political issues

The political procedures in Iraq which began during the American occupation in 2003, passed through several phases. After toppling Saddam Hussein American, officials laid down several political imperatives to draw the boundaries of the form of the political system of the future of Iraq. However, these outward boundaries did not constitute a vision of what the United States saw as the provisional arrangements for the governance of Iraq or of the manner in which these arrangements would prepare for transition to a permanent Iraqi sovereignty.
This paper discusses the political and constitutional process in Iraq after the US occupation on April 9, 2003. This war leads to dissolution all political institutions in the country and United States through its direct managing could put arrangements for the new Iraq government with help of Iraqis. The importance of this study lies in the fact that it marked an important phase that left its influence on Iraq for decades.

The specificity of the civilizational, religious and demographic city of Samarra had a clear reflection on the identity visions of the( Samarra’s Hawza), which preserved its peculiarity among the other Shiite religious schools . The ( Samarra’s Hawza) established the national line in (Religious Marjaia) path, and this realization carried a forward-looking vision embodied by the post-2003 events, especially after the bombing of the two holy shrines in 2006, which showed that Samarra is the nerve center in the structure of the Iraqi national project and its national identity.

The phenomenon of terrorism is one of the most prominent phenomena that threatens societal stability and civil peace unless its causes and consequences are treated. Explanations for this phenomenon varied, some of them attributed the roots of this phenomenon to economic causes, class inequality and the failure to achieve social justice, while another group attributed the terrorist phenomenon to ethnic and ideological conflicts. Some political leaders also viewed the terrorist phenomenon as related to the politics of political power and the process of seizing power, although Internet can be used to open new horizons for knowledge and technical progress for all educational, health and economic institutions, as well in marketing, advertising and services. The main purpose for which it was established is to serve humanity and facilitate international communications and transfer data and information that are beneficial to the individual and society, but it opened other doors for intruders and thieves to commit many violations and crimes, especially those that threaten individual and society security.

After the widespread of human rights protection institutions all over the countries of the world, it is natural for federal countries or union systems to establish institutions for the protection of human rights in both fields’ federal and local or regional levels. Human rights protection institutions differ from a country to another according to the legal and constitutional data and the political systems that perform in the country. The institution that protects human rights in federal countries are generally divided into two types: national institutions for the protection of human rights and sub-national institutions for the protection of human rights. There is a wide difference between the countries in terms of adopting one type of these two types of institutions or both of them together. It seems that the federal states - including Iraq - do not follow the same direction for protecting human rights, there is a fundamental difference between those countries about the mechanisms for protecting human rights, how to distribute the specialization between those institutions and we discuss them in detail in this research.

The theory of interdependence is considered one of the new approaches in international relations that the liberal theory came up with since the seventies of the last century to explain some of the phenomena that took the distinction of international relations, such as the growth of non-state actors and their competition with states such as multinational companies and others, which began to play effective roles in a world whose economic priorities became more. Some of them are military, as the liberal theory asserts that interdependence enhances the opportunities for regional cooperation and increases the development of global governance mechanisms, which has different effects on global security. The liberal approach to interdependence came as a critical response to the realistic theory that focused on states as the most prominent entity in international relations, that foreign trade and economic openness are a growing source of conflict and that interdependence is synonymous with insecurity and instability.
Also, the principle of reciprocity in international relations directly affects security policies and military doctrines between states, given that most security and military decisions and strategies are taken and developed as reactions to various threats in the global arena, and developments taking place between the elements and units of the current global system

The Balkan region has been of great importance since ancient times, and because of its many geopolitical advantages, this region has become the focus of the ambitions of international powers. This region constitutes a transit bridge linking the continents of Asia and Africa with the European continent, and this amphibious region combines the land geographical orientation towards the countries of Eastern and Central Europe, and the maritime geographical orientation towards the countries of the Old World and the New World across the Mediterranean, which is a major sea route for global trade between the East and the West. During the Cold War, this strategically vital region was a land over which the influences of the socialist Eastern bloc countries and the capitalist Western bloc countries converged. As there were political entities, some of which were associated with the Eastern bloc by joining the Warsaw Pact (Bulgaria, Romania, Albania and Hungary), and others were linked to the Western bloc by joining the North Atlantic Treaty (Greece and Turkey), and between the two contradictory Yugoslavia emerged as federal states with a neutral system among the non-aligned countries.

The repercussions of the US occupation of Iraq in 2003 have had a clear impact on the political discourse. Drafting the new political system in line with their own aspirations for privileges.
The follower of the political discourse after 2003 finds some extensions of the previous discourse, after the occupation there was no alternative political discourse ready intellectually and organizationally, despite the end of one-party control over all the joints of the security and life state and the emergence of the alternative of political and Islamic parties, but they were not a substitute But it is complementary to his career, albeit in a different way, where we find that the tone of speech is almost a reflection of a large part of his cultures.

The concept of crisis management is a relatively recent concept from its rooting as a branch of management and organization science, and it has developed with the need of the national state for a specific methodology to deal with emergency problems and crises facing human societies, and interest in this branch has increased in the modern era as a result of the changes and events that have occurred in the The arena of the contemporary international system, and accordingly, this study came to reveal the manufacture, formulation and management of crises without solving them according to the studied and prepared plan in advance until achieving the strategic and national goals of the manufactured state and with minimal losses and to identify the means and tools that were used to apply them on the ground, that is, to the targeted country with the intention of making an impact. specific political, economic or security

Abstract
The study of the behavior of alliances is one of the most important topics in which the realistic model is concerned with international relations. The theorists within this model have presented many proposals about how alliances are formed, their importance and impact on the paths of stability and change in international politics. Among the most prominent who presented theoretical arguments in this field are (Kenneth Waltz in his Balance of Power model, Stephen Walt in his Balance of Threat theory, and Randall L. Schweller in his Balance of Interests theory). Among the most important alliance-forming behaviors that these theorists waived within the realistic model are the behaviors of balancing and Bandwagoning.
The weighting of this or that behavior is affected by the cognitive transformations that occur within the realistic model, and how the interpretation of countries’ choices regarding this or that behavior comes in the context of these transformations, in addition to the tools and levels of analysis. Therefore, despite the fixed points that the realists agree on, they differ in their approach to the dynamics of alliances and the behaviors they represent, as well as in their reading of historical evidence. This is what we witness in the different propositions of (Waltz, Walt, and Schweller).

This Reserch, discusses the topic of competition in Sino-American relations, the forms of this rivalry and its various effects on the economic, military, strategic and political levels, whether on the bilateral relations between the two countries or at the global level, because the United States considers China a fierce competitor and the future of this competition will change the global situation and the form of international polarization.
The form and nature of relations between China and America, during the next four years, will certainly have their repercussions on the map of global alliances and the nature of the international system, and its impact on regional and sub-systems, and the impact includes the Middle East and Iraq significantly.
We will be divid reserch into three axes. The first axis deals with the Sino-American competition on the economic level and its impact on the global economy. As for the second axis, it will deal with the military and strategic competition and discuss the outcomes of China’s approach to qualitative modernization, as well as the intense competition for greater influence in the South China Sea, which represents a strategic space for both countries. The third axis will discuss the political rivalry.
As for the conclusion, it will show the overall effects of that competition on the world and on Iraq in particular.

The features of transformations in the world seem not limited to one area, as they are distributed over a wide range of politics to economics, and with it technology ... etc., and on their impact also the distribution of power, as we live in a state of (liquidity in strength), and the vow of its transmission has been evident in its direction towards the East, and perhaps a pandemic Corona has given an accelerated impetus to these transformations, and it is certain that they will affect the structure and structures of the global system, which inevitably leads to the creation of a new hierarchy, according to the economic strength of international actors and their ability to employ them, especially since the high degree of international economic competition between the two largest economic poles In the world, it has raised the level of that to the level of open conflict in all areas.

The Republic of India is one of the emerging countries, which in the past two decades has achieved significant growth rates, making it a country that has competed with the developed countries at the forefront of the economic world. India; It is a country with a distinguished position in the international political system, due to its elements and power factors, both material and moral, which contributed to its development and delivery to its current strength. Clearly and clearly and its remarkable progress in the hierarchy of the global economy, it is in the process of reaching global prominence, and it is working to develop an effective military institution that is more qualitative and sophisticated, in a way that secures its interests, both regional and international

The Singaporean political leadership has achieved great success in achieving comprehensive development, and through its modern, developed and forward-looking national policies, plans and strategies, has been able to achieve qualitative leaps in the modern industrial, commercial and financial fields, which was reflected in the progress and rise of its development indicators significantly, through the rise of indicators Foreign trade, and an increase in the volume of foreign investments. As for the social and environmental indicators, the political leadership realized the necessity of striking an effective balance between economic development and social and environmental development , Therefore, the Singaporean leadership was able, through successful and balanced policies and the accumulation of development plans, to achieve great economic progress, and was able to achieve a significant rise in the indicators of sustainable development in the economic, social, environmental and institutional sectors alike, which made it one of the most prominent emerging global economies and the most stable and developed

Extremism is one of the most controversial issues and concerns of intellectuals and politicians because of its from negative effects and consequences on the lives of individuals and societies, it brought with it panic and fear in the world the souls of its members , it is a phenomenon intertwined dimensions dealt with the study by psychologists and the meeting ,so it requires effective dealing with it in an attempt to know its truth and the influencing factor in it.
Extremism has negative repercussions on the lives of societies because of its unconscious responses, especially among the group of young people who were deceived by these organizations due to their lac of knowledge and their fragile culture, which facilitated their recruitment and washing their minds without the slightest cost or fatigue and for several reasons, so this destructive thought should be confronted and that this confrontation must be a collective responsibility that begins with the family and ends with the state, with the imposition of sanctions on every country that adopts these destructive ideas, and work to create intellectual immunity for all segments of society from these misguided ideas .

The elector process in a compels process for some. as it requires laws and procedures and order to conduct and united elections and unified populations census must be issued. witch mean practicing the democracy. that more than three centuries in this research we touched upon the electoral stages in Iraq from 1925.2010.

The Libyan crisis is one of the most complex crises in the Arab region after 2011، and because the United Nations is the organization concerned with maintaining international peace and security، it has played a prominent role in the Libyan crisis since the emergence of the crisis and is still exercising its role in Libya، so the research aims to study the role of the United Nations In the Libyan crisis، represented by sending international envoys and issuing the necessary decisions to resolve the crisis، noting the challenges faced by the United Nations that impeded its role، as well as drawing future scenes that clarify the future of the role of the United Nations in Libya

Recently, the issue of governance has received wide attention. It has become one of the most discussed topics by government agencies in addition to regional and international organizations. Governance has also become a priority for policymakers and those interested in this issue. The reason for this interest is that it is a prerequisite and essential for building the state on strong foundations. Because there is a close relationship between state-building and commitment to the principles of good governance that provide an appropriate environment through mechanisms of the rule of law, transparency, accountability, inclusion, and participation, which enhances state-building, which in turn is the main and effective party in embodying the principle of governance as the state is responsible for developing and implementing public policies Through the foregoing, the building of the Iraqi state is linked to the commitment to the principles of good governance because facing the imbalance and weakness in the state is not complete without the principles and foundations on which governance depends.