political issues

The democratic social structure means the structure that reaches the lowest level of equilibrium between common interests based on political participation and effective citizenship of individuals and groups. This balance achieves social integration and leads to a sense of the significance of national unity and national identity, along with the generation of commonwealth and availing of its benefits. The democratic social structure is characterized by stability and security, as the stability of individuals can be considered real stability without the sense of security at home and in jobs and livelihoods.

The Atlantic Alliance and one of the important alliances in the international political system, and aims to get its members on the status of the best in the international system, by grouping and organizing its members capabilities, the alliance has developed strategies for expansion in membership and roles, so that it could implement the objectives globally, but the system international turned to for significant changes to force a new relationship, which is what makes the alliance before the real test in the redeployment and re-create the same tasks to deal with potential shifts in the international system, and inclusive of the Middle East investment to enhance the global presence, which is the focus of research.

There is a varying increase in the size and type of risks and challenges facing the countries of the Arab Gulf region, which calls for raising the degree of security and military preparedness among its six countries and restoring confidence in the political relations between their regimes. The study aimed to identify the nature of internal and external security threats and challenges to the Gulf Cooperation Council countries. It is difficult to describe the nature of the security challenges facing the Cooperation Council for the Arab States of the Gulf, in addition to the most important strategies that the Gulf countries have put in place to confront them, and whether they were sufficient to confront those challenges and security. threats.

Foreign policy makers are aware that they are bound by many influential variables in the process of foreign policy making and the means of implementation. This realization results in a strict commitment to the development of these variables in the exercise of foreign policy objectives. Of course a meaningful and planned movement. Among these variables are the various economic variables that have been transformed since the changes and developments of the international system and international relations at the end of the twentieth century constitute one of the most important and the most serious determinants and opportunities for decision-makers in the performance of their duties in foreign policy. Where no foreign policy aimed at success and efficiency is able to ignore the role of these variables، but instead and in recognition of its role at the internal level within the communities، decision makers employed other foreign policy tools to contribute to the completion of economic tasks in a method similar to the method of means of the ends It works double when it becomes a means to achieve an end in itself because of its importance in achieving goals to a certain end later. In other words، the variables of the economy in relation to foreign policy have led to a dual function. On the one hand، it is a very important factor in pushing foreign policy decision makers to commit themselves to pursuing them. On the other hand، it is a means employed in implementing foreign policy and achieving its objectives. And its crucial function in foreign policy.

Despite the rootedness of the idea of ​​nationalism in Western political thought and the great interest in it by Western thinkers, it has witnessed many developments and changes as a result of the quest of many Western countries, foremost of which is the United States, to achieve its higher political interests and national principles represented in the practical application of the pragmatic philosophy whose principles were laid down by the American philosopher John Dewey.
This study seeks to verify the hypothesis that the influence of the ideological and national factors on the political thinking of the neo-conservatives and its reflection on their political behavior, especially during the period in which Donald Trump assumed the presidency of the United States (2017-2021).
The study aims to identify the nature of the political and ideological ideas of the neo-conservatives, and to address the impact of the religious factor on the thought of the neo-conservatives, in addition to clarifying the nature of the political ideas and beliefs of US President Trump. The results of the study showed that the political thought of the neo-conservatives had undergone clear transformations during the tenure of President Trump, who represented the hard-line conservative movement.
These transformations have emerged in the approach of American behavior in international interaction, as the concept of nationalism and the quest for economic realization dominated the internal and external behavior pattern of American policy, which led to military intervention in Afghanistan, Iraq, and other countries, it sought to adopt the method of spreading democracy and overthrowing the old regimes in different ways.

This study aims to identify the Ottoman state’s position from the religious reform movement that happened in some of the German emirates in the year 1517 AD, until the signing of the Augsburg Peace agreement in 1555, and how it was deployed to serve its security purposes.
The researcher used many resources and references to study different aspects of the subject to serve the whole study, Utilizing the authentic inquire about strategy based on displaying the authentic story and attempting to explain its occasions to make the objective system of the ponder, the setting of which came beginning with the components affecting the direction of Ottoman state’s Foreign Policy, outside approach, and after that investigating the part of the Catholic Church within the rise of Martin Luther’s identity and his change demands, and after that the clarity of the state’s position and clarifying its objectives of attempting to bolster the devout change development, and appearing the viewpoints of the Protestant- Ottoman rapprochement.
The matter which empowered the researcher to reach a few comes about, counting: the victory of the Footrest intercession approach in accomplishing its security interface, and empowering the devout change development to fortify its faithfulness within the confront of majestic military impact and ecclesiastical devout impact, which driven to the foundation of its nearness in Europe.

The research deals with the subject of cyber war, which has become one of the features of modern wars in the contemporary time, which poses threats and challenges to all developed or developing countries. Electronically, it targets the infrastructure of countries, which are now also managed electronically, and these wars are characterized by ease and low costs and cause severe damage to the targeted country. Therefore, all countries have developed strategies to confront these wars and secure their vital infrastructure, and Iraq is one of the developing countries that suffer from cyber exposure. Therefore, decision makers within the Iraqi state must prepare the cyber security environment that guarantees the repelling of any attack on its vital infrastructure in the future, and this requires adopting effective mechanisms and means that make Iraq a state capable of entering the spaces of cyber power.

This study discusses the impacts of women’s empowerment on the realization of sustainable development goals and the improvement of institutional conduct. This topic’s significance stems from its representation of a social issue and new visions of achieving comprehensive sustainable development. The problem of this research addresses the lack of interest in women’s empowerment in certain economic sectors, which negatively affects the achievement of economic, cultural, and ecological balance, along with the decrease of functionality in those economic sectors. The study aims to define women’s empowerment in accordance with the aspects of sustainable development and the elements of functionality, and it aims to illustrate the correlation between empowerment and sustainability to achieve optimal performance. In addition, this paper seeks to demonstrate the effects of woman’s empowerment on the realization of sustainable development and improving functionality relying on the following hypothesis: empowering the woman that possesses skills, abilities, and resources leads to the effective realization of sustainable development aspects, and it ensures optimal functionality. The research reaches a set of conclusions, the most important of which was that the empowerment of women economically, socially, environmentally, and technically contributes effectively to the improvement of the process of administrative empowerment.

In the context of the turbulence that shakes the Arab world on the political, military, economic, social, and religious levels, the media implants and reinforces different mental images of the Arab entrepreneur woman who still faces various obstacles and challenges. Media is the main source of knowledge for many Arab people. Consequently, the image of the Arab female entrepreneur in the recipient’s mind is influenced by the information given by the sender who has certain aims or propaganda. The internet allows the female entrepreneur a broader margin of freedom and ability of success. However, it also causes conceptual confusion concerning her reality and circumstances. This study aims at analyzing the media frames adopted by a group of websites in discussing the issues of Arab entrepreneur women between 2019 and 2020. How does the media present the term “entrepreneurship”? What are the characteristics of the entrepreneur woman according to the senders? What are the highlighted challenges and successes? Did the media iconify persons or was the discourse general? Was the trend of the content positive or negative towards the woman? Qualitative semiotic analysis is adopted to detect the explicit or implicit content of the message and the denotative and connotative levels of the significations. The study of the interrelation between verbal and non-verbal signifiers gives way to understanding the mechanism of reshaping reality through signs. The re-depiction of facts is done in several ways some of which are word selectivity, absenting, highlighting, exaggeration, simplification, and repetition. The importance of the research arises from the ability of media to not only convey realities but to create them as well especially since the dependence of the masses on the internet as the main means of knowledge and of organizing and performing vocational and social activities increases day by day. Therefore, the media portrayal of the female entrepreneur can raise or minimize her role, particularly in times of crises and wars. Despite the importance of this topic, there are not enough studies that tackle the media frames in the Arab discourse concerning the entrepreneur woman.

Perspectives, approaches and orientations that deal with the particularity of the relationship between women and creativity on the one hand, and its empowerment within Arab society on the other hand have varied due to the natural, intellectual, societal, and cultural impacts that affect the uniqueness of women’s creativity. Women are the active producers of creativity rather than a byproduct of the process of creativity's production. That is, women produce behaviors, norms, and traditions that contain emotional, intellectual, ideological, and ethical nexus that organize the patterns and social impediments in any given geographical sphere in which the cultural character of the society is practiced. This societal character is subjugated to the domination of the relationship between masculinity and femininity with creativity according to the conservative and romantic intellectual trends and modernism, post-modernism, centrism, and globalization, and in alignment with subjective artistic aesthetic visions rather than expressing it via trusteeship.
While some are still discussing the inadequacy of women’s intellect, the discourse around women’s creativity seems less painful. Perhaps because the woman may feel that she has won the battle to prove the adequacy of her intellect, and to catch her breath to prepare for another battle against the common belief regarding the masculinity of innovation, as it has been proven from experiences that women are capable on success in the best way.

Iraqi society is one of the societies that suffer from poverty in women. Poverty is expressed in women more than men, and this is due to most of the society looking at it through its role in society and cultural outlook, and this is what often leads to women’s effort and hinders their entry to the labor market, along with Thus, it contributed to wars and conflict, beneficial to the decision-maker in the state, for participation in the feminization of poverty and advancemen.

Over the years, Iraq has witnessed many political crises, pressures, changes, and successive and rapid transformations, which affected various aspects of social, economic, intellectual and other life. This led to the emergence of a weak group, (the widow's women), which makes it difficult for her to Control on, family, social and economic life. The two researchers have noticed that widows have recently been living in a state of instability as a result of the many different life struggles they are exposed to, and what is reflected on them in the form of psychological pressures. Difficult crises for them, because their strength and their way of facing the difficulties of life differ from one widow to another, and for this they need help to overcome these psychological, economic and other crises. And because women constitute half of society and To educate the future generations, it was necessary to empower them economically and socially, because this kind of empowerment would in turn lead to their political empowerment.

Society cannot achieve comprehensive development and build a new society if women do not have a role in making decisions related to their private and public lives، and if they do not take their share of professional، administrative and economic work، and if they do not participate in the institutions of power and decision-making، and after Political change in Iraq in 2003، a stage of social political development that strengthened the legal foundations of the state system began with the adoption of the permanent Iraqi constitution of 2005، by providing for the quota system، where Iraqi women participated in parliamentary elections from 2005 until 2021، I believe that despite the participation of Iraqi women، they still suffer from many challenges that prevent their political participation in general، and there are obstacles related to the woman herself and factors related to the political institution and factors related to the nature of society and the prevailing culture in it

Recently, empowerment subject has received local and global attention as it is a deliberate process, whose goal and means is the human being, in order to achieve integrated social and economic growth. Further, it aimed at developing and refining individual skills and enhancing his self-esteem. In addition, to increasing his ability to take decisions and transforming them into effective procedures to make the decision.
Accordingly, this research paper presents a theoretical study on the reality of Iraqi women in social care field, where they suffer from a lack of financial specializations in addition to the arbitrariness of the conditions for inclusion in the care salary. The paper also deals with the reality of women in higher education, where they suffer from almost absolute deprivation from taking over university leadership, as well as marginalization and weak practice in terms of academic freedom, which considered as a type of violence. The study concluded with a number of proposals for the promotion and women empowerment in the two mentioned fields, starting with encouraging small projects to approving the quota principle as a starting point to empowering women in higher education.

Success is the supreme goal of organizations in an era in which many pressures have increased that cast a heavy shadow on organizations that put survival and continuity in the forefront of a changing environment, renewable, with challenges, and dilemmas, and to confront all of this, organizations strive to manage these pressures that were forcibly imposed on workers.In a manner that leads to investing these pressures in improving the performance of workers, raising their level of efficiency, and increasing their effectiveness, while at the same time enhancing their job loyalty, and strengthening their affiliation with their organization, thus ensuring the best results. In order to achieve this, organizations must realize an important fact represented in the time that employees spend in the organization, within a work environment that has its conditions, limitations, and controls, which oblige them to accomplish tasks entrusted to them. These tasks are supposed to be an essential part of the system of operations that achieve the goals of the organization, and this obligation in itself is a kind from the pressure that makes workers feel fear, anxiety, and constant dread of not achieving the results that his management expects from him in the organization, and these feelings increase with the psychological, physical, and social pressures that fall on the workers, especially the mothers among them, as they carry the responsibilities of their families, and their work in the same The time, which makes them under severe pressure, part of it comes from the pressure of work and its requirements, and the second part is from the pressure of the family, society, and its requirements, which have become more difficult with the crises, which Iraqi society is exposed to, and which many circumstances and variables have struggled against, including the health crisis that came due to the corona pandemic and its effects, which imposed a clear and significant change in the life of the individual and society alike, which required adaptation, and adapting to it in order to continue a life that was originally difficult, and the difficulty increased with these conditions. A health crisis that cannot be controlled due to its different nature from the similar health crises that preceded it and that the Iraqi society experienced in previous periods, which clearly and directly affected the nature of the performance of female workers within their jobs.

If we want to know democracy in any country, we must first look at the its women cultural, social, and economic status in general and women with disabilities in particular, and the extent of their participation in political life and political decision-making. As a result of the patriarchal authority stemming from the clan nature known to Arab societies, history has witnessed multiple types and forms of discrimination against women, which differed from one country to another. Through holding international conferences and agreements in order to empower women in all social, economic and political fields.
International interest in people with disabilities began in 1975, but the great victory came in 2008 when the United Nations approved the Convention on Persons with Disabilities, which provided sufficient standards to protect the political, civil, economic, social, and cultural rights of persons with disabilities for inclusion, equality, and non-discrimination. In this study, we discuss the political empowerment of women with disabilities in Iraq, Egypt and the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan, and the obstacles that stand in the way of their participation in political work

Women (mothers and daughters, sisters and wives, and…) are half of the Lebanese society, and its main pillar. Studies have shown that they are more educated and more present in the field of work, and they have obtained more representation in the public sphere, and have contributed to serving their societies, and although they have been Many of them are elected in the local municipal elections, but there are currently only four women in the Lebanese Parliament.
There is still a very low political representation for women, given that their representation in municipalities is better than in Parliament; Because it does not represent or was not related to politicians. Although she is an essential partner in the process of community development and plays an active and vital role in touching the needs of the local community and knowing its concerns and aspirations. Therefore, the importance of women’s participation in local councils stems from being the most appropriate framework that enables them to actually approach the local community; To form a societal fabric that integrates women on the basis of their abilities.

Although the work and participation of women in the municipal council has broken the barrier between them and the municipality with regard to dealing with the administrative and technical apparatus of the municipality in particular and with citizens in general, what is required is the continuation of women’s candidacy and presence in all fields, especially since the law protects them and gives them the right to exercise decision Political participation and political candidacy, election and representation.

Therefore, it must have basic data that will enable it to contribute positively to the movement of development and direct it, and this depends on good preparation, qualification and training; Because the development of its participation contributes to the development of its capabilities and capabilities and its active and influential presence in the areas of public life, and the strengthening of its economic capacity. It also gives a clear indication of its status, position and strength in society.

Women are on a high level of culture and courage alongside men in light of an integrative partnership that builds the nation and the state. This requires everyone to stimulate popular participation in the decision-making process at the local level, with a focus on maintaining a quota for women in Lebanese society.
During the past two decades, Lebanon has made remarkable progress in enacting laws that would achieve gender equality among its citizens and involve women in public life. However, these laws were not sufficient to achieve actual equality due to several factors, most notably the lack of a social, religious, political and educational incubator for this process.