political issues

The citizen within Arab countries faces a set of formal and informal governmental dilemmas that reflect negatively on their political security in particular and on human security in general, which ultimately lead to the creation of economic, social, cultural and religious crises that threaten the stability of political regimes in Arab countries. Therefore, this study aims to verify the hypothesis that the political security of the Arab citizen is affected negatively or positively by the governmental dilemmas that the state and official institutions have a role in its formation, as well as the non-governmental dilemmas that are beyond the control of the state and its official institutions. This study used several approaches in order to address and define all aspects related to the topic, such as the descriptive approach and the constructive approach. Likewise, government documents and data mentioned in reports issued by research and studies centers, conferences and regional and international organizations concerned with the study of political security were hotspots for obtaining information. The study tries to formulate a new research vision aimed at highlighting the importance of the issue of political security for the citizen in the Arab regimes, given the novelty of the topic in the first place, and the fact that it is a subject that raises many questions and inquiries that may contribute to providing solutions to the many crises afflicting Arab societies. The results of the study showed that many governmental dilemmas resulting from the constitution, declining democracy, political corruption, political violence and poverty, as well as non-governmental dilemmas such as informal political violence, political sect, terrorism and organized crime have negatively affected the strengthening of the political security of the Arab citizen.

Iranian-Saudi relations have gone through stages of rapprochement, tension and major turning points, as these relations have been affected by regional changes, as well as by the influence of the external factor, most notably the American influence. Iranian-Saudi relations were affected by regional changes in 2011 and their developments, which led to the change of a number of regimes, as happened in Tunisia, Egypt, Libya and Yemen, in addition to the events in Bahrain and what is happening in Syria, as the vision of each of them of the nature of the events of change in 2011 differs absolutely, and their goals intersect widely, as in Syria, Yemen and Bahrain. This has brought the relations between the two countries to high levels of tension and divergence. This negatively affects their interests and the interests and stability of the countries of the territory, a matter in which we do not find any interest, for any of its parties, as well as for the countries of the region, from the continuing tension in the relations of the two countries as they are

The eastern Mediterranean region, in recent years, has witnessed rapid developments and changes in the pattern and nature of relations between the influential forces in its security equation, whether about prestige and influence, or on many related contentious issues, especially after successive and important discoveries of its energy sources on the one hand, and the adoption of some forces On the other hand, it seeks new roles through which it seeks to obtain a position commensurate with its ambitions in regional influence. Among the actors playing an important role in this region, the weight of the Russian trend is increasing, which is working hard to play a pivotal role in its interactions, and to be within the interaction equation that determines the rules of the game and the future of this region

The concept of security is one of the most important central concepts in the field of international relations, and it is characterized by change and development because it is a variable, non-rigid concept that has undergone expansions in its dimensions to go beyond military threats to non-military threats that are no less important than them, which varied between political, economic and social threats, and this was evident with the developments that The events of 9/11 followed, especially with the adoption of terrorist organizations, led by al-Qaeda, targeting the United States and Western powers, not by attacking their lands, as was the case on 9/11, but rather their economies, such as the American and Western economies, thanks to it, by targeting the oil installations that depend on them, and by targeting American supplies and oil tankers. American and Western, which will have an impact on the American and global economy. As for energy security, it is a concept that is not new, as its beginnings go back to the decision of Winston Churchill, who was the first to put forward a definition of it, and with the incidents that the international system witnessed, such as the Arab oil embargo crisis in 1973 and the Iranian Islamic revolution in 1979, which resulted in a significant rise in oil prices. . Interest in this concept has increased globally and its importance has increased with the increase in terrorist threats after the events of September 11th, targeting oil installations, especially in the Arabian Gulf region, which has a strategic weight in the global energy market

There is no doubt that the relationship of Iraqi political parties with democracy raises controversy. It is the votes of the masses that determine who takes power. Rather, they resorted to quotas and the sharing of important positions and positions. At the same time, they did not follow the democratic approach at the internal level. For example, the party leader remains in office for an infinite period, and he is the one who determines everything within his party. If elections are held, they are formal and do not affect the established fact that the head of the party, whether it is a religious or national leader, does not change. The relationship of parties with democracy negatively affected the overall situation in the country, and made the Iraqi citizen doubt the existence of democracy in his country, so he does not interact well with it, but rather looks at it with caution and considers it a cause of many public problems.

The study of the future of the Russian role in the eastern Mediterranean region is one of the important studies, because it deals with understanding the role of a country that has its position in the international arena and represents one of the major powers in the international system in a region that is considered one of the vital and strategic areas. Because Russia was able to regain its regional and international role and influence, and it was also able to return as a major actor in the international system, Its role in the international and regional environment continues to evolve, and it has also been able to prove that it is a reliable ally through its role in the Syrian events in addition to its success in forming strong relations with the countries of the region and building economic relations in the field of energy and investments, and Russia knows very well that it is It cannot confront the United States of America and it does not wish to enter into a conflict with it because it knows that its capabilities may not allow it to do so. Therefore, it has dealt with the issues of the Eastern Mediterranean region without bypassing the interests of the United States of America.

The "feminist theory", which began to appear in the 1990s, represented an addition to knowledge in the field of international relations alongside the explanations provided by the theories of realism and liberalism of the nature of the complexity that exists in international politics, although it took an exceptional perspective in the analysis and theorizing of this complexity and the underlying causes Behind the phenomenon of conflict and wars. The theory was not satisfied with defending the idea that neglecting the role of women in decision-making makes conflicts dominate the relations between nations and peoples, but also showed another positive aspect of this participation represented in its reflection on development and economic well-being. Consequently, "gender equality" has become a goal of many domestic policies, as well as a goal of some countries' foreign policy. However, power, interest, and traditional institutional structures remain the biggest obstacle to the expansion of the applications of this theory

This research discussed gambling in football, it started with discussing organized crime, explaining all terms regarding this subject in legal, political and economic points of view and at local, regional and international levels. Organized crime was explained regarding types and properties; such as secrecy, organization, profit and others. Then the research discussed the most important type concerning the researcher, which is gambling in football as a type of organized crime. Gangs taking this kind of crime as a job were identified, explaining how they practice it around the world using the development in communication technology, which became a very important mean supporting this kind of crime. Also the research explained how these gangs use this kind of organized crime in money laundry more than any other mean because international laws usually are not incriminating this kind of crimes.

Most United Nations reports and statistics confirm that there is a relationship between the sustainable development crisis and building lasting peace. The sustainable development crisis means an economic, political, cultural and environmental crisis, and these crises mean conflicts with economic, political and cultural causes, and delving into the issue of sustainable development and its relationship to peace building requires knowledge of all aspects of the subject. It is not possible to achieve development in all its forms in Iraq unless the political, economic and social reasons and motives that create an environment to attract peace are addressed, and necessitate starting to trace the paths of the downfall of the political regime in April 2003, and then the repercussions of sustainable development on building peace in particular and on the future of Iraq in general And then follow strategies and policies that develop and update these indicators of education, health, income and others

Oil constitutes one of the most important natural resources owned by the countries of the world, until the discovery of oil for the first time was considered a major turning point in the economies of the producing countries, until consumption patterns changed accordingly and life began to develop in all its manifestations as a result of oil revenues that contributed to increasing the national income of the oil countries. The impact of the oil-producing countries on the drop in oil prices has started to exercise its negative effects on their economies as well as on the implementation of their development programs, as oil revenues represent the main nerve in financing those programmes. In addition to the fact that most of the developing oil-producing countries are rentier countries, oil is the main factor in the formation of their public budgets. Therefore, it is important to study and analyze this specific issue in order to reach the desired results of the study and ways to find solutions to the continuous fluctuations in oil prices

This brief study attempts to show the effect of moderation in political discourse as a verbal behavior practiced in building and strengthening the Iraqi national identity (political identity). There is a relationship between the nature of political discourse and the nature of identity. Accordingly, the study showed the meanings of moderation, discourse and identity, the pillars of Iraqi identity and its challenges in a descriptive and analytical context of this problem, and how to solve it by emphasizing the necessity of moderation in the discourse in order to move into the national discourse instead of the discourse of sub-identities

The Mongols were known for their passion for war and its arts, so they were able easily and in a record period to extend their control over the neighboring countries and nations, but they found it difficult to manage it due to their weak experience, so the Ilkhanid Mongol state (653 - 737 AH / 1255-1337 AD) used the expertise of the people of the occupied countries, the majority of whom are Muslims, and their administrative systems Including the Ministry.
To what extent did the Ilkhanids apply the ministry system? Did this administrative system have an impact on the development and development of administrative work within the state? Have competent ministers emerged who left a positive impact on the state administration? What is the addition that the Ilkhanians added to this system?
The study showed that while the Ilkhanids granted their ministers wide powers and powers, but those powers and authorities were limited to the civilian side rather than the military, as the military and security leadership remained the preserve of the Mongols only, and administrative leaders (ministers) who were highly qualified appeared in this era. And the experience was able to organize, develop and develop the administrative apparatus of the Mongol Ilkhanate state, but the state Ilkhans did not appreciate these efforts, but rather were led behind the malicious and sedition promoters and killed their ministers who had served the state for decades. This addition caused the squandering of state resources and disruption of its administrative system

Electronic flies are a modern term in the world of digital media, which means fake accounts on social media, especially the Twitter platform, directed by programmers specialized against countries, companies, entities or individuals, and electronic flies is a war of publications whose soldiers are unknown, their weapons are computers and their yard social media platforms they call them Electronic committees whose members are not trained, but programmers, a few programming steps on social media platforms, after which you will be able to create an infinite number of loyal fighters, fake names and accounts that are not for anyone whose first and last job is to republish your opinions in that virtual world to become as if they are public opinion.

The aim of the study is to know the role of cultural heritage in deepening the sense of identity among the components of Sudanese society, in addition to its role in promoting social cohesion and respect for cultural diversity as a common denominator despite that diversity, In a way that enables the achievement of national political integration and national unity, given that the Sudanese state, since independence, has gone through many crises, the most important of which is the crisis of building the nation state and achieving national political integration and national unity, Therefore, cultural identity and cultural heritage can play a role in achieving unity and harmony that leads to achieving national political integration in the required form.