political issues

The research focuses on investigating the values of citizenship in textbooks specialized in social sciences, such as: the Holy Qur’an, Arabic Language, History, Geography, National Education, and Social studies. The research goes through forty-one (41) books out of one hundred (100) books of pre-university studies, With a total of (5483) pages. The study includes three levels of education: primary, intermediate and preparatory. This study relies on the basic foundations of education for citizenship set by UNESCO. Accordingly, thirteen set of values were designed to analyze the educational programs in Iraq, the values being (justice, equality, freedom, Rights, integrity, tolerance, accountability, respect for the law, loyalty to the homeland, peace, preservation of public money, respect for others, cooperation).

Federal system establishes for two levels of exercise of power: the level of the federal and the level of the local powers (Cantons, Länder, States). This subject is regulated by the federal constitution, but some of these constitutions predict the occurrence of "conflicts and contradictions" in the exercise of power at the two mentioned levels and therefore include the principle of (legislative competition between the Federation and the Local Federal powers) in order to "contain" these conflicts when they do occur. The principle of legislative competition became a prominent feature In the German Basic Law of 1949, because this principle was able to address an important and dangerous issue that always appears in federal states, which is the issue of “conflict” between the federal authority and the local federal powers that reaches a “dead end” if the Federal Constitution was “oblivious” to the regulation of this issue. The legislators of the Basic Law were aware of this situation and in order to “close” the doors to the emergence of the issue of “conflict”, they included in Articles 72 and 74 what indicates that this conflict should be addressed if it appears in political and constitutional life.

The study of the formation of Iraqi governments after 2003 is not easy، due to the repercussions of formation on the structure of the state and official institutions and their dedication to the principle of sectarian and ethnic quotas and its great impact on the nature and performance of the Iraqi government The crisis of the formation of governments is the beginning of the work of the Transitional Governing Council and continued up to the October 2021 parliamentary elections due to the competitive nature of the relationship between the political parties. Those parties tend to dictate their demands instead of negotiating a common ground, in a way that renders any negotiation futile.

Countries emerging from conflicts need a comprehensive vision to manage their development activities, as well as reconstruction, within a versatile plan of action that is flexible and comprehensive enough to suit the needs of different sectors and levels of political administration, that is, capable of accommodating a changing mix of emerging problems, let alone the issues caused by conflicts. Thus, recovery represents a comprehensive strategy for rehabilitation after the end of disputes, which requires knowing what it the concept of recovery means and what some of the related terms are.

The political system in Iraq after the year 2003 took different forms expressed by the legal and constitutional texts on the nature of the separation of powers according to the parliamentary system, starting with the Iraqi State Administration Law for the transitional period of 2004, up to the stage of preparing the draft of the permanent constitution for the year 2005. First, the Law of Governorates not incorporated in a region emphasized the application of administrative decentralization. However, the neglect or weakness of the oversight role over the provincial councils was clear in the constitution until the ordinary legislator realized that the constitutional legislator neglected the oversight pillar by not subjecting these councils to any ministerial control or supervision. According to the Law of the Provinces in force No. (21) of 2008 governorate councils must be subjected to the supervision the oversight of the Iraqi Council of Representatives. Thus, monitoring the performance of the decentralized administrative entities must be exercised by both federal and local authorities in accordance with the constitution in order to preserve the unity of the state politically and legally. It was found after the survey conducted by researchers on a sample of Members of the Baghdad Provincial Council that there is an apparent absence of any federal oversight role over the local bodies and entities.

The subject of the psychology of power is one of the topics that has not been highlighted as it should, so this study came to explain the psychology of Sheikh Khalifa bin Zayed as one of the most important rulers of the United Arab Emirates. The study will discuss the early stages of social upbringing and then political upbringing, along with the study of the late Sheikh Zayed's political behaviour. This study seeks to show how social and political upbringing played a role in the formation and making of the laws and decisions that Zayed implemented throughout his reign, which directly affected the United Arab Emirates in various sectors and in both internal and external affairs.

Since its establishment, international systems have gone through many stages, during which they witnessed many developments and changes, and the most prominent of these transformations took place in the early nineties of the last century, coinciding with the emergence of globalization. These transformations have led to the emergence of new non-state actors. Non-states actors, such as non-governmental organizations and multinational companies, have begun to practice supranational roles that have contributed greatly to the decline in the sovereignty of states restricting the state’s ability to manage its internal affairs. In addition, other actors that specialize in technology have emerged and gained control over virtual sphere through the export and promotion of ideas. Also, the emergence of violent actors (terrorist groups) that enjoy smooth mobility in a globalized world have contributed in the destabilization of the security and stability of certain fragile regions. Therefore, all of these factors have clearly contributed to the decline in the sovereignty of states, especially in countries that suffer from instability.

The history of Iraqi-Saudi relations has always been surrounded by mutual doubts and conflict, more than relations based on a common understanding useful in developing relations between two neighboring Muslim and Arab countries that have deep-rooted historical ties and comprehensive extensions, as the Iraqi-Saudi relations since the establishment of the two states - Iraq in 1921 and Saudi Arabia in 1921 1932- Until 2003, it was characterized by instability, , suspicion, and caution. The period from 2003 to 2014 was characterized by Saudi distancing from Iraq, and this stage only resulted in a continuous exchange of accusations between the two countries. After 2014 - with Haider al-Abadi assuming the premiership - the two countries' relations were characterized by cooperation, rapprochement, and the adoption of zero-problem policies. Therefore, it can be said that during this period - from 2003 to the present day - there were many determinants and elements that greatly affected the relations of the two countries, and framed those relations as they are today

The research aims to identify the role of the feminist media in empowering Palestinian women towards political participation, by identifying the extent of the interest of the two study sites in their topics, the priorities of their interest, their persuasive forms, their used positions, the study methods, the agreement, and methods. The study is descriptive in nature and it uses the “survey method” and in its framework the content analysis method, and the “interrelations approach” and through it the method of systematic comparison, using the content analysis form The study cover two Palestinian feminist sites, (Nawa and Nisa FM), and the over the period of almost ten monts, from 9-1-2021 to 11-31-2021, The study concludes that the number of topics of women’s empowerment towards political participation on the Nisaa FM website reached (18) recurring (54.5%), compared to Nawa (15) recurring (45.5%), The study also shows the interest of the two sites Women's political rights, as the "Political Rights" category ranked first in the category of interests standing at (36.3%) with (33) recurrences

Iraqi society has gone through difficult conditions، especially after 2003. These conditions have adverse effects on the role of women and the extent of their empowerment in various areas of life. Despite the presence of International organizations and bodies that support women’s rights، the status of Iraqi women within society is still dominated by the ideas of patriarchal authority that deprive them of participating in decision-making and obtaining prestigious positions. However, in spite of all the societal and tribal shackles, Iraqi women have succeeded in breaking down many of the social and political barriers and proving themselves as significant actors on several fronts of life.

The research focuses on empowering Iraqi women and defining their role after the post-2003 democratic political change. Since Iraq is going through a crucial stage that defines the features of the future of women in the light of the Iraqi political system, it is necessary for women to be included within the general discourse to build the current democratic edifice, which must be based on equality, social justice and gender. These are indispensable guarantees in establishing a political system based on justice and equality that insures women’s right to political participation as influential actors in the political and societal process. Iraqi women have not felt their political significance despite being a part of the political process. According to many indications, Iraqi women cannot be described as real partners in political life. Consequently, the state of Iraqi women today has become a real test of the slogans of rights and liberties enshrined in the articles of the 2005 constitution.

The current study seeks to examine the issue of empowering women within the security and military institutions to improve organizational effectiveness and develop the human aspect within these institutions. Empowerment derives its importance because it encourages Iraqi women to participate in this sector. Since 2003, the challenge of terrorism has emerged as the most important obstacle that stood in the way of achieving development plans and moving forward in building a new life and a better future for future Iraqi generations. This entails that women, who are half of society, stand side by side with men, and work in all sectors, to fulfil development plans.

Women in Iraq are exposed to a global epidemic whose repercussions affect all economic, social, and health aspects. The study deals with the challenges caused by the pandemic and the repercussions that resulted from the Iraqi government’s measures required by circumstances to confront them, such as the ban and disruption of economic and social activities that have cast their shadow on the effectiveness of all segments of society, including women. These factors have had profound social and economic repercussions, which have hurt women in Iraq, including their mental health, and have led to the rise of cases of domestic violence. Further, the effects of the pandemic have impacted women's social status, education and health care. Although it is difficult to establish a direct comparison between before and after the pandemic due to the conditions that the pandemic necessitated, it can be said that the challenges and obstacles that are rooted, are a result of the policies pursued by the Iraqi government. Yet, the pandemic also highlighted matters that had been considered relatively less important in previous years, such as the impact of traditional values on young girls.

This research aims to shed light on the paths of Jordanian women’s political participation and the role of policies and legislation in promoting and empowering women to reach all legislative, leadership and administrative positions that the constitution and laws regulating political life in Jordan allow for. And with the multiplicity of parties calling for women’s empowerment and equality and everything related to women in terms of legislation and amendments, and between social norms and the societal view of women and their role in society. And identifying the obstacles and challenges that stand in the way of women's participation, and then a future look at promoting and empowering Jordanian women in all sectors of the state.

This paper aims to shed light on the pivotal role of women in the inclusive development process which various countries- including Egypt, which tries to achieve its vision for the year 2030. It also tries to clarify the current situation with regard to the steps taken by Egypt to empower Egyptian women in different areas. Additionally, it addresses the concept of empowerment on an actual and comprehensive scale. This includes rehabilitating women and ensuring their eligibility and entitlement to leadership, unleashing their contribution in the development process as pioneers, leaders, and decision-makers, not only as women who have their rights and duties yet are led by a higher manager. Instead, the real purpose and meaning of empowerment are to give women an opportunity to rule and lead. In this regard, the paper cites some pioneering models who have had the privilege of changing the course of education in Egypt in recent times whether at the educational strategy level or at the level of the assurance of the quality of the educational process.

The correct construction of individuals and societies is a human issue before it is a national issue. Those who believe in the human right to development and empowerment, whoever are they, have taken upon themselves the responsibility of striving towards achieving this. At Pillar Centre for Conflict Resolution, International Arbitration and Scientific Research, we consider that responsibility as one of our top scientific and research priorities. Thus, this paper approaches the current situation of the role of research and training centers in empowering Arab women, as their suffering under the weight of the triad of poverty, ignorance and marginalization is deep and old whereas research and training centers are newly established, considering the history of that suffering. Therefore, these centers have daunting tasks that must be planned in an organized scientific manner and evaluated civilized role in empowering Arab women over and over again to overcome difficulties and achieve the best in a shorter time. In this paper, we will present an assessment of the role of research and training centers in empowering Arab women and identify the difficulties and obstacles they face in this regard. We will also introduce suggestions and solutions to address those obstacles

The current research seeks to reveal the elements of the expressive image in a graphic or design to reduce violence and aggressive behavior against women in Iraq and the Arab world, including threats of coercion or arbitrary deprivation of liberty. This study includes the research problem which was determined by several questions regarding the artist’s role in bringing about change in the concept of violence and aggressive behavior against women through drawing and design. In this regard, this study aims to explore the concept of violence against women and the role of the artist in establishing the relationship between painting and art education in changing the concept of violence and aggressive behavior against women.