political issues

The study of anticipation management and foresight in strategic studies is related to the levels that can secure the ability to prefer options and adopt practical paths capable of achieving the intended goals, as the link with techniques for studying the future works to understand the movement of variables and track the paths of development in them and try to anticipate the possibilities that may conflict with the strategy while carrying it out. Forecasting according to methodologies and logical calculations in the process of developing the strategy needs realistic equations aimed at linking them with the movement of variables and the limits of interests

This research pursues to describe the challenges that facing the European integration process, which is European Union has sought to achieve it, since European Coal and Steel Community on the 1950s. The researcher believes that, the conflict between the Nation-State and Separatism regions on one hand and the strategies of the European Union to succeed the European unity on the other, have made the European integration process more complicated in the future.

Thinking about the study of risk management has become a priority in the contemporary strategic and political literature for considerations related to the development, diversity and ease of possession of power, as well as the plurality and diversity in the actors of the international system, which led to an increase and complexity of threats in terms of type and source, which led the strategic thinking circles to move from risk management to Risk management with methodologies and techniques that ensure the state effectively confronts risks and transforms them with resources and high ambition into an opportunity, or at least to contain the risk before it occurs.

Turkey has worked on adopting ideological orientations through which it endeavors to enhance its role across region, and to bring Turkey back as an influential state based on the history of the Ottoman Empire, once a dominant force in the region. Iraq is considered at the forefront of the regional countries within which turkey has sought to play an increasing role. In fact, Iraq is given an extremely significant place within Turkey’s regional orientations due to the sizeable economic interests between the two countries. In addition, Iraq’s strategic significance for Turkey stems from a wide range of issues, including the Kurdish issue, the Kurdistan Workers’ Party, and the water file.

Since Westphalia the state has past through several stages. After it has reached the highest point of power in the twentieth century, it started, with the advent of globalization, to loose its functions to other parties ,like multi national corporations, civil society organizations and sometimes cross borders organizations, until it has reaches its final decline . But we found that the crises that were caused by globalizations themselves made the state replay functions that it had abandoned earlier, among these crisis Covid 19 which sweped the whole universe and threatened the human security and forced the state to reengage once again .This engagement arose the fears that the state is involving more than it should. The research is trying to enlight how the state has faced this crisis and whether it would resume interfering after its end or not, and whether its functions would rise or wane

There is a tangible change in the performance of Chinese foreign policy after the Chinese decision-makers realized that the Cold War era has passed forever، and that the directions of strategic openness through what some call the form of consultations will be in its purest form to consolidate the consensus between the active international powers that seem to They are unanimously agreed to avoid major escalation conflicts، and to slow the spread of technologies that may threaten them as a clear and sober introduction to bypassing the framework of the narrow circle that controls the interactions of international relations today،
Whoever thinks that the Chinese leadership، with all its hierarchy of self-direction، will deliberately، with all its might، and perhaps be completely inclined، to elicit stimulating conditions for distributing the burdens of strengthening the international system، especially when it knows with certainty that the innovators of these activities resolved to close their performance options in the Chinese arena only. The similarity in that with the United States and its global rise a century ago is more than it has with the development of what preceded it and the forces that follow it in our present and future time. Today، China is witnessing a continuous and amazing growth of a future global power distinguished with vast، diverse and unprecedented sources

In our research tagged (Russian-Japanese relations from 2000-2016), we touched on the factors and variables influencing the Russian-Japanese relations, the most prominent of which are the internal factors and variables, including the geographical and historical factor, and with regard to external variables, we dealt with the variable of the United States of America and China, and areas of cooperation were addressed. In the Russian-Japanese relations with regard to the political field, which witnessed a tangible improvement, and the economic one that clearly developed between the two countries, and a future aspect of the relations between the two countries was presented in light of some thorny circumstances, such as the development of Russian relations with China, the historical enemy of Japan and the Ukrainian crisis

The relationship and mutual influence between economic factors and political stability is a complex interrelationship. The effects of this relationship may appear directly or indirectly in the short or long term. The economic recovery of a country helps stabilize the political system, while the economic difficulties negatively affect In the degree of acceptance of the peoples of the ruling regimes prevailing in their country, on the other hand, we note that political stability is a major factor in the economic recovery, and vice versa, when the political problems of a country is clearly reflected on the economic performance of the country, p What are the economic factors, one of the main causes of political instability, and we will address in this research the concept of political stability and political instability, and the most important economic factors affecting the political instability in Iraq

After 2003, Iraq tried to build sound regional and international relations on the basis of peaceful principles and not threaten regional and international security. Because of the political change and the flexibility of the international system, which encouraged the regional powers in the strategic environment to move and establish their regional projects. Among these regional powers, the most effective and influential in Iraqi foreign policy is Iran; As a result of the ties and interests that bind the two countries, they follow various strategies to ensure their national interests in Iraq, so that Iraq is part of its regional Islamic project.

State-building of the Russian Federation after the fall of the former Soviet Union was based on the principles of liberalism. Yet the attempt to formulate the new federation on the basis of liberalism faced numerous difficulties that led to the abandonment of those principles later on. This study aims to describe the types of Russian liberalism by singling out their characteristics, differences, and similarities with Western liberalism. The study concludes that there are five types of Russian liberalism developed throughout the modern history of the Russian State from the 18th century until the 1990s. Besides, the study shows the main reasons behind why the Russian people lost confidence in the liberal ideology, which was applied during the period of the democratic transition.

The coronavirus pandemic represented a major watershed that redrew the features of international interactions and changed many of the existing balances. It can be argued that regional projects are among the examples in which regional and international powers have sought to redefine and assert their roles regionally and globally. The outbreak of the pandemic has underscored the feebleness of the international commitments of certain countries towards other states with which they have had long-term established cooperation and alliances. Prompted by the shifts engendered by the pandemic, several states began to reconsider their alliances and to weigh up their options to accede to one of the conflicting regional projects such as ‘’The New Orient”, and “Belt and Road” initiatives. These novel transitions may have serious impacts on the future of the US presence across the region, the presence that has been a focal point in shaping the contours of many of the international and regional alliances. The fate of the US presence will be determinant to the passing of any strategic project in the region

The research discusses the decision of the House of Representatives to terminate the work of the provincial councils until new elections are held. The essay also examines the motives and reasons behind making this decision, considering the fact that the House of Representatives had extended the work of the provincial councils in the third amendment to the Provincial Law No. (21)/ 2008. In addition, this paper explores the possibility of restoring the work of the provincial councils in light of the political consensus

أتجه العراق نحو الاخذ بالديمقراطية التوافقية بعد عام 2003 محاولة منه للتعبير عن كل مكونات الشعب العراقي ، لمعالجة حالة الانقسام السياسي الإجتماعي الذي عاشته البلاد في تلك المرحلة ، الا ان الديمقراطية التوافقية لم تطبق بشكلها الصحيح ، انما طبقت بشكل سلبي ظهرت خلاله العديد من المشاكل على المستوى السياسي والمجتمعي والاقتصادي اضرت بالوحدة الوطنية ، وشكلت سبباً رئيساً في معاناة العراقيين نتيجة عدم ادراك المعنى الحقيقي للديمقراطية التوافقية ، الى جانب عدم البناء التدريجي للعملية السياسية والديمقراطية ، الذي ادى بالنتيجة الى افراز حكومة غير فاعلة بكافة مؤسساتها جاءت بنتائج عكسية لما ترنوا اليه الديمقراطية التوافقية ، فشكلت عائقاً اما بناء الهوية الوطنية نتيجة احيائها للروابط الاولية على حساب الرابط الجمعي الوطني ، وكانت أحد اسباب انهيار المنظومة الأمنية وتهديد الأمن الوطني العراقي ، بدخول تنظيم (داعش الارهابي) الى الاراضي العراقية .

Lebanon is among the Arab countries in the area of local government, known as historically with the mandates of a coherent and powerful local administrations, municipalities in Lebanon are one of the administrative decentralized formulas of many countries of the world and establishes the municipalities back to the 19th century The first municipality was in the collaboration of Deir al-Qamar in 1864 after the outbreak of the civil war and the impact of the announcement of the organic system of Mount Lebanon, and then the French mandate, was able to develop system of public administrations, and became role of these departments became effective during the era of Major General Shehab, which has ruled laws and helped to establish a lot of new municipalities and have led the civil war between 1975-1990, of political, administrative and economic problems in those areas and today

Taints the concept of the middle class a lot of ambiguity and theoretical problems, due to several reasons, perhaps in the forefront of it are the severity of the interference and the multiplicity of interpretations about it borders within the community, as well as its function but that there are already skeptical of its existence, stems mainly from the varying of communities themselves, by the evolution and the system of values that govern and the extent of forming and the emergence and maturity of this layer.
We will try in this study to adopt a curriculum that is based on consolidatin
g and deepening the theoretical framework that deals with everything related to the characterization of this layer.

The features of Russia's rise began to be clear with Vladimir Putin's rise to power at the beginning of the third millennium ،and has attempt to restore Russia's regional and international standing. The Russian role stemmed from the developments inside Syria ،and set its goals by defending Bashar al-Assad's continuation as president of Syria .and the need for Russia to participate effectively in combating terrorism and confronting the danger of it spreading to Central Asia .And finally ،developing the military capabilities of its bases in Syria.

The issue of Iranian policy towards the Federal Republic of Comoros since 2006 is one of the topics that has not been properly highlighted, so this study came to show the importance of this republic in the Iranian strategic perception, the importance of which ranged between what is political aimed at strengthening the role and being near the shipping lanes The important maritime, especially the Bab al-Mandab strait, in anticipation of any military confrontation that threatens its interests, as well as the opening of sea and land corridors that facilitate access to Iran’s interests in East Africa, and between what is economic aimed at exporting illicit smuggled oil after imposing the neck on the Strait of Hormuz and Aden as part of international economic sanctions imposed on it because of its nuclear program, and between what is military aimed at diverting part of the US naval effort centered in the Persian Gulf to the coasts of East Africa, and between what is cultural aimed at transferring the Iranian ideology to this Islamic Republic as part of a scheme that the Iranian government is working on to expand the circle influence in the African countries.

Socialization and its role in reducing the phenomenon of terrorism as a process of social interaction through which the individual learns important topics، and since the concept of terrorism and the image of the terrorist in people’s minds is the result of many overlapping factors، where the danger of extremism and accompanying terrorism is no longer limited to a specific country or region، but has become a global phenomenon. As the transnational extremist and jihadist organizations do not exclude a country or region in their terrorist operations، and there is no doubt that the complexity and intertwining of the phenomenon of extremism and terrorism has been reflected in one way or another on the nature of the strategies adopted by countries to confront it Indeed، there are many experiences in this regard. Some countries attach importance to the security and military aspect، while others focus on the legislative and legal aspect. Other countries integrate political، economic، social، cultural and educational aspects within their general strategies to combat this phenomenon and involve socialization with all institutions of society، starting with the family and passing through educational institutions. The media، civil society organizations، and the private sector end in implementing this strategy، and this can be called social and moral responsibility، which means the integration of the efforts of these institutions with the efforts of the state in confronting the phenomenon of extremism and terrorism The growing social and moral responsibility in any society would enhance government efforts in the face of extremism and terrorism because it means a high level of awareness among its members and an increase in the awareness of its institutions of the danger of this phenomenon on the one hand and the need to work to confront it through a comprehensive and integrated strategy on the other hand and the progress of many countries، including Iraq is an important model for countries in which social and moral responsibility is widely spread، where the efforts of various institutions are integrated with the state in confronting the phenomenon of extremism and terrorism. Educational institutions come in an advanced position within the comprehensive strategy adopted by Iraq in confronting extremism and terrorism، not only because they play a major role in immunizing students from a young age against extremist ideology، but also because they cooperate with the rest of the other institutions of society، the family، the media، civil society and the private sector in the face of extremism and terrorism، and in the form Which enhances government efforts in this regard

This study deals with the two most important trends that appeared in western political thought; the experimental trend and the rational trend. Starting from the perspectives of the English philosopher Francis Bacon and the French philosopher Rene Descartes, we seek to reveal the intellectual structure of both trends, understand their main principles as well as highlight their features. To reach this goal, we define Bacon's experimental method, which takes experience and sensory input as a source of knowledge, we will also look at Descartes' perspective and his skeptical approach, which believes that the mind is the only source of knowledge, and does not yield to any previous judgments without examining and analyzing them

It is no longer a secret to one what terrorism means, its meanings and connotations, its roots and its multiple forms, and perhaps the economy is one of its most prominent forms, because of its role in perpetuating terrorism and the maturity of its behavior in quantity and quality. In fact, there are many ways to study the economics of terrorism and the factors motivating its growth, such as poverty, unemployment, inequality and many others. In this paper, we review the importance of the economy as an important infrastructure for terrorism by explaining the most important characteristics and sources of funding, as well as providing methods and strategies for its destruction. Or face it, relying on the descriptive analytical approach. and the resulting income or input.

China wants to expand cooperation relations not only with the Gulf countries, but with most countries of the world, so it developed what is known as the Belt and Road Initiative, in 2013, during which it is building major infrastructure: railways, ports, airports, and land roads, which helps other countries to interact with The Chinese economy, and helps China obtain energy, primary resources and the flow of goods to the markets that joined the initiative, as most of the Gulf countries accepted the Chinese initiative, and China signed strategic partnership agreements with Saudi Arabia and Iran, and established advanced relations with the UAE, which gives importance to this initiative in Sino-Gulf relations, however, this cooperation is still plagued by a number of challenges, of a special nature to the Gulf region, meaning that they are challenges that have their own specificity compared to the general challenges facing the initiative in general, and these challenges impose some restrictions on the initiative and its implementation, which can be distributed on two levels: An internal Gulf, and another Gulf related to the interactions that surround the Arabian Gulf region