deals with the most prominent causes of the crisis, then turns to the study of regional variables as well as international variables active and influencing the crisis, based on our awareness that these variables played a major role in escalating the severity of the crisis until it reached the severance of diplomatic relations And the high level of disagreement.
For the purpose of dealing with the research, the structure was distributed among two topics. The first topic dealt with the history of Saudi-Qatari relations and the role of the internal variable in the crisis. While the second topic deals with the role of international and regional variables. The research came out with the result that the international variable has become more influential in the crisis, and that whenever the United States wants it to end, it will pressure the two parties to work to end it, and this does not mean that the causes of the crisis are all external, inasmuch as the external variable has an important role in directing it in a manner commensurate with its nature Regional and international developments taking place.

It is important to study the constrains of the Iraqi foreign policy after 2021, by getting to know the objectives of the Iraqi foreign policy . The Iraqi external political decision- making process faces internal restrictions represented by the restriction of the internal political system and external restrictions represented by regional and international restrictions . but confronting terrorist threats is the biggest challenge facing Iraqi foreign policy . It is imperative for the Iraqi foreign policy to activate the performance of the external political decision-making unit to face regional and international developments . The future challenges facing Iraqi foreign policy can be overcome if the Iraqi foreign policy manages to employ regional and international variables to achieve the Iraq national interest.

The study addresses the efforts by the Organizations of the Iraqi civil communities( OICC) in order to prevent the Iraqi Civil Status Law of 1959 AD from being subject to attempts to be changed or emptied it from its content.(OICC)worked in cooperation with many Iraqi bodies and figures to cancel the decision No. 137 which was issued in 2004 by the (Governing Council) which aims to cancel the Iraqi Civil Status Law and restoration of the doctrinal judiciary .(OICC) also worked to abolish AL- Jafari Status Bill which is presented in2014 as a substituent of Iraqi Civil Status Low .they have made good use of several means to achieve their objectives through multi-media symposiums ,uprising (vigils) , submitting protest notes to the government and parliament to have the assistance of some who work in the government and parliament and to have the support some clerics, and seeking the international Organization/ CEDAW Committee. Consequently, the article 41th of the constitution was cancelled and was considered as one of controversial articles, and AL- Jafari Status Bill was reserved . However attempts by some parliamentarians to change the Iraqi civil low are still ongoing .

The Turkish intervention in the Libyan crisis in the recent period was a trigger for more tension than a solution - as Turkey claims - as Turkey seeks to quickly set a welcome military footing in Libya to prevent the reconciliation government from falling and planning to start exploration for gas and oil in Libya to solve the Turkish energy crisis, that is, the energy exchange for security and trying to exploit the situation to establish a new gathering of pro-Turkish political Islam, as for the Iranian position on the Libyan crisis, it does not exceed a logistical role and provide Turkey with expertise in circumventing international sanctions and assisting it in transporting fighters and weapons to Libya, Iran has also deliberately added some ambiguity to its position on the Libyan crisis and not directly interfered with it, as well as some international and regional positions regarding the Libyan crisis and Turkey's military intervention.

The parliamentary systems are considered one of the most successful political systems because they reflect the expectations of the people by relying on democracy in its composition which is elected by the people. In Iraq after 2005 and after the vote on the new constitution. The parliamentary political system was chosen to be applied through the elections of the legislative authority (Iraqi parliament) so the government is formed by the bloc that gets the highest votes in the elections, but this did not happen, as it was the adoption of the consensual. Sectarian and
partisan approach in forming successive governments . To pose a challenge to the political system as well as the emergence of the scourge of corruption that has spoiled the body of this system as well as the challenges to the viability and success of the Iraqi political system. And the emergence of crises and government agreed over the post years . there fore. It is necessary to develop policies that would reform the reality of the Iraqi political system .And those policies are the existence of reform of government institutions so that no political parties state as well as creating true political participation for all Iraqi people .

That all human societies seek to build their societies in a way that meets the needs of the people of society and live in peace and security, but the endeavor to achieve this in Iraq faces several obstacles whose sources range from internal and external constraints reflected on society in all its aspects, as the Iraqi society passed after 2003 Harsh conditions and challenges have caused a tremendous decline in the indicators of human security in all its economic, food, health, environmental, personal, political and social dimensions, as Iraqi society faced a major threat to human security, especially as the threat targeted the destruction of economic, social and cultural infrastructure and segmentation of society And spreading a state of chaos and insecurity in it, which was clearly reflected in several categories, perhaps the most important of them: women, childhood, youth, people with special needs and displaced people, in addition to the high rates of poverty and unemployment, and the retreat of the health and education system, all of these changes led to creating an environment of Human insecurity.

The world lives since 1980s of the past century, the technological revolution in the media, information and communication, and the most important of its results is the widely spread of the Internet. where the "cyber space " which includes data, information and networks, transferred to a environment of global interactions.
The methods and tools of terrorism change over time, as they do not remain in the same format. As a result of developments in technology in the area of information and communication; emerged as " cyber space terrorism " as a challenge and a new global crisis. the Internet became a new environment of" cyber-attacks" which is targeted to destroy or disable websites to intimidate governments or peoples for political, religious, ideological or social reasons. As well as it's the exploitation by the terrorist groups, to serve their purpose different. the international attention to combating the "cyber terrorism" increased through the adoption of policies, laws and procedures at the national level and at international level of cooperation as a result of the risks of "cyber-attacks" and its great threat.

The Iranian –Turkish relations in the region can be considered as the most interacted relations , due to the nature of that movement between the two states among the whole regional interaction in the region .
The two states started their relations during the last centuries based on the mutual strategic interests which overcome the points of cooperation on the point of differences , specially that each state understand the importance , the second side on most the interaction of the region , and each of then considered as important issue which cannot be abandoned in confronting the regional and international challenges .
In spite that the strategic between the two states filt the balance in the side of the cooperation and compatibility , never less there are many issues of differences and the ways to deal with it . There are many obstacles east shadow over these relations since they the two countries collide and alliance conflict between them .
The tools the use differ in dominating the region , whether military ,as in the Iranian case , or political and economy , as in the case with turkey .It is clear that the conflict, cooperation and expansion are an going condition shaping the relations between the two countries . In spite of some historical periods that witnessed an important rapprochement between the two countries , the sought to prove their existence and that the possessed strategies that not be over looked . This means that both of them can ignore the other side in international and regional interactions , de spits the competition between them which stems from a full awareness of their roles in the region . The strategic movement between the two countries has tended towards consolidating the bonds of strategic partnership between them , based on their full awareness that this situation constitute an added force for them in light of increasing regional and international challenges facing them .

The papers discussion the issue of regional security for the Arab Gulf states, what are the limits of this security and the countries that fall within the regional sphere of the countries of the Gulf Cooperation Council, and how the premise of regional security was always attracted in a direct way with what these countries possess in terms of internal components on the one side and with the growing strength of states The regional neighborhood on the other side, and from this standpoint, the Gulf Cooperation Council countries were aware of the importance of their components and the extent of the regional threat to them. They are moving on the basis of this realism (to strengthen and build collective security) mainly led by the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia and in cooperation with a group of regional powers to balance the Iranian threat that He remained an obsession that haunted its aspirations, in addition to his regional roles, and made the issue of achieving its collective security an extremely complex issue.

Without a doubt, education is the basis for building nations, civilizations and civilized societies. Therefore, all countries, including developing countries, pay special attention to the education sector for the purpose of removing the manifestations of ignorance, creation and illiteracy from society by opening literacy schools to give and develop the education sector at all levels and at all stages for the purpose of spreading science, learning and culture. That is why the need arose to pay adequate attention to the education facility and to clarify the role of the administration in it, especially with the growing role of private education until it surpassed public education in outputs with the deterioration of scientific reality
The problem of the study appears in highlighting the role of the administration in developing the education sector in Iraq at all levels, as well as explaining the reasons for the failure and deterioration of the reality of government education, which has led to the emergence of the phenomenon of pure education, which is characterized by the enormity of acceptable numbers compared to the government sector, as well as poor scientific outputs

Modernity is Considered one of the most Important Complex Issues that Political thought Concerned in General, and Contemporary Arab Political thought in Particular, as many Arab Concepts and Researchers were Interested in the question of Modernity and their Concern and the focus of their research was, and at the forefront of these Arab thinkers Muhammad Sabila, as he took Sabila of Modernity An Intellectual Doctrine through which it Seeks to Modernize Arab thought and Reject lived Reality

The Iraqi economy has been suffering for a long time from structural imbalances in all its sectors, especially “after 2003 due to the political conditions in the Iraqi arena, which were directly reflected in the low levels of development, which prompted successive and controlling governments to take over the necessity of extricating the Iraqi economy from deterioration from During the issuance of legislation and laws that facilitate and allow foreign companies to invest in Iraq, however, they were not at the level of effectiveness to achieve this due to the weak security and political stability that Iraq suffers from, which has become an obstacle "to any attempt to enter foreign investments to contribute to the development of development in Iraq.