Diyala Journal of Human Research

The research aims to study random housing in the city of Baqubah for the year (2023) and to study the spatial distribution of random housing units at the level of residential neighborhoods in the study area. In order to identify the spatial variation in the distribution of random housing units between the neighborhoods of Baqubah city, the results of the research showed that the second Tahrir neighborhood and the Yarmouk neighborhood The first occupied the lead position in the number of random housing units with (933) (913) and a percentage of about (4.17%) (17%) respectively out of the total random housing units amounting to (5356) units, then came with the lowest numbers for Al-Takiya neighborhood. The first is Al-Mustafa, Al-Samoud, Shifta and New Baqubah, with a ratio of (194) (176) (159) (141) (97) and a percentage of about (6.3%) (2.3%) (9.2%) (6.2%) %) (8.1%).
In light of the results reached, the research suggested some proposals and treatments that could contribute to addressing the problem of random housing in the study area to limit its expansion and increasing severity in the future.

The goal of the current research is to identify reflective thinking among middle school teachers, and the significance of statistical differences in reflective thinking according to the variable of gender (males - females) and (years of service). To achieve the research objectives, the researchers built a scale (reflective thinking) according to the model and definition of (Snyder, (2008) The face validity and construct validity were verified, and the reliability was verified using the retest method, as the reliability rate reached (0.84), while the reliability coefficient using the Cronbach’s alpha method reached (0.75). The scale was then applied to the basic research sample consisting of (400). (A teacher and a teacher from the middle school teachers of the General Directorate of Education in Diyala / Baqubah. The research sample was chosen by a random stratified method with a proportional distribution. To treat the study data statistically, the researchers used the statistical package (SPSS). The results revealed that the sample members have reflective thinking compared to the theoretical average of the scale, and there is a difference There is a statistically significant difference in reflective thinking according to the gender variable and in favor of females. There is a statistically significant difference in reflective thinking according to the service variable and in favor of more than (5) years. There is no significant interaction between the variables (gender and service). In light of the results, the current research came out with a number Of recommendations and suggestions

My research entitled (The Wise Style and the Manifestation of Mental Distance) comes to talk about the importance of the semantic benefits that result from the mechanism of the wise style as a stable rhetorical art in the Qur’anic and poetic context and the benefits that result from it that collectively help divert the recipient’s mind to what is more important by asking about it, and not As he asked intuitively, this is what provokes a mental shift in him. The study addressed the problem of the term and its rooting. We also considered the metaphorical manifestations of the concept of wise style in the context, which explains the issue of the mental shift from truth to metaphor in the soul of the recipient.

This study seeks to uncover the cultural features that characterize the poetry of Waladah bint al-Mustaqafi as one of the most important Arab poets in general, and Andalusian poets in particular, using the mechanisms of cultural criticism to reveal a set of implicit patterns that characterize Waladah's poetry, namely: The high ego, the intensity of jealousy that turned into satire, satire and praise, the intensity of love; these cultural patterns that infiltrated Waladah's poetry for several reasons that the research was exposed to and sought to contemplate and study them. The study sought to analyze Waladah's poetic discourse without dismantling these poems and isolating them from their content, despite the scarcity of sources that conveyed Waladah's poetry, all sources conveyed news about her, with some of the poetry she organized, so we chose the highest and first of them in reporting these news.

The autobiography is considered a form of literary arts, where the author presents the details of his personal life in his own words, conveying his experience with commitment to honesty, sincerity, and integrity in narrating events, free from bias and arrogance.
This study aims to identify the elements of narrative structure by analyzing and describing selected examples of five autobiographies published in contemporary Iraqi literature between the years 2003 and 2020, in a critical study. For this reason, the research is divided into four sections, preceded by a brief introduction to each section, namely (event, character, time, place), and concluding with the key findings of this research.

Rhetorical analysis, both structurally and graphically, is one of the mechanisms that reveals the deep connotations generated as a result of surface structure relationships, forming a semantic system coherent, full of meaning with a moral intensification of the rhetorical images woven into the text of the poem, which opens to the recipient a window to the imaginative formation of the condition of the people and their ruler and the relationship that exists between them, as the poet wove a relationship of growing significance between the parts and units of his poem; to be a single whole conveying to the recipient the reality of the situation in that time, investing linguistic energies in generating meanings and producing images that carry within them the voice of the poet and his people against their ruler

This research deals with the role of Count Karl Robert Nesselrode in Russia's foreign policy towards European countries during the period (1816-1856), that is, from Nesselrode assuming the Russian Ministry of Foreign Affairs in 1816 until his resignation in 1856, indicating a session at the Congress of Vienna and what followed it, such as the Aix-La-Chapelle - Laibach Conference and others, in addition to His participation regarding the events of the Greek issue and the Hungarian Revolution, not to mention the Belgian Revolution, then the Don Pacifico issue, the Schleswig-Holstein question, the problem of reorganizing the German Confederation, and other events in which he discusses his responses to European diplomatic issues; The research was divided into three chapters: The first chapter dealt with Karl Nesselrode’s social life and political activity until 1816, while the second chapter explained the role of Karl Nesselrode in Russia’s foreign policy during the period (1816 - 1825), The third chapter was devoted to Nesselrode’s role in Russia’s foreign policy during Duration (1826-1856).

Reading the biography of Al-haj Abul Kasim Khan Alibrahimi shows that it is not only confined to its humanistic and social frame , but it also involves abroad scientific frame – He was one of the twentieth century religious figures . He occupied , from 1941 A.D. to 1969 A.D. , a prominent social position in the societies of Iran , Iraq and the Arabian Gulf as a religious authority to the followers of Al-Sheikhia school , one of the Al-Shia Imammia Ithna Asharia schools , besides his prominent scientific position as reflected in his Various religious scientific products . This is noticed in a group of his products: letters and books by which he contributed to the enforcement of the basis of Al-Shia Al-Imammia Ithna Asharia thoughts . Among his important products was his historical book entitled Fahrest Kutub Al-Mashaikh Al-Adam in which he cleared quests of great consideration to those who look for truth about the history of Al-Sheikhia school , namely , its authouraties ,their products , beliefs and ideas . This book has been regarded as the best product about their biographies and scientific products . It is also useful to the academic specialists and experts , as well as to the historians and authors , and even to those who are interested in getting general Knowledge.

The study aimed to determine the effect of knowledge sharing in enhancing the soft skills of public education teachers in the Holy City of Mecca from the point of view of female principals. It used the predictive descriptive approach. The research sample consisted of (178) female principals of public education schools in the city of Mecca, out of (394). The study used a questionnaire to collect information, and the study reached a number of results, the most important of which are: The level of knowledge sharing among public education school teachers is within an average level of practice, and the level of soft skills among public education school teachers is within an average level of practice. The study also found that the effect of knowledge sharing in enhancing soft skills among public education school teachers in the Holy City of Mecca was within A large degree. The study recommended that the school administration work to provide opportunities for continuous learning for teachers by holding seminars, workshops, and training courses, and encouraging teachers to share new information and knowledge gained from them. Moreover, Educational departments should work to support the infrastructure of information technology systems in schools and provide a digital library that contains lists of educational materials and includes all scientific production in the field of education and teaching processes and curricula, sharing them and emphasizing their use.(228 words)

The research is concerned with revealing the determinants of the method of Al-Bukhari’s narration on his Sheikh Khalifa bin Khayat in his Sahih book, and among the research objectives: inventorying the hadiths narrated by Al-Bukhari on Khalifa bin Khayat, and revealing the methodology that Al-Bukhari followed when narrating about Khalifa, and showing a typical example of Al-Bukhari’s accuracy in his Sahih, and his great attention of the condition of Hadith, and report the rank of the hadiths of Khalifa bin Khayat which Al-Bukhari mentioned in the Sahih. This study used a descriptive and analytical research method, and one of the most important results of the research is: the disclosure of the “Hadith Criteria” of Imam Al-Bukhari, when he selects the hadith of the specific narrator in his Sahih, and that Al-Bukhari opines that his sheikh is Khalifa bin Khayat, even if he is trustworthy in his view. However, he does not reach the level of accuracy and perfection that qualifies him to narrate for him in the origins of the Sahih book, and it turns out that all the narrations of Khalifa bin Khayat in the book of Sahih al-Bukhari are either a “Mawqoof hadith”; Or a “hadith in Al-Mutabaat”, and among the most important recommendations: collecting Ibn Hajar’s perspectives about Al-Bukhari’s approach to the Sahih, and testing them with studies that confirm their accuracy..

The medicine of the Arabs before Islam depended in its methods of treatment on magic and sorcery. Since ancient times, the Arabs attributed diseases and epidemics that afflict humans to their belief in religious punishment. Since the Arabs believed that the diseases that afflicted them were the result of their sins and transgressions that angered the gods, so most patients used to go to soothsayers to treat them of diseases through magic, sorcery and amulets, so the Arabs called priests doctors. With the passage of time, people began to appear who excelled in the medical profession by using simple methods to treat patients, including the use of herbs, ironing with fire, cupping, bloodletting, and other methods of treatment. Among the most prominent physicians who excelled in the medical profession before Islam was Al-Harith bin Kalda, about whom our research revolves . He was mentioned as the wise man of the Arabs and its doctor because he studied medicine in Yemen and went to Persia and studied in one of its famous schools in medicine, which is the Gundeshapur School, from which many Arab scholars graduated.

The province of Khorasan is one of the important provinces of the Arab Islamic State, which was opened in the caliphate of Othman bin Affan (may God be pleased with him) in the year 31 AH in the state of Abdullah bin Amer bin Kariz over Basra, and the importance of this region was mentioned by Caliph Omar bin Abdul Aziz when he appointed Uqba bin Zar’at al-Ta’i on his Kharaj, saying, “The Sultan has pillars that cannot be established except with them. The governor is a pillar, the judge is a pillar, and the owner of the treasury house, and the fourth pillar is me, and none of the Muslim frontiers is more important to me, nor is it greater to me than the frontiers of Khorasan.” As a result of social integration with the local population, a new generation of modernists, jurists and scholars appeared who had a major role in the Islamic renaissance through what they presented of a scientific product that benefited humanity in general. Important and comprehensive about the aforementioned major cities of Khorasan, and we explained in them the most important information that came in the book Masalik al-Absar about these cities, whether with regard to scholars and jurists in these cities and what they are famous for in terms of agricultural and mineral resources in addition to the buildings of these cities, and we explained other aspects that were not mentioned in The book Masalik al-Absar was mentioned by other sources. The book Masalik al-Absar fi Mamlak al-Amsar was one of the scientific encyclopedias that contained important geographical and historical information that included most of the regions belonging to the Arab Islamic state, especially the era of the historian who owned the encyclopedia, as we find him providing important information about these cities, even mentioning the invasions that were exposed to them before. Multiple peoples in different eras, in addition to other information that we will include in the research. The encyclopedia of Ibn Fadlallah Al-Omari was distinguished by it. The subject of the research was divided into two sections. The first topic was titled The Personal and Scientific Biography of Ibn Fadlallah Al-Omari and the definition of the book Paths of Visions and Kingdoms of Al-Amsar, then the second topic came under the title Cities Khorasan, which was mentioned by Ibn Fadlallah Al-Omari in his book Masalik Al-Absar fi the Kingdoms of Al-Amsar

Many Algerian figures have played an active role in the course of its modern and contemporary history, leaving a clear impact on political, military, social, and economic life. However, they have not received the academic scientific study they deserve until today. This figure, who practiced multiple roles, proved his competence and dedication to Algeria, and thus deserved to be mentioned and referenced with complete objectivity and emotion-free, starting from the information-gathering stage to the writing stage.
Care was taken to record the information with full objectivity and honesty, highlighting the strengths, weaknesses, and shortcomings of this figure according to a rigorous scientific methodology—the historical scientific research method based on analysis, deduction, and logical connection of events, while maintaining the temporal and spatial pillars that influence the depiction of the historical event.
This figure is Mohamed Al-Saleh Yahyaoui, who is considered one of the personalities that had an active impact on the Algerian War of Liberation against French colonialism. Subsequently, he gained acceptance through his political assignments for the National Liberation Front by President Houari Boumediene. Despite his many responsibilities and his well-established political personality, he was removed from political life in 1980 by Algerian President Chadli Bendjedid.
The current research is divided into an introduction, three sections, and a conclusion..

This study aimed to identify the reality of activating digital leadership from the perspective of faculty members at Umm Al-Qura University. The research used the descriptive survey method, and the study population consisted of faculty members at Umm Al-Qura University. The study sample amounted to 429 male and female members. The questionnaire was used to collect data from the participants. The results of the study showed that the degree of activation of digital leadership from the point of view of faculty members was high. The study found that there were no statistically significant differences between the averages of the responses from the study sample about how realistic it was for faculty members to use digital leadership because of the variety of digital platforms. The results also revealed the existence of statistically significant differences in the averages of the study sample’s responses on the reality of activating digital leadership from the point of view of faculty members due to the technical experience variable and in favour of those with less than 5 years.

Many studies have been devoted to the poetry of Ibn Hamdis, but the study of environmental imagination in light of the ecological approach is a field completely different from the field of previous studies. It is not the task of this study to methodologically study the relationship of influence and influence between the creator and his environment, nor is it one of its tasks to pursue the descriptive image of nature in the poetry of Ibn Hamdis. ; Because environmental criticism does not stop at images and methods except to the extent that these descriptive images reveal the existence of ecological, literary, and philosophical goals, driven by ecological, artistic, and philosophical goals. Ibn Hamdis is a poet whose texts went beyond describing nature and being fascinated by its magic. Some of his texts became direct and indirect messages to protect .

This research aims to identify the Communication Satisfaction of university students, and the significance of statistical differences in Communication Satisfaction according to the gender variable (male , female) among university students, and the significance of statistical differences in Communication Satisfaction according to the specialization variable (scientific , humanity) among university students, and to achieve goals The research The two researchers built a scale (Communication Satisfaction) according to the Hecht model (Hecht, 1978), and the Communication Satisfaction scale consisted of (20) items, and the apparent validity, constructive validity, and factorial analysis of the tool were verified (0.85), while the stability coefficient of the tool in Cronbach's alpha method was (0.78), and the scale was presented to a group of arbitrators specialized in the field of educational psychology, measurement and evaluation, and extracting the discriminatory power of the paragraphs, as the research sample reached (400) male and female university students Diyala, and using statistical means, the t-test for one sample and two independent samples, the alpha-Cronbach coefficient, the Pearson correlation coefficient, the percentage, the factorial analysis, and using the statistical bag (SPSS). The results of the research showed that there is Communication Satisfaction among university students, and there is no statistically significant difference according to the gender variable (male, female), and there is a statistically significant difference according to the specialization variable (scientific, humanistic) and in favor of the human specialization. The research came out with a set of proposals and recommendations.

The research aimed to know the qualifications of the natural environment and its effectiveness in responding to the various geomorphic processes and the resulting diversity in the land appearance, classifying the land units and drawing a geomorphic map for them, and studying the applied geomorphological aspects of the optimal use of the available natural resources and their maintenance. According to the English curricula that are suitable for arid and semi-arid lands, for the purpose of identifying promising unexploited lands and exploiting them in an optimal manner that suits the climate of the region and the quality of its soil, where focus has been placed on establishing an agricultural area represented by planting forest trees and benefiting from them economically, by analyzing the soil of the region and identifying arable areas Forests on the map, and an area suitable for tourism use, which is adjacent to Lake Hamrin to the north and the Diyala River to the west, was determined by defining them on the map of the region. region and its vicinity.

Human trafficking is a heinous violation of fundamental human rights and freedoms. The United Nations (UN) plays a crucial role in establishing the global agenda, offering a framework for norms, directing international initiatives, and assisting member nations in combating the intricate and varied issue of human trafficking. The UN publishes reports on all its platforms, including YouTube, to address this issue. Like any other form of communication, these reports contain lexical and non-lexical vague expressions to achieve specific communicative functions. Therefore, this paper will look at the semantic and pragmatic aspects of the use of lexical and non-lexical vagueness in these reports to get a better sense of how vague language is used and how it serves specific communication functions in this sensitive setting. To achieve this aim, the researchers have adopted Walsh, O’Keeffe, and McCarthy's (2008) classification of vagueness on the semantic level and Levinson's (2000) Neo-Gricean approach on the pragmatic level. The analysis focused on three UN-spoken reports on human trafficking. The findings suggest that speakers strategically utilise both lexical and non-lexical vagueness to convey implicit meanings, such as communicating a general idea when specific information is lacking

Teaching grammar is an integral part of teaching language skills. Integrating grammar in teaching the skills is a new instructional way that can be used by EFL teachers in the Iraqi Kurdistan region whose beliefs are the focus of this paper. Therefore, the main aim is to explore the overall beliefs of the teachers towards the integrative grammar teaching and identify the differences, if any, between the beliefs of high school English teachers and English university teachers. To this end, the researcher adopts a survey to collect quantitative data from fifty Iraqi Kurdish EFL teachers as the study sample and then analyze the data using proper statistical analysis. The findings indicate that the teachers believe in integrating grammar in teaching language skills considerably. Both groups of high school and university teachers do not differ significantly in adopting the integration. The results imply that the teachers believe in using new ways to make grammar enjoyable and meaningful in communicative tasks. The teachers from both educational settings can come together in teaching projects as they have similar beliefs. Overall, the impact of these new insights can have wider implications as inform the language teaching practice that can be subject to further investigation.

Metafiction is a postmodern style of writing that sheds light on the process of writing and the artificiality of literary works. The direct treatment of the process results in breaking the fourth wall between the fictional world and the reader. This paper explores the significance of the fourth wall in metafictional works as it provides metafictional authors a fertile ground to examine the intricate dynamic between writers, text, and readers within the sphere of postmodernism. Hence, the current study examines Ian McEwan's Atonement as an exemplary work of metafiction. In the novel, McEwan employs metafiction to question the reliability of storytelling and the subjective nature of truth

This research aims to find out (the effect of the successive strategy on the achievement of fifth-grade biological students in Arabic language grammar and their reflective thinking). The researcher chose a sample of fifth-grade biology students in (Al-Hawraa Secondary School for Girls) affiliated with the Diyala Education Directorate - Al-Khalis District, and to implement the experiment, the number of its members reached (73) students, representing two divisions: the first, the experimental group, had (35) students, and the control group (38) students. The researcher rewarded the two research groups on a number of variables (chronological age, parents’ educational attainment, intelligence test, and linguistic ability test. The researcher controlled extraneous variables that might affect this type of experimental design. The researcher specified the scientific material that included ( The subject and predicate, was and its sisters, inna and its sisters, verbs of approach and hope, subjunctive, conjunction, substitution, and emphasis) are topics from the Arabic language book scheduled to be taught to fifth grade biology students for the academic year 2021-2022. The researcher formulated the behavioral objectives for the topics and reached The final number is (112) behavioral objectives, and the researcher prepared model teaching plans for each of the topics specified for the experiment. In order to measure achievement and reflective thinking among the students of the two research groups, the researcher prepared two tests, the first a test of achievement and reflective thinking. ‏ The researcher prepared a test to measure achievement, with (50) multiple-choice items, as well as a test to measure reflective thinking, with (25) essay-type items. After applying the research tool and analyzing the results obtained statistically, the researcher concluded that the sequential strategy has a positive impact on achievement and reflective thinking that is better for fifth-grade biological students compared to the usual method. It recommended the necessity of adopting a successive strategy in teaching the rest of the curriculum vocabulary to first-year intermediate school students, and the researcher suggested studies similar to the current study in the rest of the branches of the Arabic language.

Philip Hitti is considered a prolific scholarly author. His writing was not limited to one historical stage, but rather he expanded his writings to include ancient, medieval, and modern history, which indicated the breadth of his culture and the diversity of his readings. Rather, he wrote about Islam and its civilization, and his books include twenty-six works in Arabic and English, which have been translated into eighteen languages, including Japanese, and about five hundred studies on the Arab East, ancient and modern

The Fatimid state occupied a distinguished position in Islamic history, and it had systems and drawings characterized by luxury that attracted the pens of historians, so they talked extensively about these aspects. Among these were Al-Maqrizi (d. 845 AH / 1441 AD), as this Egyptian historian is considered one of the most prominent Arab Muslim thinkers, who excelled in scientific fields. Many sciences, such as arithmetic, history, calendar of countries, religious sciences, hadith, jurisprudence, and others. Al-Maqrizi also chose the subject of his book ((The Hanafi preaching on the news of the Fatimid imams and caliphs)), who lived far from his contemporaneity with the events of the Fatimid state ( 297-567 AH/.1170- 909 AD) made his book of special importance due to its reliance on contemporary sources for those events, most of which are still missing.

of the research: Geographical journeys have existed since ancient times. In their beginnings, their motives were mainly to search for food and water, and after that for the purpose of exploring countries, islands and continents and learning about everything new. The first mention of journeys in ancient history was the journey of the Prophet Moses (peace be upon him) with the boy who He accompanied him on the journey when he was searching for Al-Khidr (peace be upon him), as it was mentioned in the Almighty’s saying: “And when they had passed, he said to his young man, ‘Bring us our lunch. Indeed, from our journey we have found this to be a monument.’”, and journeys were also mentioned in the Holy Qur’an for the second time before the prophetic mission of the Prophet Muhammad (peace be upon him). It was mentioned in the Almighty’s saying: “The winter and summer journey”, and its purpose was only trade. Therefore, these were the main motivations for trips in their beginnings. Later, the motivation for trips became different and multiple, including political and economic, or for the love of adventure and exploration, and learning about the oceans and countries.
Sicily was one of those countries that many travelers visited, due to its political and economic importance, in addition to being a green island rich in wealth and characterized by the beauty of nature. Through their travels, the travelers left us important information about Sicily and recorded their impressions of that visit, and they even created important maps about it that... They are still relied upon today as the basic maps of Sicily.
Therefore, in this research, we reviewed the most important of these travelers, who visited Sicily in the centuries (1-2-3 AH / 5-6-7 AD) and what impressions and information they left for us about Sicily, and then our opinion about it.

The study dealt with presenting the paths of Egyptian-Soviet relations from the beginning of the rule of President Mohamed Hosni Mubarak in 1981 until 1991 following the collapse of the Soviet Union. This study came against the backdrop of the rift between the two countries following the decision to expel Russian experts in 1976 during the era of President Mohamed Anwar Sadat and then the expulsion of the Russian ambassador in 1981. However, President Mubarak restored mutual trust between the two countries, and various fields were taken up, most notably economic and technical cooperation

The Polisario Front was established in May 1973, and began military action ten days after its founding, which prompted the Spaniards to announce the following year their intention to organize a referendum for self-determination in the Sahara. In this context, the Spanish government concluded the Madrid Agreement with Morocco and Mauritania, according to which it would give up the administration of The desert was for the benefit of the two countries. Meanwhile, the parties demanding the Sahara were preparing to control Western Sahara. The Polisario Front intensified its struggles to demand independence to spread to the Sahrawi cities, while Morocco and Mauritania turned to the International Court of Justice, which in October 1975 gave an advisory opinion on the nature of the two countries’ ties. With the Sahrawi group, each party interpreted it in its favor, but Morocco took the initiative to announce the organization of a green march to the Sahara on October 16, 1975, that is, on the same day in which the opinion of the Hague Court was issued, which accelerated Spain’s completion of its withdrawal during January 1976, the month of the announcement of the establishment of the Republic. The Sahrawi Arab League, with the blessing and support of Algeria, which announced its rejection of the Madrid Agreement, thus transformed the decolonization of the Sahara from a solution to the region’s problem into the explosion of a raging conflict between the brotherly neighbors

The research aimed to know the effect of using the digital story on the acquisition of grammatical concepts among fifth-grade scientific students. To achieve this, the researcher conducted an experiment that lasted (58) days, as the researcher intentionally chose Abu Hanifa Al-Numan Preparatory School for Boys to implement the experiment, and the research sample was determined, which amounted to (60) (30) students for the experimental group and (30) students for the control group. The two groups were rewarded on the variables (chronological age, mid-year exam grades, fathers’ academic achievement, mothers’ academic achievement). The researcher adopted an experimental design with partial control with a post-test for the two groups. The research, and extraneous variables were controlled, and the impact of experimental procedures was reduced, and the experiment was applied in the second semester of the academic year (2022/2023), and in light of the research results, the researcher concluded that adopting the digital story strategy in teaching has contributed to increasing students’ interaction with the scientific material. It puts students at the level of responsibility for learning based on their cognitive structure. Which increased their acquisition of grammatical concepts compared to the usual (inductive) method. One of the research recommendations is the necessity of using digital stories with modern strategies in teaching Arabic grammar.

The research deals with the study of weak grammatical provisions in the names of Abu Hayyan Al-Andalusi in his book The Appendix and the Supplement in Explaining Facilitation is an evaluative study.
The research showed the weak grammatical structures in the names, although the grammarians allowed their use, but on a weak basis, and the number of issues dealt with in the research was five issues .

This research deals with the role of Count Karl Robert Nesselrode in Russia's foreign policy towards European countries during the period (1816-1856), that is, from Nesselrode assuming the Russian Ministry of Foreign Affairs in 1816 until his resignation in 1856, indicating a session at the Congress of Vienna and what followed it, such as the Aix-La-Chapelle - Laibach Conference and others, in addition to His participation regarding the events of the Greek issue and the Hungarian Revolution, not to mention the Belgian Revolution, then the Don Pacifico issue, the Schleswig-Holstein question, the problem of reorganizing the German Confederation, and other events in which he discusses his responses to European diplomatic issues; The research was divided into three chapters: The first chapter dealt with Karl Nesselrode’s social life and political activity until 1816, while the second chapter explained the role of Karl Nesselrode in Russia’s foreign policy during the period (1816 - 1825), The third chapter was devoted to Nesselrode’s role in Russia’s foreign policy during Duration (1826-1856).

The topic of the Jews' arguments with the Prophet (peace be upon him) is one of the most important topics that deserves study; because it sheds light on the most famous opponents of the Prophet (peace be upon him) and their methods that varied and multiplied due to hatred, envy and malice towards the Prophet (peace be upon him) and the Muslims. The Jews did not leave anything that would harm the Prophet (peace be upon him) without taking it. Sometimes they would ask the Prophet (peace be upon him), and other times they would argue and debate with him, whether about the previous prophets or the rulings of religion or about God Almighty. Despite everything that the Jews did towards the Prophet (peace be upon him) and the Muslims, the Prophet (peace be upon him) did not treat them in their manner, as he is the Prophet of mercy and wisdom. Rather, he always answered their questions and argued with them in their arguments, and God Almighty supported his noble Prophet, so the Qur’an was quickly revealed to clarify the ruling or clarify the position of these Jews towards the Prophet (peace be upon him). This study took a model of the Jews' arguments with the Prophet (peace be upon him) in the book "An-Nukat wa-'Uyun" by Al-Mawardi, as the Jews used to argue with the Prophet (peace be upon him) in many matters, and I touched on examples of them. The study was conducted through the book "An-Nukat wa-'Uyun", which is an important book of interpretation of the Holy Quran, in which Al-Mawardi was unique in mentioning the obscure to the reader and leaving out the clear matters that the reader could know, or that were mentioned in other books of interpretation, especially since Al-Mawardi is a judge of judges and a literary figure, so it is natural that his interpretation is distinct from other books of interpretation, especially since those who followed him made this book a model for them. Among the examples of arguments that I talked about in this research are the Jews' arguments with the Prophet (peace be upon him) in greeting, as well as their arguments with him about the food that Israel forbade, their arguments with him about God Almighty, and their arguments with him about Abraham (peace be upon him

using a realistic therapy method to reduce the empty self among orphaned female students in the middle school stage.
To achieve the research objectives, the researcher did:
1- Constructing the Emotional Freedom Scale after following the scientific steps in constructing it and verifying its validity and reliability.
2- Building a proposed counseling program in a realistic therapy style according to Glaser’s theory. The researcher took all the items of the scale to build the counseling program, the number of which was (12) counseling sessions and the duration of each session (45) minutes. It was presented to specialized experts, and the researcher verified the psychometric properties of the scale. Validity was extracted using two methods: face validity and constructive validity. Reliability was also extracted using the retest method, where the reliability coefficient reached (0.88). Reliability was also extracted using the Cronbach method, and the reliability coefficient reached (0.84)
The researcher adopted the theory (Cushman, 1990) of the empty self, and to achieve the goal of the research, the researcher built a measure of the empty self. A descriptive research method was chosen. The current research was limited to female orphan students in the preparatory stage for morning study in Diyala Governorate, Baqubah District Center, in schools affiliated with the General Directorate of Education in Diyala Governorate for the academic year (2023-2024). and the statistical analysis sample consisted of (400) female orphan students in the middle school, who were selected from the research community. The scale in its final form consisted of (30) items.
In light of the above, the researcher presented a number of recommendations and proposals